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Cited by 1,588Social and Intergroup PsychologyDeath Anxiety and Social ExclusionSocial Power and Status Dynamics

Intergroup Threat and Outgroup Attitudes: A Meta-Analytic Review

Riek, Blake M., Mania, Eric W., Gaertner, Samuel L.·2006·Personality and Social Psychology Review
DOI 10.1207/s15327957pspr1004_4
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Abstract

This article examines the relationship between intergroup threat and negative outgroup attitudes. We first qualitatively review the intergroup threat literature, describing the shift from competing theories toward more integrated approaches, such as the integrated threat theory (ITT; W. G. Stephan and Stephan, 2000). The types of threats discussed include: realistic threat, symbolic threat, intergroup anxiety, negative stereotypes, group esteem threat, and distinctiveness threat. We then conducted a quantitative meta-analysis examining the relationships between various intergroup threats and outgroup attitudes. The meta-analysis, involving 95 samples, revealed that 5 different threat types had a positive relationship with negative outgroup attitudes. Additionally, outgroup status moderated some of these relationships. Implications and future directions are considered.

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Crossref · 10.1207/s15327957pspr1004_4

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  • The relationship between the strength of ingroup identification and perceived intergroup threat is inconsistent and rather weak.

    “However, the meta-analytic reviews indicate that the relationship between the strength of ingroup identification and perceived intergroup threat is inconsistent and rather weak (Riek, Mania, & Gaertner, 2006).”

    From Collective Narcissism: Political Consequences of Investing Self‐Worth in the Ingroup’s Image (2019) · cites this paper as Riek, Mania, & Gaertner, 2006

Cites

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Research works printed but not linked: 21

  1. Aberson, C. L., Annual meeting of the Society for Personality and Social Psychology
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  3. Brewer, M. B., 2002, From prejudice to intergroup emotions: Differentiated reactions to social groups, 209
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  12. Renfro, C. L., 2004, The role of threats in men's attitudes toward women
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  15. Schwarzwald, J., 1997, Megamot, 38, 504
  16. Sherif, M., 1969, Social psychology, 221
  17. Stephan, W. G., 2002, From prejudice to intergroup emotions: Differentiated reactions to social groups, 265
  18. Stephan, W. G., 2004, The effects of threat on attitudes toward immigrants
  19. Stephan, W. G., 2000, Reducing prejudice and discrimination: The Claremont Symposium on applied social psychology, 23
  20. Tur-Kaspa Shimoni, M., 2003, Megamot, 42, 549
  21. 10.2307/1389655 · DOI

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Authors
Riek, B. M., Mania, E. W., & Gaertner, S. L.
Affiliations
University of Delaware (US)
Venue
Personality and Social Psychology Review
Publisher
SAGE Publications
Published
2006-11
Volume
10
Issue
4
Pages
336-353
ISSN
  • 1088-8683 (ISSN-L)
  • 1532-7957
DOI
10.1207/s15327957pspr1004_4
OpenAlex
W2066677051
Semantic Scholar
0f180ef37cb79fc8d064b61f4c8517971a736df8
Cited by
1,588
References
143
Citations by year
2026: 95 · 2025: 107 · 2024: 129 · 2023: 112 · 2022: 109 · 2021: 141 · 2020: 161 · 2019: 108 · 2018: 106 · 2017: 91 · 2016: 70 · 2015: 75 · 2014: 54 · 2013: 62 · 2012: 37
FWCI
7.27
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
closed
Licence
journals.sagepub.com/page/policies/text-and-data-mining-license (tdm)
Locations
  • Personality and Social Psychology Review (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics
  • Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Social and Intergroup Psychology
  • Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Death Anxiety and Social Exclusion
  • Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Social Power and Status Dynamics
Keywords
intergroup threat, outgroup attitudes, integrated threat theory, realistic threat, symbolic threat, intergroup anxiety, negative stereotypes, prejudice
MeSH terms
Aggression, Anxiety, Attitude, Group Processes, Humans, Self Concept, Social Behavior, Social Perception

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