Comparative bioacoustics: a roadmap for quantifying and comparing animal sounds across diverse taxa
Open accessAbstract
Animals produce a wide array of sounds with highly variable acoustic structures. It is possible to understand the causes and consequences of this variation across taxa with phylogenetic comparative analyses. Acoustic and evolutionary analyses are rapidly increasing in sophistication such that choosing appropriate acoustic and evolutionary approaches is increasingly difficult. However, the correct choice of analysis can have profound effects on output and evolutionary inferences. Here, we identify and address some of the challenges for this growing field by providing a roadmap for quantifying and comparing sound in a phylogenetic context for researchers with a broad range of scientific backgrounds. Sound, as a continuous, multidimensional trait can be particularly challenging to measure because it can be hard to identify variables that can be compared across taxa and it is also no small feat to process and analyse the resulting high‐dimensional acoustic data using approaches that are appropriate for subsequent evolutionary analysis. Additionally, terminological inconsistencies and the role of learning in the development of acoustic traits need to be considered. Phylogenetic comparative analyses also have their own sets of caveats to consider. We provide a set of recommendations for delimiting acoustic signals into discrete, comparable acoustic units. We also present a three‐stage workflow for extracting relevant acoustic data, including options for multivariate analyses and dimensionality reduction that is compatible with phylogenetic comparative analysis. We then summarize available phylogenetic comparative approaches and how they have been used in comparative bioacoustics, and address the limitations of comparative analyses with behavioural data. Lastly, we recommend how to apply these methods to acoustic data across a range of study systems. In this way, we provide an integrated framework to aid in quantitative analysis of cross‐taxa variation in animal sounds for comparative phylogenetic analysis. In addition, we advocate the standardization of acoustic terminology across disciplines and taxa, adoption of automated methods for acoustic feature extraction, and establishment of strong data archival practices for acoustic recordings and data analyses. Combining such practices with our proposed workflow will greatly advance the reproducibility, biological interpretation, and longevity of comparative bioacoustic studies.
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Multiple terms may be used for the same metric, and single terms have multiple definitions in bioacoustics in other taxa such as amphibians and birds.
“Such issues have been longstanding in the field of bioacoustics in other taxa such as amphibians and birds, whereby multiple terms may be used for the same metric, and single terms have multiple definitions (Köhler et al. 2017; Odom et al. 2021).”
From Roars, Rumbles, and Resonance: A Systematic Review and Meta‐Analysis of Crocodylian Acoustic Signals (2026) · cites this paper as Odom et al. 2021
The Abstract (page unavailable) advocates standardizing acoustic terminology across disciplines and taxa, supporting the general point that terminology is an issue. The retrieved copy does not specify that multiple terms name the same metric or that a single term has multiple definitions, or identify amphibians and birds in this connection. (LLM, conf=0.72)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredSuch inconsistencies are even found within studies of the same species.
“Such inconsistencies are even found within studies of the same species (Odom et al. 2021).”
From Roars, Rumbles, and Resonance: A Systematic Review and Meta‐Analysis of Crocodylian Acoustic Signals (2026) · cites this paper as Odom et al. 2021
The available passages labeled Abstract contain bibliographic details and keywords, but do not discuss inconsistencies between studies of the same species. Searches for “same species” and for inconsistent acoustic measurements or methods found no passage addressing the claim. (LLM, conf=0.74)
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Passive acoustic monitoring provides a fresh perspective on fundamental ecological questions
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Self-citationSame data, different results? Machine learning approaches in bioacoustics
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Self-citationTime and place affect the acoustic structure of frog advertisement calls
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- Authors
- Odom, K. J., Araya‐Salas, M., Morano, J. L., Ligon, R. A., Leighton, G. M., Taff, C. C., Dalziell, A. H., Billings, A. C., Germain, R. R., Pardo, M., de Andrade, L. G., Hedwig, D., Keen, S. C., Shiu, Y., Charif, R. A., Webster, M. S., & Rice, A. N.
- Affiliations
- Cornell University (US)
- Buffalo State University (US)
- University of Wollongong (AU)
- University of Montana (US)
- University of Copenhagen (DK)
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology Cornell University Ithaca NY 14853 U.S.A.
- Corresponding author
- Odom, Karan J.
- ORCID
- Venue
- Biological Reviews
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2021-03-02
- Volume
- 96
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 1135-1159
- ISSN
- 0006-3231 (ISSN-L)
- 1464-7931
- 1469-185X
- OpenAlex
- W3135174712
- Cited by
- 81
- References
- 290
- Citations by year
- 2026: 22 · 2025: 16 · 2024: 12 · 2023: 20 · 2022: 9 · 2021: 2
- FWCI
- 2.56
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- Licence
- Locations
- Biological reviews/Biological reviews of the Cambridge Philosophical Society (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Research at the University of Copenhagen (University of Copenhagen) (publishedVersion, other-oa)
- Research Online (University of Wollongong) (submittedVersion)
- Figshare (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Funders
- National Science Foundation (1523748, 1523895, 1612861, 1755132)
- Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Developmental Biology › Animal Vocal Communication and Behavior
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics › Animal Behavior and Reproduction
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Ecology › Marine animal studies overview
- Keywords
- animal sounds, acoustic signals, phylogenetic comparative analysis, acoustic signal evolution, audio feature extraction, dimensionality reduction, behavioral data, reproducibility
- MeSH terms
- Acoustics, Animals, Biological Evolution, Phenotype, Phylogeny, Reproducibility of Results
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