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Cited by 91EEG and Brain-Computer InterfacesNeural dynamics and brain functionTranscranial Magnetic Stimulation Studies

Review of the therapeutic neurofeedback method using electroencephalography: EEG Neurofeedback

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Omejc, Nina, Rojc, Bojan, Battaglini, Piero Paolo, Marusic, Uros·2018·Bosnian Journal of Basic Medical Sciences
DOI 10.17305/bjbms.2018.3785PMC PMC6716090
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Abstract

Electroencephalographic neurofeedback (EEG-NFB) represents a broadly used method that involves a real-time EEG signal measurement, immediate data processing with the extraction of the parameter(s) of interest, and feedback to the individual in a real-time. Using such a feedback loop, the individual may gain better control over the neurophysiological parameters, by inducing changes in brain functioning and, consequently, behavior. It is used as a complementary treatment for a variety of neuropsychological disorders and improvement of cognitive capabilities, creativity or relaxation in healthy subjects. In this review, various types of EEG-NFB training are described, including training of slow cortical potentials (SCPs) and frequency and coherence training, with their main results and potential limitations. Furthermore, some general concerns about EEG-NFB methodology are presented, which still need to be addressed by the NFB community. Due to the heterogeneity of research designs in EEG-NFB protocols, clear conclusions on the effectiveness of this method are difficult to draw. Despite that, there seems to be a well-defined path for the EEG-NFB research in the future, opening up possibilities for improvement.

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  • The choice of sham-controls allows elucidation of potential specific (non-placebo) effects and addresses concerns about weak methodological designs in neurofeedback trials.

    “Our choice of sham-controls allows us to elucidate any potential specific (e.g. non-placebo) effects and addresses widespread concerns of generally weak methodological designs in NFB trials [102, 172–174].”

    From Infraslow closed-loop brain training for anxiety and depression (ISAD): a protocol for a randomized, double-blind, sham-controlled pilot trial in adult females with internalizing disorders (2022) · cites this paper as [174]

    The ‘Critiques and Methodological Issues’ section reports widespread methodological problems in EEG-NFB studies and says placebo or other non-specific effects often cannot be excluded. The review also questions whether observed effects reflect actual training and notes that studies are often not blinded. These passages support the rationale for testing specific effects, but they do not explicitly say that choosing sham controls resolves those design concerns. (LLM, conf=0.80)

    Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

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Authors
Omejc, N., Rojc, B., Battaglini, P. P., & Marusic, U.
Affiliations
  • University of Primorska (SI)
  • University of Trieste (IT)
ORCID
Venue
Bosnian Journal of Basic Medical Sciences
Publisher
Association of Basic Medical Sciences of FBIH
Published
2018-11-20
Volume
19
Issue
3
Pages
213-220
ISSN
  • 1512-8601 (ISSN-L)
  • 1840-4812
DOI
10.17305/bjbms.2018.3785
PMC
PMC6716090
OpenAlex
W2901869534
Cited by
91
References
12
Citations by year
2026: 2 · 2025: 15 · 2024: 18 · 2023: 14 · 2022: 15 · 2021: 19 · 2020: 7 · 2017: 1
FWCI
0.87
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
cc-by
Locations
  • Bosnian Journal of Basic Medical Sciences (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • ArTS Archivio della ricerca di Trieste (University of Trieste https://www.units.it/) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
  • Bosnian Journal of Basic Medical Sciences (submittedVersion)
  • DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
Topics
  • Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › EEG and Brain-Computer Interfaces
  • Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural dynamics and brain function
  • Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Neurology › Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation Studies
Keywords
neurofeedback, real-time EEG, slow cortical potentials, neuropsychological disorders, cognitive enhancement, relaxation, methodological limitations
MeSH terms
Electroencephalography, Humans, Nervous System Diseases, Signal Processing, Computer-Assisted, Treatment Outcome, Neurofeedback, Brain-Computer Interfaces

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

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