What Ever Happened to the “Cool” Kids? Long-Term Sequelae of Early Adolescent Pseudomature Behavior
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Pseudomature behavior—ranging from minor delinquency to precocious romantic involvement—is widely viewed as a nearly normative feature of adolescence. When such behavior occurs early in adolescence, however, it was hypothesized to reflect a misguided overemphasis upon impressing peers and was considered likely to predict long-term adjustment problems. In a multimethod, multireporter study following a community sample of 184 adolescents from ages 13 to 23, early adolescent pseudomature behavior was linked cross-sectionally to a heightened desire for peer popularity and to short-term success with peers. Longitudinal results, however, supported the study's central hypothesis: Early adolescent pseudomature behavior predicted long-term difficulties in close relationships, as well as significant problems with alcohol and substance use, and elevated levels of criminal behavior.
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Adolescents' peer experiences are prospectively associated with educational outcomes, mental health symptoms, addictive behaviors, and physical health morbidity and mortality decades later.
“Prior research suggests that adolescents’ peer experiences are prospectively associated with educational outcomes, mental health symptoms, addictive behaviors, and even physical health morbidity and mortality decades later (Allen et al. 2014; Almquist 2009; Almquist and Östberg 2013; Menting et al. 2016; Modin et al. 2011; Moffitt 1993).”
From Transformation of Adolescent Peer Relations in the Social Media Context: Part 1—A Theoretical Framework and Application to Dyadic Peer Relationships (2018) · cites this paper as Allen et al. 2014
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“MSPGs come with many benefits, such as heightened popularity, access to sexual partners, and opportunities to practice gender-atypical skillsets (Allen et al. 2014; Hand and Furman 2009; Monsour 2002).”
BackgroundHupp, S. D. A., Jewell, J. D., Prinstein, M. J., & Axelrod, M. I. (2018) · doi:10.1002/9781394259304.ch3
Martı́nez-Espiñeira, R. (2026) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.6305096
Arlinghaus, K. R., Stuenkel, K., Gadient, J., Bell, A. N., Goodman, L. P., Sherwood, N. E., & McMorris, B. J. (2026) · Journal of Community Psychology · doi:10.1002/jcop.70137
“However, adolescents also highly value peer perceptions and peer influence is especially strong when peers are popular or perceived as more mature (Allen et al. 2014; Tucker et al. 2014).”
Raabe, I. J., & Steinmann, I. (2026) · Journal of Youth and Adolescence · doi:10.1007/s10964-026-02384-z
“Second, peer and group norms can establish a dynamic in which resistance behavior is desirable from the students’ perspective, as it contributes to their social standing in the peer group (Allen et al., 2005, 2014 ).”
- Authors
- Allen, J. P., Schad, M. M., Oudekerk, B., & Chango, J.
- Affiliations
- University of Virginia (US)
- Corresponding author
- Allen, Joseph P
- ORCID
- Allen, Joseph P
- Venue
- Child Development
- Publisher
- Oxford University Press (OUP)
- Published
- 2014-09-01
- Volume
- 85
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 1866-1880
- ISSN
- 0009-3920 (ISSN-L)
- 1467-8624
- PMC
- PMC4165811
- OpenAlex
- W2138830292
- Cited by
- 58
- References
- 52
- Citations by year
- 2026: 4 · 2025: 1 · 2024: 2 · 2023: 4 · 2022: 4 · 2021: 4 · 2020: 1 · 2019: 10 · 2018: 9 · 2017: 3 · 2016: 4 · 2015: 9 · 2014: 3
- FWCI
- 7.47
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Licence
- Locations
- Child Development (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (9R01HD058305-11A1)
- National Institute of Mental Health (9R01 HD058305-11A1, R01-MH58066)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Crime Patterns and Interventions
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Psychosocial Factors Impacting Youth
- Keywords
- peer popularity, peer relationships, romantic involvement, delinquency, substance use, alcohol consumption, criminal behavior, long-term adjustment
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adolescent Behavior, Adult, Female, Humans, Interpersonal Relations, Juvenile Delinquency, Longitudinal Studies, Male, Peer Group, Substance-Related Disorders, Young Adult
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Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
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