Family processes: risk, protective and treatment factors for youth at risk for suicide.

Diamond, Guy; Kodish, Tamar; Ewing, E. Stephanie Krauthamer; Hunt, Quintin A.; Russon, Jody M.

doi:10.1016/j.avb.2021.101586

Cited by 70Suicide and Self-Harm StudiesGrief, Bereavement, and Mental HealthHomicide, Infanticide, and Child Abuse

Family processes: risk, protective and treatment factors for youth at risk for suicide.

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Diamond, Guy, Kodish, Tamar, Ewing, E. Stephanie Krauthamer, Hunt, Quintin A., Russon, Jody M.·2022·Aggression and Violent Behavior

DOI 10.1016/j.avb.2021.101586PMC PMC9159634

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Abstract

Family factors have continually been identified as potential risk and protective factors for youth at risk for suicide. This paper reviews family processes that not only are associated with suicide risk, but also might be malleable enough to target in treatment. We also review family intervention components have been incorporated into most youth suicide treatments. Unfortunately research on if these family processes moderator, mediator or change as a result of treatment is limited. Recommendations for future research are offered.

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Parent or family involvement may be an important modification because of the prominent role families have during this developmental stage and the apparent link between family functioning and adolescent SITB.
“For example, parent or family involvement may be an important modification44 because of the prominent role families have during this developmental stage and the apparent link between family functioning and adolescent SITB.52,53”
From Safety Planning Interventions for Suicide Prevention in Children and Adolescents (2025) · cites this paper as [53]

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“In a large sample of French adolescents, negative family relationships were significantly associated with four levels of suicide risk, with odds ratios increasing according to risk severity grade (Consoli et al., 2013).”
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The SAFETY program: A treatment-development trial of a cognitive-behavioral family treatment for adolescent suicide attempters
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Previous maltreatment and present mental health in a high-risk adolescent population
Greger, H. K., Myhre, A. K., Lydersen, S., & Jozefiak, T. (2015) · Child Abuse & Neglect · doi:10.1016/j.chiabu.2015.05.003 · Cited by 144 · see citing works
Attachment, Stress, and Psychopathology: A Developmental Pathways Model
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“these dynamics provide adolescents with the foundation for negotiating autonomy and emerging adulthood (Kobak et al., 1993; Kobak et al., 2006; Steinberg, 1990).”
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Social Connectedness and One-Year Trajectories Among Suicidal Adolescents Following Psychiatric Hospitalization
Czyz, E. K., Liu, Z., & King, C. A. (2012) · Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology · doi:10.1080/15374416.2012.651998 · Cited by 144 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Treatment targets the suicidal youth’s feelings of burdensomeness and disconnectedness (Czyz et al., 2012; Joiner, 2005; King et al., 2010) by promoting social supports and connection to one’s social network (family, peer, school, community).”
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Suicidal ideation, parenting style, and family climate among Hong Kong adolescents
Lai, K. W., & McBride-Chang, C. A. (2001) · International Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1080/00207590042000065 · Cited by 142 · see citing works
Analysis of prevalence of PTSD and its influencing factors among college students after the Wenchuan earthquake
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Parental bonding and vulnerability to adolescent suicide
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Group therapy for adolescents with repeated self harm: randomised controlled trial with economic evaluation
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Group Therapy for Repeated Deliberate Self-Harm in Adolescents: Failure of Replication of a Randomized Trial
Hazell, P. L., Martin, G., Mcgill, K., Kay, T., Wood, A., Trainor, G., & Harrington, R. (2009) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/chi.0b013e3181aoacec · Cited by 132 · see citing works
The Relative Influence of Different Domains of Social Connectedness on Self-Directed Violence in Adolescence
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Exposure to Violence in Adolescence and Precocious Role Exits
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An Ecological Risk-Factor Examination of Suicide Ideation and Behavior of Adolescents
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Determinants of suicide ideation: a comparison of Chinese and American college students.
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The pot calling the kettle black: the extent and type of errors in a computerized immunization registry and by parent report
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Practitioner Review: Self‐harm in adolescents
Ougrin, D., Tranah, T., Leigh, E., Taylor, L. M. W., & Asarnow, J. R. (2012) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.2012.02525.x · Cited by 114 · see citing works
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Protective Factors and Suicide Risk in Adolescents with a History of Sexual Abuse
Eisenberg, M. E., Ackard, D. M., & Resnick, M. D. (2007) · The Journal of Pediatrics · doi:10.1016/j.jpeds.2007.04.033 · Cited by 113 · cited 1× · see citing works
“to be the strongest of four protective factors in buffering against suicide risk among youth who experienced sexual abuse (Eisenberg et al., 2007).”
Background
Evidence-Based Psychosocial Treatments for Child and Adolescent Bipolar Spectrum Disorders
Fristad, M., & MacPherson, H. A. (2013) · Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology · doi:10.1080/15374416.2013.822309 · Cited by 109 · see citing works
Parent-child relationships as systems of support or risk for adolescent suicidality.
Connor, J. J., & Rueter, M. A. (2006) · Journal of Family Psychology · doi:10.1037/0893-3200.20.1.143 · Cited by 105 · see citing works
Disorganized behavior in adolescent-parent interaction: relations to attachment state of mind, partner abuse, and psychopathology
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Attachment and peer relations in adolescence
Dykas, M. J., Ziv, Y., & Cassidy, J. A. (2008) · Attachment & Human Development · doi:10.1080/14616730802113679 · Cited by 98 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Ultimately, this makes adolescents more vulnerable to problems like depression, emotional dysregulation, and involvement with negative peers (Dykas et al., 2008; Kim et al., 2014; Lee & Hankin, 2009; Van Durme et al., 2015).”
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Brief Cognitive-Behavioral Treatment for Adolescent Suicide Attempters and Their Families
Rotheram‐Borus, M. J., Piacentini, J. C., Miller, S., Graae, F., & Castro-Blanco, D. R. (1994) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/00004583-199405000-00009 · Cited by 98 · see citing works
Family Factors Predicting Categories of Suicide Risk
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Familism, Family Environment, and Suicide Attempts among Latina Youth
Peña, J. B., Kuhlberg, J., Zayas, L. H., Baumann, A. A., Gulbas, L. E., Hausmann‐Stabile, C., & Nolle, A. P. (2011) · Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior · doi:10.1111/j.1943-278x.2011.00032.x · Cited by 93 · cited 1× · see citing works
“as those low in cohesion and high in conflict, compared to nonattempters (Peña et al., 2011).”
Background
Risk for Suicide and the Role of Family
Frey, L. M., & Cerel, J. (2013) · Journal of Family Issues · doi:10.1177/0192513x13515885 · Cited by 91 · see citing works
Lifetime History of Sexual Abuse, Clinical Presentation, and Outcome in a Clinical Trial for Adolescent Depression
Barbe, R., Bridge, J. A., Birmaher, B. B., Kolko, D. J., & Brent, D. A. (2004) · The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry · doi:10.4088/jcp.v65n0113 · Cited by 88 · see citing works
Suicide ideation and depression: the moderation effects of family cohesion and social self-concept.
Au, A. C. Y., Lau, S., & Lee, M. T. Y. (2009) · PubMed · Cited by 85 · see citing works
Mechanisms of Contextual Risk for Adolescent Self-Injury: Invalidation and Conflict Escalation in Mother–Child Interactions
Crowell, S. E., Baucom, B., McCauley, E., Potapova, N. V., Fitelson, M., Barth, H., Smith, C. J., & Beauchaine, T. P. (2013) · Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology · doi:10.1080/15374416.2013.785360 · Cited by 85 · cited 2× · see citing works
“youth, level of family cohesiveness differentiated these groups, with self-injurers evidencing lower levels of cohesion (Crowell et al., 2013).”
Background
Adolescent attachment hierarchies and the search for an adult pair-bond
Kobak, R., Rosenthal, N. L., Zajac, K., & Madsen, S. D. (2007) · New Directions for Child and Adolescent Development · doi:10.1002/cd.194 · Cited by 84 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Secure attachment is linked to positive physical and mental health outcomes in childhood and across the life span (Kobak et al., 2007; Sroufe, 2005).”
Background
Family and Racial Factors Associated With Suicide and Emotional Distress Among Latino Students
Garcia, C. M., Skay, C. L., Sieving, R. E., Naughton, S., & Bearinger, L. H. (2008) · Journal of School Health · doi:10.1111/j.1746-1561.2008.00334.x · Cited by 84 · cited 1× · see citing works
“3–8 times higher among students who perceived low levels of connectedness with their families (Garcia et al., 2008).”
Background
Are there sensitive periods when child maltreatment substantially elevates suicide risk? Results from a nationally representative sample of adolescents: G<scp>omez et al</scp>.
Gomez, S. H., Tse, J., Wang, Y., Turner, B., Millner, A. J., Nock, M. K., & Dunn, E. C. (2017) · Depression and Anxiety · doi:10.1002/da.22650 · Cited by 84 · cited 1× · see citing works
“suicide risk in adolescence, regardless of when this occurs in one’s developmental trajectory (Gomez et al., 2017).”
Background
Developmental Psychopathology and Family Process: Theory, Research, and Clinical Implications
Tarnow, J. D. (2002) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/00004583-200207000-00024 · Cited by 83 · see citing works
Suicidality and Its Relationship to Treatment Outcome in Depressed Adolescents
Barbe, R., Bridge, J. A., Birmaher, B. B., Kolko, D. J., & Brent, D. A. (2004) · Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior · doi:10.1521/suli.34.1.44.27768 · Cited by 82 · see citing works
Suicide and Its Association with Individual, Family, Peer, and School Factors in an Adolescent Population in Southern Taiwan
Tang, T., Ko, C., Yen, J., Lin, H., Liu, S., Huang, C., & Yen, C. (2009) · Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior · doi:10.1521/suli.2009.39.1.91 · Cited by 80 · see citing works
An Exploratory Analysis of the Impact of Family Functioning on Treatment for Depression in Adolescents
Feeny, N. C., Silva, S. G., Reinecke, M. A., McNulty, S., Findling, R. L., Rohde, P., Curry, J. F., Ginsburg, G. S., Kratochvil, C. J., Pathak, S., et al. (2009) · Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology · doi:10.1080/15374410903297148 · Cited by 79 · see citing works
Psychopathology in Urban Female Minority Adolescents with Suicide Attempts
Summerville, M. B., Abbate, M. F., SIEGEL, A. M., Serravezza, J. C., & Kaslow, N. J. (1992) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/00004583-199207000-00013 · Cited by 75 · see citing works
Family Economic Pressure and Adolescent Suicidal Ideation: Application of the Family Stress Model
Yoder, K. A., & Hoyt, D. R. (2005) · Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior · doi:10.1521/suli.2005.35.3.251 · Cited by 74 · see citing works
Family Therapy and Dialectical Behavior Therapy with Adolescents: Part I: Proposing a Clinical Synthesis
Miller, A. L., Glinski, J., Woodberry, K. A., Mitchell, A. G., & Indik, J. (2002) · American Journal of Psychotherapy · doi:10.1176/appi.psychotherapy.2002.56.4.568 · Cited by 73 · cited 2× · see citing works
“Therefore, the family intervention aims to increase parental validation of the adolescent (Miller et al., 2002; Woodberry et al., 2002).”
Background
Depressive Symptoms and Clinical Status During the Treatment of Adolescent Suicide Attempters (TASA) Study
Vitiello, B., Brent, D. A., Greenhill, L. L., Emslie, G., Wells, K., Walkup, J. T., Stanley, B., Bukstein, O., Kennard, B. D., Compton, S., et al. (2009) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/chi.0b013e3181b5db66 · Cited by 72 · see citing works
Conceptual issues in understanding the relationship between suicidal behavior and substance use during adolescence
Goldston, D. B. (2004) · Drug and Alcohol Dependence · doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2004.08.009 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
The Protective Role of Parental Involvement in Adolescent Suicide
Flouri, E., & Buchanan, A. (2002) · Crisis · doi:10.1027//0227-5910.23.1.17 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
Antecedents of Suicide among Youth Aged 11–15: A Multistate Mixed Methods Analysis
Holland, K. M., Vivolo-Kantor, A. M., Logan, J. E., & Leemis, R. W. (2016) · Journal of Youth and Adolescence · doi:10.1007/s10964-016-0610-3 · Cited by 67 · cited 1× · see citing works
“One study found that relationship problems, particularly with parents, were the most common antecedent of youth death by suicide (Holland et al., 2017).”
Background
Psychiatric Diagnoses in Minority Female Adolescent Suicide Attempters
Trautman, P. D., Rotheram‐Borus, M. J., Dopkins, S. C., & LEWIN, N. (1991) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/00004583-199107000-00014 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
Suicidality in Chinese adolescents in Hong Kong: the role of family and cultural influences
Chan, W. S. C., Law, C. K., Liu, K., Wong, P. W. C., Law, Y. W., & Yip, P. S. F. (2008) · Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology · doi:10.1007/s00127-008-0434-x · Cited by 63 · cited 1× · see citing works
“A study conducted in Hong Kong found that both distressed relationships and serious interpersonal conflicts within the family were correlated with suicidal ideation (Chan et al., 2009).”
Background
The protective role of attachment security for adolescent borderline personality disorder features via enhanced positive emotion regulation strategies.
Kim, S., Sharp, C., & Carbone, C. (2013) · Personality Disorders Theory Research and Treatment · doi:10.1037/per0000038 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
Family environment as a moderator of the association between anxiety and suicidal ideation
Machell, K. A., Rallis, B. A., & Esposito-Smythers, C. L. (2016) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2016.03.002 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
Parental validation and invalidation predict adolescent self-harm.
Adrian, M. C., Berk, M. S., Korslund, K. E., Whitlock, K. B., McCauley, E., & Linehan, M. M. (2018) · Professional Psychology Research and Practice · doi:10.1037/pro0000200 · Cited by 62 · cited 1× · see citing works
“validation and invalidation were not changed during the six-month course of psychotherapy (Adrian et al., 2018).”
Background
School climate and parental involvement buffer the risk of peer victimization on suicidal thoughts and behaviors among Asian American middle school students.
Wang, C., Salle, T. L., Wu, C., Do, K. A., & Sullivan, K. E. (2018) · Asian American Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1037/aap0000138 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
One-Year Follow-Up of Suicidal Adolescents: Parental History of Mental Health Problems and Time to Post-Hospitalization Attempt
King, C. A., Kerr, D., Passarelli, M. N., Foster, C. E., & Merchant, C. R. (2009) · Journal of Youth and Adolescence · doi:10.1007/s10964-009-9480-2 · Cited by 58 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Treatment targets the suicidal youth’s feelings of burdensomeness and disconnectedness (Czyz et al., 2012; Joiner, 2005; King et al., 2010) by promoting social supports and connection to one’s social network (family, peer, school, community).”
Background
Dialectical Behavior Therapy: A New Treatment Approach for Suicidal Adolescents
Miller, A. L. (1999) · American Journal of Psychotherapy · doi:10.1176/appi.psychotherapy.1999.53.3.413 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
Parent-reported suicidal behavior and correlates among adolescents in China
Liu, X., Sun, Z., & Yang, Y. (2007) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2007.04.012 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
Improving Care for Depression and Suicide Risk in Adolescents: Innovative Strategies for Bringing Treatments to Community Settings
Asarnow, J. R., & Miranda, J. M. (2014) · Annual Review of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-032813-153742 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
Sexual trauma history does not moderate treatment outcome in attachment-based family therapy (ABFT) for adolescents with suicide ideation.
Diamond, G. S., Creed, T. A., Gillham, J. E., Gallop, R., & Hamilton, J. L. (2012) · Journal of Family Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0028414 · Cited by 52 · cited 1× · see citing works
“ABFT also worked well with patients how had a history of sexual abuse (Diamond et al., 2012), a”
Background
Differential associations between Social Anxiety Disorder, family cohesion, and suicidality across racial/ethnic groups: Findings from the National Comorbidity Survey-Adolescent (NCS-A)
Rapp, A. M., Lau, A. S., & Chavira, D. A. (2016) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2016.09.009 · Cited by 44 · cited 2× · see citing works
“Family cohesion was found to mediate the relationship between social anxiety and suicidal behavior in non-Hispanic White female teens (Rapp et al., 2017).”
BackgroundResult
Insecure Attachment and Eating Pathology in Early Adolescence
Durme, K. V., Braet, C., & Goossens, L. (2014) · The Journal of Early Adolescence · doi:10.1177/0272431614523130 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Multiple Pathways from Stress to Suicidality and the Protective Effect of Social Support in Hong Kong Adolescents
Cheng, S., & Chan, A. (2007) · Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior · doi:10.1521/suli.2007.37.2.187 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Family Environment and Suicidal Ideation Among Bipolar Youth
Goldstein, T. R., Birmaher, B. B., Axelson, D., Goldstein, B. I., Gill, M. K., Esposito-Smythers, C. L., Ryan, N. D., Strober, M. A., Hunt, J., & Keller, M. B. (2009) · Archives of Suicide Research · doi:10.1080/13811110903266699 · Cited by 40 · cited 2× · see citing works
“Another study found that youth who have bipolar disorder and suicidal ideation were more likely to have experienced the following adverse family events, relative to their counterparts without ideation: serious illness or injury of a family member, death of a family member, increase absence of a parent at home, trouble…”
Background
Factors accounting for youth suicide attempt in Hong Kong: A model building
Wan, G. W. Y., & Leung, P. W. L. (2009) · Journal of Adolescence · doi:10.1016/j.adolescence.2009.12.007 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Adolescent Suicide Attempts in Bærum, Norway, 1984–2006
Dieserud, G., Gerhardsen, R. M., den Weghe, H. V., & Corbett, K. (2010) · Crisis · doi:10.1027/0227-5910/a000030 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Parent involvement in CBT treatment of adolescent depression: Experiences in the treatment for adolescents with depression study (TADS)
Wells, K. C., & Albano, A. M. (2005) · Cognitive and Behavioral Practice · doi:10.1016/s1077-7229(05)80026-4 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Comprehensive Screening for Suicide Risk in Primary Care
Diamond, G. S., Herres, J. L., Ewing, E. S. K., Atte, T., Scott, S., Wintersteen, M. B., & Gallop, R. (2017) · American Journal of Preventive Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.amepre.2017.02.020 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Treatment of Adolescent Obesity Comparing Self-Guided and Group Lifestyle Modification Programs: A Potential Model for Primary Care
Berkowitz, R. I., Rukstalis, M. R., Bishop‐Gilyard, C. T., Moore, R. H., Gehrman, C. A., Xanthopoulos, M. S., Cochran, W., Louden, D. M., & Wadden, T. A. (2013) · Journal of Pediatric Psychology · doi:10.1093/jpepsy/jst035 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Parent–teen communication predicts treatment benefit for depressed and suicidal adolescents.
Zisk, A., Abbott, C. H., Bounoua, N., Diamond, G. S., & Kobak, R. (2019) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/ccp0000457 · Cited by 37 · cited 1× · see citing works
“dicators of global family functioning (Zisk et al., 2019).”
Perceived parental care and control among Israeli female adolescents presenting to emergency rooms after self-poisoning.
Diamond, G. M., Didner, H., Waniel, A., Priel, B., Asherov, J., & Arbel, S. (2005) · PubMed · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Suicidal behaviour and family factors among Dutch and Slovenian high school students: a comparison
Tomori, M. Ž., Kienhorst, C. W. M., de Wilde, E. J., & van den Bout, J. (2001) · Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica · doi:10.1034/j.1600-0447.2001.00215.x · Cited by 35 · see citing works
NIH rethinks psychiatry trials
Reardon, S. (2014) · Nature · doi:10.1038/507288a · Cited by 31 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Extensive research has investigated cognitive, biological, environmental, and social factors (Dimeff & Linehan, 2001; Fried & Niesse, 2015; Frey & Cerel, 2015; Reardon, 2014; Rudd, 2000).”
Adolescent Suicide Attempt Prevention: Predictors of Response to a Cognitive–Behavioral Family and Youth Centered Intervention
Babeva, K. N., Klomhaus, A. M., Sugar, C. A., Fitzpatrick, O. M., & Asarnow, J. R. (2019) · Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior · doi:10.1111/sltb.12573 · Cited by 31 · cited 1× · see citing works
“As this was an exploratory and unexpected finding, no analyses were conducted to see if reduction in this factor contributed to adolescent symptom reduction (Babeva et al., 2020).”
Result
Family Therapy and Dialectical Behavior Therapy with Adolescents: Part II: A Theoretical Review
Woodberry, K. A., Miller, A. L., Glinski, J., Indik, J., & Mitchell, A. G. (2002) · American Journal of Psychotherapy · doi:10.1176/appi.psychotherapy.2002.56.4.585 · Cited by 30 · cited 2× · see citing works
“Therefore, the family intervention aims to increase parental validation of the adolescent (Miller et al., 2002; Woodberry et al., 2002).”
Background
Predictors of Treatment Response for Suicidal Youth Referred for Emergency Psychiatric Hospitalization
Huey, S. J., Henggeler, S. W., Rowland, M. D., Halliday‐Boykins, C. A., Cunningham, P. B., & Pickrel, S. G. (2005) · Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology · doi:10.1207/s15374424jccp3403_13 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Effectiveness of a Quality Improvement Intervention for Adolescent Depression in Primary Care Clinics: A Randomized Controlled Trial
Asarnow, J. R., Jaycox, L. H., Duan, N., LaBorde, A. P., Rea, M. M., Murray, P., Anderson, M., Landon, C., Tang, L., & Wells, K. B. (2005) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.293.3.311 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
FAMILY ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS AS CORRELATES FOR ADOLESCENT SUICIDAL BEHAVIORS IN THE LIMPOPO PROVINCE OF SOUTH AFRICA
Madu, S. N., & Matla, M. P. (2004) · Social Behavior and Personality An International Journal · doi:10.2224/sbp.2004.32.4.341 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Parent‐therapist alliance and parent attachment‐promoting behaviour in attachment‐based family therapy for suicidal and depressed adolescents
Feder, M. M., & Diamond, G. M. (2016) · Journal of Family Therapy · doi:10.1111/1467-6427.12078 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Working With the Suicidal Client Who Also Abuses Substances
Esposito-Smythers, C. L., Walsh, A., Spirito, A., Rizzo, C. J., Goldston, D. B., & Kaminer, Y. (2011) · Cognitive and Behavioral Practice · doi:10.1016/j.cbpra.2010.11.004 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
The Mediating Role of Parental Support in the Relationship between Life Stress and Suicidal Ideation among Middle School Students
Kang, B.-H., Kang, J., Park, H. A., Cho, Y. G., Hur, Y., Sim, W. Y., Byeon, G.-R., & Kim, K. (2017) · Korean Journal of Family Medicine · doi:10.4082/kjfm.2017.38.4.213 · Cited by 22 · cited 1× · see citing works
“more, parental support was found to be a buffer in the relationship between life stress and suicidal ideation among adolescents (Kang et al., 2017).”
Background
PERCEIVED PARENTAL CHILD REARING AND SUICIDAL IDEATION IN CHINESE ADOLESCENTS
Wong, I. N., de Man, A. F., & Leung, P. W. L. (2002) · Social Behavior and Personality An International Journal · doi:10.2224/sbp.2002.30.1.19 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Family-Based Cognitive-Behavioral Treatments for Suicidal Adolescents and Their Integration With Individual Treatment
Wells, K. C., & Heilbron, N. (2011) · Cognitive and Behavioral Practice · doi:10.1016/j.cbpra.2011.06.004 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Does Violence toward Others Affect Violence toward Oneself? Examining the Direct and Moderating Effects of Violence on Suicidal Behavior
Zimmerman, G. M. (2013) · Social Problems · doi:10.1525/sp.2013.60.3.357 · Cited by 18 · cited 1× · see citing works
“large sample of adolescents ages 12–18 (Zimmerman, 2013).”
Conducting Research on Adolescent Suicide Attempters: Dilemmas and Decisions.
Berk, M. S., Adrian, M. C., McCauley, E., Asarnow, J. R., Avina, C., & Linehan, M. M. (2014) · PubMed · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Interdisciplinary research on close relationships: the case for integration
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Observed Interactions in Families of Adolescent Suicide Attempters
Aiken, C. S., Wagner, B. M., & Hinnant, J. B. (2017) · Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior · doi:10.1111/sltb.12423 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Psychopathologie des tentatives de suicide chez les adolescents
Chérif, L., Ayedi, H., Sahnoun, F., Walha, A., Moalla, Y., Rekik, N. M., & Ghribi, F. (2012) · Neuropsychiatrie de l Enfance et de l Adolescence · doi:10.1016/j.neurenf.2012.03.002 · Cited by 12 · cited 1× · see citing works
“5 interpersonal conflict triggered their attempt (Dieserud, Gerhardsen, Van den Weghe & Corgett, 2010; Chérif et al., 2012).”
Background
Screening to Identify Groups of Pediatric Emergency Department Patients Using Latent Class Analysis of Reported Suicidal Ideation and Behavior and Non-Suicidal Self-Injury
Herres, J. L., Kodish, T., Fein, J. A., & Diamond, G. S. (2017) · Archives of Suicide Research · doi:10.1080/13811118.2017.1283264 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Mentalization and Personality Disorder in Children: A Current Perspective from the Anna Freud Centre
Fonagy, P. (2000) · UCL Discovery (University College London) · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Optimizing family intervention in the treatment of suicidal youth
Diamond, G. S., Asarnow, J. R., & Hughes, J. L. (2014) · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Social networks and attachment bonds during adolescence: Implications for early pair bonding and risky behaviors.
Kobak, R., & Herres, J. L. (2011) · American Psychological Association eBooks · doi:10.1037/13486-006 · Cited by 4 · see citing works

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Sorted by citations

Attachment-based family therapy: Theory, clinical model, outcomes, and process research
Diamond, G., Diamond, G. M., & Levy, S. (2021) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2021.07.005 · Cited by 91 · see citing works
Global public concern of childhood and adolescence suicide: a new perspective and new strategies for suicide prevention in the post-pandemic era
Kim, S., Park, J., Lee, H., Lee, H., Woo, S., Kwon, R., Kim, S., Koyanagi, A., Smith, L., Rahmati, M., et al. (2024) · World Journal of Pediatrics · doi:10.1007/s12519-024-00828-9 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
“These people may exhibit poor proficiency in resolving interpersonal issues and controlling their emotions, which increases vulnerability to various psychiatric disorders and suicidality [97].”
Adolescent Nonsuicidal Self-Injury and Suicidality: A Latent Class Analysis and Associations with Clinical Characteristics in an At-Risk Cohort
de Neve-Enthoven, N. G. M., Ringoot, A. P., Jongerling, J., Boersma, N. A., Berges, L., Meijnckens, D., Hoogendijk, W. J. G., & Mil, N. H. G. (2023) · Journal of Youth and Adolescence · doi:10.1007/s10964-023-01922-3 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
“Adequate family functioning (Diamond et al., 2022; Wang et al., 2022), ample social support (Hankin & Abela, 2011), and suf ﬁ cient self-esteem (Garisch & Wilson, 2015) can act as protective factors against self-harm.”
Background
Safety Planning Interventions for Suicide Prevention in Children and Adolescents
Albaum, C., Irwin, S. H., Muha, J., Schumacher, A., Clarissa, S., Finkelstein, Y., Bridge, J. A., & Korczak, D. J. (2025) · JAMA Pediatrics · doi:10.1001/jamapediatrics.2025.1012 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Family relationships and the interpersonal theory of suicide in a clinically suicidal sample of adolescents
Hunt, Q. A., Ewing, E. S. K., Weiler, L. M., Ogbaselase, F. A., Mendenhall, T. J., McGuire, J. K., Monet, M., Kobak, R., & Diamond, G. S. (2021) · Journal of Marital and Family Therapy · doi:10.1111/jmft.12549 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Family and Peer Relationships in a Residential Youth Sample: Exploring Unique, Non-Linear, and Interactive Associations with Depressive Symptoms and Suicide Risk
Rivers, A. S., Russon, J., Winston-Lindeboom, P., Ruan-Iu, L., & Diamond, G. (2021) · Journal of Youth and Adolescence · doi:10.1007/s10964-021-01524-x · Cited by 12 · see citing works
“The quality of relationships with family and peers are particularly potent factors contributing to risk for depression and suicide (Diamond et al., 2021).”
Background
A prospective investigation of the relation between dysfunctional family communication and suicidal ideation severity in a clinical adolescent sample: A serial mediation model
López, R., Maultsby, K. D., Defayette, A. B., Whitmyre, E. D., Wolff, J. C., Spirito, A., & Esposito-Smythers, C. L. (2022) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2022.05.021 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Family Conflict and Suicidal Behaviour in Adolescence: The Mediating Role of the Assertive Interpersonal Schema
Eslava, D., Martínez-Vispo, C., Villanueva‐Blasco, V. J., Errasti, J. M., & Al‐Halabí, S. (2023) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su15065149 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Revealing suicide risk of young adults based on comprehensive measurements using decision tree classification
Niu, W., Feng, Y., Xu, S., Wilson, A. D., Jin, Y., Ma, Z., & Wang, Y. Y. (2024) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2024.108272 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
An Integrated Conceptual Model to Understand Suicidality among Queer Youth to Inform Suicide Prevention
Williams, D. Y., Hall, W. J., Dawes, H. C., Rizo, C. F., & Goldbach, J. T. (2022) · Societies · doi:10.3390/soc12060170 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Attachment‐based family therapy versus nondirective supportive therapy for lesbian, gay, bisexual and questioning adolescents with depression, and suicidal ideation: An exploratory study
Russon, J., Abbott, C. H., Jin, B., Rivers, A. S., Winston‐Lindeboom, P., Kobak, R., & Diamond, G. S. (2023) · Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior · doi:10.1111/sltb.12995 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
The Effects of a Physical Activity Online Intervention Program on Resilience, Perceived Social Support, Psychological Distress and Concerns among At-Risk Youth during the COVID-19 Pandemic
Glaser, M., Green, G., Zigdon, A., Barak, S., Joseph, G., Marques, A., Ng, K., Erez-Shidlov, I., Ofri, L., & Tesler, R. (2022) · Children · doi:10.3390/children9111704 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
“At-risk youth are at even higher risk during crises and traumatic events, due to a complex combination of potentially negative family interactions, economic uncertainty, stress and anxiety, and with limited access to resources and support [6,7].”
Background
Parenting and Queer Youth Mental Health and Substance Use: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis
Lippold, M. A., Hall, W. J., Williams, D. Y., Jenkins, M. R., Dawes, H. C., & Mills-Koonce, R. (2024) · Adolescent Research Review · doi:10.1007/s40894-024-00232-4 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
“Family relationships are often the primary context for defining an adolescent’s value and sense of belongingness (Diamond et al., 2021) and parents that affirm youth identity—through open acceptance and support of their sexual identity—can promote better mental and behavioral health outcomes…”
Identifying Youth at Risk for Suicidal Thoughts and Behaviors Using the “p” factor in Primary Care: An Exploratory Study
Ruan‐Iu, L., Rivers, A. S., Barzilay, R., Moore, T. M., Tien, A. Y., & Diamond, G. S. (2022) · Archives of Suicide Research · doi:10.1080/13811118.2022.2106925 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Longitudinal Relations Between Parenting Practices and Adolescent Suicidal Ideation in a High-Risk Clinical Sample: A Moderated Mediation Model
Maultsby, K. D., López, R., Wolff, J. C., Spirito, A., & Esposito-Smythers, C. L. (2023) · Research on Child and Adolescent Psychopathology · doi:10.1007/s10802-022-01018-9 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Characteristics Associated With Mental Health Treatment Prior to Suicide Among Youth in the United States
Fontanella, C. A., Xia, X., Campo, J. V., Steelesmith, D. L., Bridge, J. A., & Ruch, D. A. (2024) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jaac.2024.07.921 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Risk and protective factors of suicidal tendencies among freshmen in China revealed by a hierarchical regression model
Wang, Z., Li, X., Xu, H., & Zhang, T. (2024) · European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1007/s00787-024-02370-5 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
“In the family environment, the most prominent risk factors were parenting styles (criticism and humiliation), parent–child relationships, and violent conflicts, which is consistent with previous research findings [7, 32].”
Why Should Developmental Scientists Engage in Research on Adolescent Suicide? The Case for Developmentally Informed Suicidology
Morris‐Perez, P. A., Benzekri, A., & Boccieri, G. R. (2024) · Annual Review of Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev-devpsych-010923-094742 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Evaluating attachment-based family therapy in residential treatment in the United States: does adolescents' increased attachment security to caregivers lead to decreases in depressive symptoms?
Diamond, G., Rivers, A. S., Winston-Lindeboom, P., Russon, J., & Roeske, M. (2024) · Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Mental Health · doi:10.1186/s13034-024-00833-w · Cited by 5 · see citing works
“Other studies have demonstrated ABFT can reduce depression and suicide ideation for LGBQ [34, 35] and trans-identified [36, 37] youth.”
Research–Practice Partnership in a Professional Development Program: Promoting Youth at Risk
Miedijensky, S., & Sasson, I. (2024) · Education Sciences · doi:10.3390/educsci14020132 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Increased family cohesion mediates therapist adherence to the attachment task and depression outcomes in attachment-based family therapy
Ibrahim, M., King, A. A., Levy, S. A., Russon, J., & Diamond, G. S. (2022) · Journal of Contemporary Psychotherapy · doi:10.1007/s10879-022-09539-6 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
“The rationale for focusing on family processes is well supported by a large body of research indicating that family factors can either be a risk or a protective factor for adolescent depression and suicidality (Bilsen, 2018; Diamond et al., 2021).”
Background
Decoding vital variables in predicting different phases of suicide among young adults with childhood sexual abuse: a machine learning approach
Niu, W., Feng, Y., Li, J., Xu, S., Ma, Z., & Wang, Y. Y. (2025) · Translational Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41398-025-03360-0 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Family Conflict in Adolescents with Acute Suicidality, Depression, and Controls
Albaum, C. S., Tu, E., Clarissa, S., Finkelstein, Y., & Korczak, D. J. (2025) · Archives of Suicide Research · doi:10.1080/13811118.2025.2571631 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
“For example, higher family conflict has been associated with increased adolescent suicide ideation and attempts, whereas parental warmth and support are known protective factors for adolescent suicidality (Diamond et al., 2022).”
Suicide risk screening in the school environment: Family factors and profiles
Weissinger, G., Rivers, A. S., Atte, T., & Diamond, G. S. (2022) · Children and Youth Services Review · doi:10.1016/j.childyouth.2022.106766 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Perspectives on family-based suicide prevention and postvention
Krysinska, K. E., & Andriessen, K. (2022) · BJPsych Open · doi:10.1192/bjo.2022.532 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
The Family Check‐Up and Youth Suicide: Assessing Indirect Effects of Improving Self‐Regulation and Reducing Depression in Promoting Long‐Term Resilience
Seidman, S. B., Danzo, S., Connell, A. M., & Stormshak, E. A. (2025) · Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior · doi:10.1111/sltb.70029 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Unpacking the contribution of deliberate self-harm diversity to suicide risk among adolescents
Fuschini, B., Basto-Pereira, M., Duarte, E., & Gouveia‐Pereira, M. (2024) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-024-07004-2 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
“…poor family communication and conflicts within the family are associated and contribute to an increased risk for DSH, STBs (Aggarwal et al., 2017; Diamond et al., 2022; Evans et al., 2004; Gonzalves et al., 2023), and suicide (King & Merchant, 2008; Pelkonen & Marrtunnen, 2003; Seidler et al.,…”
Suicide prevention: Introducing the Lothian Safekeeping Plan© for parents as a clinical innovation for use alongside safety plans for children and young people
Abbott‐Smith, S., Dougall, N. J., & Ring, N. (2024) · Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Nursing · doi:10.1111/jcap.12455 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
“Sometimes, a CYP may feel loved by one parent but rejected by another, and thus parents may be both protective and risk factors (Diamond et al., 2022).”
Background
Correlates of suicidal ideation and attempts among colleges students in India: A multi-state cross-sectional survey
Armstrong, G., Cherian, A. V., Haregu, T., Bilello, D., Sobhana, H., Deuri, S. P., Bhat, S. U., Aiman, A., John, S., Kannappan, Y., et al. (2025) · Journal of Affective Disorders Reports · doi:10.1016/j.jadr.2025.100898 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
CAMS-4Teens, Suicide Index Score typologies, and family factors
Vergara, G. A., Mandel, A. A., Adrian, M. C., & Jobes, D. A. (2025) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2025.120540 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
The Role of Childhood Trauma, Psychosocial Stress, and Interpersonal Conflicts in the Prediction of Suicide Attempt with the Mediating Factor of Physical Health: A Descriptive Study
Farniya, F., & Boogar, I. R. (2024) · مجله علمی دانشگاه علوم پزشکی رفسنجان · doi:10.61186/jrums.23.2.104 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Prospective analysis of sex differences and factors associated with suicidal thoughts and behaviours in young people from the MILESTONE Italian sample
Torino, G., Leone, S., Cortese, S., Dieleman, G. C., Gerritsen, S. E., Maffezzoni, D., Martella, D., Micciolo, R., Singh, S. P., Street, C., et al. (2024) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-024-76605-5 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
“Previous studies have shown that social and interpersonal relationships, parenting processes, family climate factors, and stressors within the family context are significant risk factors for STB among young people 54,55 .”
The relationship among attachment styles, interpersonal needs, and suicidal ideation in patients with psychiatric disorders
Sarubbi, S., Rogante, E., Erbuto, D., Migliorati, M., Berardelli, I., Innamorati, M., & Pompili, M. (2024) · Research in Psychotherapy Psychopathology Process and Outcome · doi:10.4081/ripppo.2024.785 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
“In contrast, parenting styles perceived as close, connected, and supportive seem to be protective factors against suicide risk (Diamond et al. , 2022).”
Patterns of childhood trauma co-occurrence and its predictivity for suicidality: A machine learning approach
Niu, W., Feng, Y., Xu, S., Cui, X., Ma, Z., & Wang, Y. (2025) · iScience · doi:10.1016/j.isci.2025.111877 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Maternal Psychopathology and Family Functioning as Predictors of Externalizing Behavior in Adolescents: A Cross-Sectional Study in Greece
Chronopoulou, N., Zaravinos-Tsakos, F., Kolaitis, G. A., & Giannakopoulos, G. (2025) · Adolescents · doi:10.3390/adolescents5020017 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
“This supports the notion that a well-functioning family environment can serve as a protective buffer, potentially mitigating the negative effects of maternal distress on adolescent behavior [54,55].”
Safety Planning Interventions Among Children and Adolescents at Risk for Suicide: Progress, Gaps, and Opportunities
Clifton, R. L., McCarty, C. A., Richardson, L. P., & Adrian, M. C. (2025) · Current Pediatrics Reports · doi:10.1007/s40124-025-00367-5 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Psychosocial approaches for adolescent suicide prevention: An evidence review
Majid, A. F., & Jalani, N. T. (2025) · Philippine Journal of Health Research and Development · doi:10.4103/pjhrd.pjhrd_8_25 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Substance Use and Suicide Attempts in Adolescents: A Comparative Analysis of Clinical and Psychosocial Risk Factors
Tunagür, M. T., & Tunagur, E. M. K. (2026) · Children · doi:10.3390/children13020186 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
“Previous research has shown that protective family factors, such as emotional support, communication, and parental monitoring, can reduce suicide risk even in the presence of significant adversity [44,47].”
Parental Expressed Emotion Criticism Relates to Everyday Perceptions of Social Threat in Adolescents with Varying Suicidal Thoughts and Behaviors
James, K. M., Griffith, J. M., Oppenheimer, C. W., Scott, L. N., Ladouceur, C. D., & Silk, J. S. (2026) · Research on Child and Adolescent Psychopathology · doi:10.1007/s10802-025-01416-9 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
“Indeed, research shows that negative parenting behaviors, including parental overcontrol, rejection, and criticism, have been linked to problems with socio-emotional functioning (e.g., peer victimization, bullying behaviors; for a review, see Chu & Chen, 2024) as well as STBs (Aiken et al., 2019; Campos et al., 2013;…”
Influential
Between Bond and Vulnerability: Relational and Emotional Factors Associated with Suicidal Ideation in Chilean University Students
Parra, G. M.-M., Morales-Sanhueza, J., & Puig-Amores, I. (2026) · Psychiatry International · doi:10.3390/psychiatryint7020067 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
“Thus, although several studies have linked anxious attachment with suicidal ideation [31,45], others have not been able to verify this relationship [28,78].”
Psychosocial competencies and reasons for living in young adults: implications for suicide prevention from a social determinants of health perspective
Nieradko-Heluszko, A., Rył, A., Giezek, M., & Karakiewicz, B. (2026) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2026.1810162 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Development and Validation of a Nomogram for Estimating the Risk of Suicide Tendencies Among Chinese Middle School Students: A Cross-Sectional Study
Zhang, P., Jin, T., Chen, J., Yu, R., Wu, S., Yang, P., Zhou, W., Xu, M., Tan, T., You, C., et al. (2026) · Psychology Research and Behavior Management · doi:10.2147/prbm.s593384 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
“36 This shift in perspective from “treating the individual” to “optimizing the ecosystem”represents a novel insight generated by this study based on large-sample data.”
Locking Families into Care: A PRISMA Scoping Review of Lethal Means Interventions That Incorporate Families into Treatment
Sullivan, S. R., Mitchell, E. L., Liotta, L., Chennapragada, L., Osterberg, T. J., Szeszko, J. R., Khazanov, G. K., Slattery, S., & Goodman, M. S. (2026) · Archives of Suicide Research · doi:10.1080/13811118.2026.2654645 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
“Including families in lethal means counseling may also be advantageous because it leverages existing family protective factors and strengthens the support system around vulnerable individuals (Asarnow & Mehlum, 2019; Diamond et al., 2022).”
The Narrative-Crisis Model of Suicide as a Framework for Suicide Prevention
Goncearenco, I., Chennapragada, L., & Rogers, M. L. (2023) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/med/9780197582718.003.0010 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Mental health
Sharma, M., & Lakhan, R. (2024) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-443-29098-5.00006-0 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Chronicity of Suicidality: Youth Suicide Prevention in Primary Care
Henderson, M. D., Batchelder, A., Rodney, T. W., & Ling, C. G. (2025) · Journal of Psychosocial Nursing and Mental Health Services · doi:10.3928/02793695-20250611-02 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Patterns of Suicidal Stress Disclosure on Social Media: Integrating Computational and Qualitative ApproachesPreprint
Donnelly, H. K., Solberg, V. S. H., Green, J. G., Wijaya, D. T., & Jobes, D. A. (2025) · medRxiv · doi:10.1101/2025.06.09.25329115 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
PP-533 滋賀医科大学における陰茎癌の臨床的検討(第95回日本泌尿器科学会総会)
西川, 全., 水流, 輝., 牛田, 博., 影山, 進., 岩城, 秀., 上仁, 数., 成田, 充., 岡本, 圭., 吉貴, 達., & 岡田, 裕. (2007) · The Japanese Journal of Urology
Mapping the Past, Present and Future of Belongingness Research: A Bibliometric and Thematic Analysis
Bano, S., Srivastava, P., Sayed Ebrahim Mubasheer, S. M., Nishat, A., & Ahmad, I. (2024) · Journal of Belonging and Human Connection · doi:10.1163/27722856-bja10002
The Influence of School Bullying and Violence Victimization on Suicidal Ideation Among Urban Minority Adolescents
Kelly, S., Lardier, D. T., Napoli, D., Verdezoto, C. S., Reid, R. J., & Garcia‐Reid, P. (2025) · Issues in Mental Health Nursing · doi:10.1080/01612840.2024.2430391
“Perceived levels of peer and family support have impacted adolescents’ mental health (Diamond et al., 2022; Letkiewicz et al., 2023; Madjar et al., 2018).”
‘I feel so alone… I am nobody, and I am nothing’. A psychosocial autopsy study on adolescent girls’ suicide, with a focus on sexual orientation
van Bergen, D. D., Looijmans, M., Balt, E., Rasing, S. P. A., Gilissen, R., Creemers, D. H. M., & Mérelle, S. Y. M. (2025) · Death Studies · doi:10.1080/07481187.2025.2491574
“Parent or peer conflicts and rejection as well as a perceived lack of parental care also create risks of adolescent suicide attempts or suicide (Bilsen, 2018; Diamond et al., 2022; Van Bergen et al., 2010).”
Ecological Perspectives of Suicide Prevention
Shoib, S., Handu, K., & Saeed, F. (2025) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-981-96-4028-7_20
Riskli Ergenlerde İçselleştirilmiş Damgalanmaya Yönelik Terapötik Bir Müdahale: Sanat Terapisi
YILDIRIM, O. (2025) · Current Perspectives in Social Sciences · doi:10.53487/atasobed.1624607
Suicide Probability in University Students: Parental Rejection-Acceptance, Emotional and Social Loneliness, Psychological Flexibility
Aydal, Z., & Güloğlu, B. (2025) · Türk Psikolojik Danışma ve Rehberlik Dergisi · doi:10.17066/tpdrd.1586806
Family psychoeducation after a suicide attempt
Krysinska, K. E., & Andriessen, K. (2021) · doi:10.1093/med/9780198834441.003.0062_update_001
Social factors associated with rural male suicide in Bangladesh
Khan, A. R. (2025) · Mortality · doi:10.1080/13576275.2025.2594053
“Among family-related factors, conflict and relationship problems among family members are the most extensively studied risk factors associated with suicidal behaviour in youth (Diamond et al., 2022).”
Psychosocial Factors Associated With Parental Self‐Efficacy in Adolescent Suicide Prevention: A Mixed Methods Study Protocol
Henderson, M. D., Wilcox, H. C., Raynor, P., Hanson, G. C., Reynolds, E. K., & Gross, D. A. (2025) · Research in Nursing & Health · doi:10.1002/nur.70051
Characteristics and Circumstances of Preteen and Teen Suicide Decedents
Orlins, E. R., Xia, X., Sarkisian, K. L., Ruch, D. A., Bridge, J. A., & Fontanella, C. A. (2026) · Journal of Adolescent Health · doi:10.1016/j.jadohealth.2025.12.265
The impact of suicidal deaths of children and adolescents among parents and mental health professionals: A systematic review and meta‐synthesis
Roshini, C., Baruah, M., Manohar, H., Thomas, B., & Sudhir, P. M. (2026) · Psychology and Psychotherapy Theory Research and Practice · doi:10.1111/papt.70045
“Theoretical lens adopted for interpretation included trauma-informed, meaning reconstruction and family systems approaches (Diamond et al., 2022; Edelman, 2023; Neimeyer, 2016).”
A network analysis of depressive symptoms, problematic internet use, and social support in relation to suicidal behaviors among Chinese adolescents
Peng, S., Guo, Y., Jiang, G., Liu, Q., Lu, C., Wang, W., & Guo, L. (2026) · Computers in Human Behavior Reports · doi:10.1016/j.chbr.2026.101031
Latest Trends in Suicide Research: a Bibliometric Analysis from SCOPUS Database
Khan, N., Aznak, S., & Zeeshan, M. (2026) · Mental Health Global Challenges Journal · doi:10.56508/mhgcj.v9i1.357
“Acceptance within family, education set up and neighbourhood work as protective factors from suicidality, whereas lack of acceptance increases vulnerability to suicidality, as supported by Diamond et al. (2022).”
Determinantes psicosociales de la ideación suicida en adolescentes
Luis, A. H. G. S., Avendaño, A. M. A., & Estrada, A. (2026) · Actualidades en Psicología · doi:10.15517/ap.v40i140.60921
“…pa-rentales caracterizadas por la hostilidad, así como un ambiente familiar general con falta de cohesión, altos niveles de conflicto, exposición a la violencia y una inadecuada comunicación familiar (Diamond et al., 2022; Forero et al., 2017; Pérez et al. 2013; Va-ladez-Figueroa et al., 2019).”
Incident and Recurrent Suicide Attempts in Adolescents With Major Depressive Disorder: Baseline Correlates and Prospective Predictors in a One-Year Follow-Up
Ayva, D. A., Hesapçıoğlu, S. T., & Ceylan, M. F. (2026) · Clinical Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/13591045261453630
The Long-Term Course of Adolescent-Onset Major Depressive Disorder in Females: A 10-Year Cohort Study on Recurrence, Suicide Risk, and Service Use
Yılancıoğlu, H. Y., Bildik, T., Pırıldar, Ş., Yüncü, Z., Kırlı, U., Pilan, B. Ş., Yektaş, Ç., Tatar, A., Inal-Kaleli, I., & Doğan, N. (2026) · Neuropsychobiology · doi:10.1159/000552126
“Conversely, supportive family relationships, secure attachment patterns, and low levels of parent-adolescent conflict serve as robust protective factors that mitigate suicide risk from adolescence through emerging adulthood [17].”
Familial Risk and Resilience Moderate the Association Between Intolerance of Uncertainty and Youth Suicidal Ideation
House, A., Toleson, S., Jenkins, K. C., Kreutzer, K. A., Allan, N. P., Phan, K. L., & Gorka, S. (2026) · Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1002/jclp.70169
“This finding expands upon a wealth of existing literature showing that healthy, supportive family environments play a protective role in youth suicide risk (Randell et al. 2006; Diamond et al. 2022).”
Family-based suicide prevention: The bibliometric analysis
Handayani, A., Yulianti, P., Sutrisno, S., & Suyati, T. (2026) · Archives of Mental Health · doi:10.4103/amh.amh_134_25
Implementing the Zero Suicide Framework in a Statewide Youth Behavioral Health System: A Qualitative Study
McGee, S., Lilleston, P. S., Hall, C., Borden, J., Hegarty, S., Costello, A., Sami, Z., & Carrick, J. (2026) · Evidence-Based Practice in Child and Adolescent Mental Health · doi:10.1080/23794925.2026.2711443
Youth Suicidal Behavior and Parent-Child Relationship Quality: The Role of Parental Sense of Competence
Laschen, S., Deutz, M. H. F., Schuiringa, H. D., Hessels, C. J., & Laceulle, O. M. (2026) · Journal of Child and Family Studies · doi:10.1007/s10826-026-03377-z
Short-Term Prognosis in Adolescents and Adults with Major Depressive Disorder and Associated Psychosocial Factors: A Prospective Study
Liu, P., Wu, L., Hu, Y., Lin, X., & Ma, C. (2026) · Journal of Visualized Experiments · doi:10.3791/70839
A 25‐Year Nationwide Analysis of Mortality Trends due to Intentional Self‐Harm by Hanging, Strangulation, and Suffocation
Shahab, S. H., Idrees, S. A., Ahmed, S., Ahmed, M., Rafique, H., Khalid, M., & Segawa, F. (2026) · Brain and Behavior · doi:10.1002/brb3.71838
“…suicides have steadily grown, especially among young people, women, and rural areas in the United States (Fontanella et al. 2015 ; Diamond et al. 2022 ) Although substantial research on suicide has been done, limited recent 25-year method-specific joinpoint analyses incorporating…”

The Family Factor
Gay, M. (2026) · Routledge eBooks · doi:10.4324/9781003639985-10
Review of family‐based treatments from 2010 to 2019 for suicidal ideation and behavior
Frey, L. M., Hunt, Q. A., Russon, J. M., & Diamond, G. (2022) · Journal of Marital and Family Therapy · doi:10.1111/jmft.12568 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Family-Based Cognitive-Behavioral Treatments for Suicidal Adolescents and Their Integration With Individual Treatment
Wells, K. C., & Heilbron, N. (2011) · Cognitive and Behavioral Practice · doi:10.1016/j.cbpra.2011.06.004 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Clinical Work with Suicidal Adolescents and Their Families
Hepworth, D. H., Farley, O. W., & Griffiths, J. K. (1988) · Social Casework · doi:10.1177/104438948806900401 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Psychodynamic and family aspects of youth suicide
King, R. A. (2009) · doi:10.1093/med/9780198570059.003.0088 · Cited by 5 · see citing works

Authors: Diamond, G., Kodish, T., Ewing, E. S. K., Hunt, Q. A., & Russon, J. M.
Affiliations: Drexel University (US)
University of California, Los Angeles (US)
Brigham Young University (US)
Virginia Tech (US)
Corresponding author: Diamond, Guy
ORCID: Diamond, Guy
Kodish, Tamar
Ewing, E. Stephanie Krauthamer
Hunt, Quintin A.
Russon, Jody M.
Venue: Aggression and Violent Behavior
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Published: 2022-05
Volume: 64
Pages: 101586
ISSN: 1359-1789 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1016/j.avb.2021.101586
PMC: PMC9159634
OpenAlex: W3134732044
Cited by: 70
References: 169
Citations by year: 2026: 19 · 2025: 19 · 2024: 15 · 2023: 5 · 2022: 7 · 2021: 4
FWCI: 5.29
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: bronze
doi.org
Licence: www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
www.elsevier.com/legal/tdmrep-license (tdm)
doi.org/10.15223/policy-017 (stm-asf)
doi.org/10.15223/policy-037 (stm-asf)
doi.org/10.15223/policy-012 (stm-asf)
doi.org/10.15223/policy-029 (stm-asf)
doi.org/10.15223/policy-004 (stm-asf)
Locations: Aggression and Violent Behavior (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
VTechWorks (Virginia Tech) (submittedVersion, public-domain)
Funders: NIMH
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Suicide and Self-Harm Studies
Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Grief, Bereavement, and Mental Health
Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Homicide, Infanticide, and Child Abuse
Keywords: youth suicide, suicide risk factors, protective factors, family processes, family intervention, mediators and moderators

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Family processes: risk, protective and treatment factors for youth at risk for suicide.

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