Prejudice and Discrimination Toward Immigrants

In the paper

“early research on the effects of this existential threat suggests that overall anxiety about the pandemic predicts antiimmigrant attitudes, particularly for individuals higher in right-wing authoritarianism (Hartman et al. 2020).”

What the sources say

• Supported

  The Results report a positive interaction between COVID-19 anxiety and right-wing authoritarianism in models of anti-immigrant sentiment in the UK and Ireland. The Discussion says that authoritarianism has a substantial association with anti-immigrant attitudes when pandemic anxiety is high. The paper treats these as associations, not established causal effects; the claim’s use of “predicts” is consistent with that distinction. (LLM, conf=0.89)

  cites Hartman et al. 2020 source

In the paper

“Wright et al. (2016) demonstrate that the issue of legality tends to overshadow the individual characteristics of immigrants (e.g., human capital, race) in determining categorical reactions to them, with “illegal” immigrants generally triggering negative attitudes with a moralistic foundation.”

What the sources say

• Supported

  The Introduction reports that categorical rejection is about three times more prevalent for illegal than legal immigrants, holding other characteristics equal, and links it to moralistic beliefs about obeying laws. The Categorical Judgment section says those beliefs can lead people to reject illegal immigrants regardless of race, education, or other individual attributes. The paper also notes that a majority still consider such attributes, so the finding concerns categorical reactions rather than every evaluation. (LLM, conf=0.92)

  cites Wright et al. 2016 source

In the paper

“Their results reveal that perceived discrimination that was experienced as stressful predicted poorer health across all three measures, with some sex differences evident.”

What the sources say

• Partly supported

  The Abstract and Results and Discussion report sex-specific associations across the three measures: discrimination stress predicted elevated systolic blood pressure in men, was associated with obesity in women, and showed a trend toward higher fasting glucose in women. Saying it “predicted poorer health across all three measures” overstates the findings: the glucose result was a trend, and the paper does not establish that discrimination stress predicted increased BMI. (LLM, conf=0.90)

  cites McClure et al. 2010 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured

In the paper

“The results show that perceptions of overt discrimination were associated with lower positive affect experienced by the immigrants, whereas perceptions of subtle discrimination were associated with depressive symptoms (see also Berg et al. 2011).”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Noh et al. 2007 source
• Partly supported

  The Discussion (page not available) reports an association between perceived discrimination and more severe depression/anxiety symptoms among immigrants with psychosis. The study concerns immigrants in Norway, not Korean immigrants in Toronto, and does not distinguish overt from subtle discrimination or report lower positive affect; its “positive symptoms” are psychotic symptoms. (LLM, conf=0.86)

  cites Berg et al. 2011 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured

In the paper

“When the national origin of immigrants is manipulated, differential effects are evident, with presumed cultural dissimilarity and religion also playing important roles.”

In the paper

“attitudes toward immigrants among members of a receiving society may influence the absolute number of immigrants who are allowed entry each year, the stringency and punitive nature of immigration policies, and the types of supports offered to new arrivals (Reyna et al. 2013).”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Reyna et al. 2013 source

In the paper

“individuals who are higher in nationalism-i.e., who believe that their nation is superior to others-view immigrants as competitors and hold more negative attitudes toward immigrants.”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Jeong 2013 source

In the paper

“Cochrane & Nevitte (2014) further demonstrate that a high unemployment rate in one's country increases susceptibility to anti-immigrant rhetoric, which leads to prejudice toward immigrants.”

What the sources say

• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites Cochrane & Nevitte 2014

In the paper

“Blind patriotism tends to lead to negative attitudes toward immigrants, whereas constructive patriotism does not (Willis-Esqueda et al. 2017).”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Willis-Esqueda et al. 2017 source

In the paper

“Perceived demographic threat from immigrants is related to the perceived size of the immigrant population, with some evidence that large groups of arriving immigrants, particularly when they are more culturally distinct from the receiving society, are perceived as threatening (Ceobanu & Escandell 2010).”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Ceobanu & Escandell 2010 source

In the paper

“Their findings indicate that empathy is a better predictor of these attitudes among African Americans, and apathy is a stronger predictor among Whites.”

What the sources say

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  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites Tropp et al. 2016

In the paper

“Blinder (2015) finds that asylum seekers predominated the public's perceptions of who immigrates to Britain (which contrasts with actual statistical data on immigration).”

What the sources say

• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites Blinder 2015

In the paper

“a 2018 Pew Research Center survey of 18 immigrant-receiving countries found that majorities in 10 of the countries viewed immigrants as a strength rather than a burden (with Canada, Australia, and the United Kingdom at the top of the list), whereas this was not the case in 8 of the countries (with Hungary, Greece, and Italy at the bottom; see Gonzalez-Barrera & Connor 2019).”

What the sources say

• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites Gonzalez-Barrera & Connor 2019

In the paper

“Heath & Richards (2019) found that Nordic countries such as Sweden, Norway, and Finland tend to have the most favorable attitudes toward immigrants, whereas Eastern European countries such as the Czech Republic and Hungary have the least favorable.”

What the sources say

• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites Heath & Richards 2019

In the paper

“Though generic immigrants and undocumented immigrants in the United States and refugees in Germany are seen as low in both warmth and competence, most immigrant groups are viewed as higher on one dimension than the other (Fiske 2012, Kotzur et al. 2019).”

What the sources say

• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites Fiske 2012
• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Kotzur et al. 2019 source

In the paper

“immigrant groups seen as low competence/high warmth (e.g., Italian immigrants in the United States) eliciting pity and sympathy, and immigrant groups seen as high competence/low warmth (e.g., East Asian immigrants in the United States) eliciting envy and jealousy (Fiske & Lee 2012).”

What the sources say

• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites Fiske & Lee 2012

In the paper

“Wallrich et al. (2020) find that when asked whom they think of when thinking about foreigners living in Germany, Germans disproportionately think of Muslims, and this salience is associated with more negative attitudes toward foreigners overall (see also Asbrock et al. 2014).”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Wallrich et al. 2020 source
• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Asbrock et al. 2014 source

In the paper

“The stereotype content model asserts that there are two main dimensions to perceptions of groups: warmth (e.g., trustworthiness), derived from perceptions of a group's intentions and competitive/cooperative nature, and competence (e.g., capability), derived from perceptions of a group's status and economic success (Fiske 2012).”

What the sources say

• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites Fiske 2012

In the paper

“Blinder (2015) argues that public opinion surveys on attitudes toward immigrants often ignore the essential question of how receiving community members interpret the term “immigrants,” which might be an essential factor driving their attitudes.”

What the sources say

• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites Blinder 2015

In the paper

“Whereas having friends and acquaintances who are immigrants may have positive effects, when not all of the optimal conditions for positive effects of contact are met, contact may have no, or even deleterious, effects on attitudes toward immigrants (Escandell & Ceobanu 2009).”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Escandell & Ceobanu 2009 source

In the paper

“Similarly, a study conducted in Italy examining housing discrimination against Arab and Eastern European immigrants found higher levels of discrimination against Arab immigrants compared to Eastern European immigrants, and this discrimination was reduced somewhat, but not altogether, by additional information about job and family conditions (Baldini & Federici 2011).”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Baldini & Federici 2011 source

In the paper

“A study conducted in the Spanish rental market comparing Spanish applicants to Moroccan immigrant applicants produced a similar effect, with positive information about the socioeconomic status of the Moroccan candidate increasing the probability of a positive response but not completely eliminating discrimination (Bosch et al. 2010).”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Bosch et al. 2010 source

In the paper

“Of note, it has been suggested that landlords may at times discriminate against particular groups because they are worried that their decisions might influence the behavior of other (potential) tenants who may hold prejudicial attitudes”

In the paper

“In a review of the housing discrimination literature, Rich (2014) concludes that there is prevalent discrimination against Middle Eastern and Moroccan immigrants in Europe.Positive information on socioeconomic characteristics improved the situation for these groups but did not completely eliminate the housing discrimination they experienced.”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Rich 2014 source

In the paper

“Nonetheless, I would argue that both types of discrimination are based on prejudice, with taste-based discrimination being more affectively based and statistical discrimination being more likely to be based on”

In the paper

“Their results demonstrate that overall, immigrant status and ethnic background had an additive effect on employer responses, with foreign-born Middle Eastern and African origin applicants receiving the least favorable responses (i.e., most likely to receive explicit rejection or nonresponse).”

What the sources say

• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites Veit & Thijsen 2019

In the paper

“In addition, however, soft skills have been described as subjective and highly susceptible to the influence of preexisting biases (Krings & Olivares 2007), suggesting that they may be used as a post hoc justification for discrimination.”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Krings & Olivares 2007 source

In the paper

“Although participants viewed the exact same video clip of the interview, when the applicant was a foreign-trained immigrant, being Muslim led to perceptions of poorer performance in the interview, and specifically poorer soft skills.This did not occur when the applicant was Canadian.”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Esses et al. 2014 source

In the paper

“are based on prejudice, with taste-based discrimination being more affectively based and statistical discrimination being more likely to be based on stereotypes (Esses et al. 1998).”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Esses et al. 1998 source

In the paper

“Heath & Richards (2019) similarly find that across Europe, immigrants from the same racial or ethnic group as the country majority were preferred to those from a different ethnic group or those from poorer countries in Europe, who in turn were preferred to those from poorer countries outside of Europe.”

What the sources say

• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites Heath & Richards 2019

In the paper

“Correspondence audits allow for the manipulation of a wider range of variables and are less subject to confederate bias and confounds than are in-person audit studies, while allowing for strong causal claims (Gaddis 2018).”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Gaddis 2018 source

In the paper

“These experiments allow control over potentially confounding variables that could be considered relevant to statistical discrimination such as language ability, skill level, or income, as well as possible perceived confounds with immigrant status such as ethnicity/race and religion.”

In the paper

“Batalova and colleagues estimate that the underemployment of college-educated immigrants in the United States leads them to forgo US$39.4 billion in annual earnings they would have received if they had worked in higher-level jobs.This translates into US$10.2 billion in lost tax revenues annually.”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Batalova et al. 2016

In the paper

“Using data from national surveys, however, the authors find little evidence of spatial clustering in immigrants' individual-level perceived discrimination in the United States, despite the fact that the attitudes of native-born individuals toward immigrants show substantial evidence of such geographic clustering.”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Hopkins et al. 2016 source

In the paper

“This leads to lower economic and psychological well-being for immigrants, and it undermines the value of policies designed to specifically attract and utilize the skills of these immigrants.It may also be a threat to social cohesion within a society (Reitz & Banerjee 2007).”

What the sources say

• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites Reitz & Banerjee 2007

In the paper

“At the group level, Mexican, Salvadoran and, Nigerian immigrants perceived more discrimination than Vietnamese and Indian immigrants (i.e., they perceived that their national origin group faced discrimination in the United States).In contrast, at the personal level, only Nigerians stood out as reporting higher levels of perceived discrimination.”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Brettell 2011 source

In the paper

“In addition, when parents are forced to work long and irregular hours in order to survive, they have less time to spend with their children, and their children's development and mental well-being also suffer (Ayón 2015).”

What the sources say

• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites Ayón 2015

In the paper

“Similarly, in looking at discrimination experienced by immigrants in Canada, Nangia (2013) finds that immigrants most frequently perceived discrimination based on ethnicity/culture, race, and language.In terms of context, this discrimination was seen as most likely to occur at work or when applying for a job, in a customer service situation, and on the street (Nangia 2013).”

What the sources say

• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites Nangia 2013

In the paper

“For example, immigrants from Asia, Latin America, and Africa have higher unemployment rates than native-born Canadians, whereas immigrants from Europe and the Philippines do not (Ng & Gagnon 2020).”

What the sources say

• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites Ng & Gagnon 2020

In the paper

“For example, Ellermann (2020) asserts that pre-entry language tests for spouses who wish to immigrate to Germany and the Netherlands disproportionately target Muslim women from Turkey and Morocco.”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Ellermann 2020 source

In the paper

“In Batalova et al.'s (2016) analyses, for example, logistic regressions indicate that when other factors such as language proficiency and degree level are controlled, Hispanic and Black immigrants are still more likely to be working in low-skilled jobs than their White counterparts, with a particularly strong effect for Black men.”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Batalova et al. 2016

In the paper

“In addition, the unemployment and underemployment experienced by immigrants can mean that immigrant children are raised in poverty, which is linked to poorer developmental, health, and educational outcomes.”

What the sources say

• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites Ayón 2015

In the paper

“As suggested by Batalova et al. (2016), skill underutilization can also have cascading effects, leading to the degradation of skills and education over time if they are not put to productive use, as well as poverty and its transmission to the next generation.”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Batalova et al. 2016

In the paper

“Indeed, immigration policies and practices may both reflect and influence public attitudes.”

In the paper

“For example, the results of a German study examining the effects of perceived discrimination on the basis of national origin (Schunck et al. 2015) demonstrate that immigrants from Turkey, and to a lesser extent Eastern Europe/Russia, perceived more discrimination on the basis of their origin than immigrants from other countries.In addition, immigrants of lower socioeconomic status perceived more”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Schunck et al. 2015 source

In the paper

“In a study conducted in 21 metropolitan areas in the United States, Hanson & Santas (2014) found greater housing discrimination against Hispanics portrayed as recent immigrants than against Hispanics seen as more assimilated into American culture.However, in contrast to the findings of Bosch et al. (2015), discrimination against recent Hispanic immigrants was highest in areas where there were some”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Hanson & Santas 2014 source

In the paper

“For example, Donald Trump's Muslim travel ban and severe restriction on the number of refugees allowed admittance to the United States (from close to 85,000 under Obama in 2016 to 30,000 under Trump in 2019; see Krogstad 2019) match his rhetoric on the negative characteristics of Muslims and many refugee groups, suggesting that prejudice has a role to play in these decisions.”

What the sources say

• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites Krogstad 2019

In the paper

“The COVID-19 crisis has also underscored the fact that immigrants with health-related degrees face significant underemployment and unemployment in countries such as the United States and Canada, where their untapped skills are sorely needed to support health care systems-including in hospitals, clinics, and long-term care facilities-during the current pandemic and beyond (Batalova & Fix 2020, Hou”

What the sources say

• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites Batalova & Fix 2020
• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites Hou & Schimmele 2020

In the paper

“For example, in a study conducted in rural North Carolina, Marrow (2011) demonstrates that many Hispanic immigrants perceive that Hispanics are more discriminated against by Blacks than by Whites, despite evidence that this is likely not the case.Irrespective of their accuracy, these perceptions predict anti-Black resentment, stereotyping, and distancing (Marrow 2011).”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Marrow 2011 source

In the paper

“Batalova et al. (2016) find that during the 2009-2013 period, 1.9 million college-educated immigrants-approximately 25% of the total college-educated immigrant population-were either unemployed or underemployed, with underemployment particularly evident for Hispanic and Black immigrants.”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Batalova et al. 2016

In the paper

“Finally, in a telephone audit study conducted in Belgium, Van der Bracht et al. (2015) found evidence of housing discrimination against Arab immigrants, but no evidence that neighborhood composition made a difference.”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Van der Bracht et al. 2015 source

In the paper

“In terms of the perceived basis of discrimination, Brettell (2011) reports that immigrants in the United States perceive discrimination on the basis of a wide variety of factors, including not only race and immigrant status but also language ability, class, and perceived foreignness.This perceived discrimination is reported to occur in a wide variety of contexts, including, for example, employment”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Brettell 2011 source

In the paper

“For example, in Canada, while more than 60% of newcomers are accepted each year based on their skills, many face unemployment and underemployment (e.g., Reitz et al. 2014, Xue & Xu 2010).”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Reitz et al. 2014 source
• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites Xue & Xu 2010

In the paper

“Much of the work on discrimination against immigrants has been conducted by researchers other than psychologists, including sociologists, economists, and political scientists.As a result, psychological theories and models have not generally been applied in this area, and there is limited research on the underlying mechanisms driving this form of discrimination.”

In the paper

“Though discrimination against immigrants in employment, housing, and immigration policies and practices are all important areas of study, there are a large number of additional domains in which discrimination against immigrants may occur.”

In the paper

“In terms of employment, discrimination may occur at the level of job offer, salary, promotion, additional training opportunities, and firing, as well as discrimination by coworkers and clients (see also Esses et al. 2014, Krings et al. 2014).”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Esses et al. 2014 source
• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Krings et al. 2014 source

In the paper

“Housing discrimination can also lead to a spatial mismatch whereby immigrants have poorer access to good jobs and high quality schools, longer commutes to work, inadequate access to medical care, and resultant poorer health outcomes (Acolin et al. 2016, Ayón 2015).”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Acolin et al. 2016 source
• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites Ayón 2015

In the paper

“In the domains of employment and housing discrimination toward immigrants, recent research has primarily focused on discrimination at the point of access-i.e., on whether immigrants obtain interviews for jobs and are shown housing for which they apply.Discrimination may also occur throughout the process of employment and housing, however, and these points of discrimination should also be”

In the paper

“Several lines of research demonstrate that perceived discrimination by immigrants is related to both trust in others (the belief that others can be relied on) and life satisfaction.”

In the paper

“And there are both benefits and disadvantages to these enclaves.The benefits include feelings of comfort in daily interactions with co-ethnics; the disadvantages include barriers to accessing mainstream services and resources as well as barriers to economic opportunities and the establishment of social capital outside of one's immigrant group.”

What the sources say

• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites Ayón 2015

In the paper

“Of note, their findings indicate that the effects of perceived discrimination on physical health were mediated by its effects on mental health: Perceived discrimination led to poorer mental health, which in turn led to poorer physical health.”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Schunck et al. 2015 source

In the paper

“In housing, discrimination may occur in the types of housing shown, in requiring damage deposits and prepayment of rent, in not making repairs to properties rented by immigrants, and in restrictive regulations for renting property, including maximum occupancy ordinances (Martos 2010).”

What the sources say

• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites Martos 2010

In the paper

“Because these requirements only apply to certain source countries, the result is hardship not for all individuals seeking to bring a spouse into the country, but only for individuals from the targeted source countries, who tend to be Muslim.”

In the paper

“As a result, family reunification or family forming is prevented, and spouses may be separated for years, if not permanently (Gutekunst 2015).”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Gutekunst 2015 source

In the paper

“The results demonstrate that after the first year post-migration (sometimes considered the honeymoon period), immigrants, particularly those from African, Asian, and Turkish backgrounds, report lower levels of life satisfaction than the native born, and that these differences are reduced significantly when perceived discrimination is taken into account.”

What the sources say

• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites Safi 2009

In the paper

“The literature reviewed here provides ample evidence of prejudice and discrimination toward immigrants, particularly immigrants who are racial minorities or ethnically, culturally, or religiously different from members of receiving societies.”

In the paper

“Country-level differences in attitudes toward immigrants are also evident and may be linked to the variety of determinants of attitudes highlighted in this review.”