Gender differences in symptoms of hypothyroidism: a population‐based D an T hyr study
Abstract
OBJECTIVES: We examined the gender-specific symptom prevalences in hypothyroidism and in healthy controls and explored the extent to which symptoms indicative of thyroid status may be different in women and men. DESIGN AND METHODS: Patients newly diagnosed with overt autoimmune hypothyroidism (n = 140) and controls free of thyroid disease (n = 560) recruited from the same population participated in a population-based study of The Danish Investigation of Iodine Intake and Thyroid Diseases (DanThyr). Participants underwent a comprehensive programme including blood tests and completion of questionnaires. The gender-specific distribution of 13 hypothyroidism-associated symptoms and a simple combined score (0-13) was explored in conditional uni- and multivariate models taking into account a broad spectrum of possible confounders. Diagnostic odds ratios (DORs) were calculated as measures for the association between participant status (case vs control) and presence of symptoms (yes vs no). RESULTS: In overt autoimmune hypothyroidism, 94·9% of women and 91·3% of men (P = 0·62) reported at least one of the hypothyroidism-associated symptoms, with tiredness as the most common symptom followed by dry skin and shortness of breath. In contrast, women free of thyroid disease self-reported at least one hypothyroidism-associated symptom considerably more often than men (73·7% vs 51·1%, P < 0·001). DORs (±SEM) for 0-1/2-3/4-13 symptoms were 0·07 (0·04-0·10)/2·15 (1·57-2·94)/7·99 (6·15-10·4) in men and 0·21 (0·16-0·28)/0·62 (0·58-0·66)/1·99 (1·90-2·09) in women. CONCLUSION: The presence of symptoms is more indicative for overt autoimmune hypothyroidism in men than in women, and presumably persistent symptoms after therapy of hypothyroidism will be more common in women.
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Common symptoms of hypothyroidism include cold intolerance (35%-65%).
“Common symptoms include fatigue (74%-86%), weight gain (24%59%), cold intolerance (35%-65%), bradycardia (12%-19%), constipation(33%-41%),andcognitiveimpairment(45%-48%),includingmemorylossanddifficultyconcentrating. 41,42”
From Hypothyroidism: A Review (2025) · cites this paper as [42]
Common symptoms of hypothyroidism include cognitive impairment (45%-48%), including memory loss and difficulty concentrating.
“Common symptoms include fatigue (74%-86%), weight gain (24%59%), cold intolerance (35%-65%), bradycardia (12%-19%), constipation(33%-41%),andcognitiveimpairment(45%-48%),includingmemorylossanddifficultyconcentrating. 41,42”
From Hypothyroidism: A Review (2025) · cites this paper as [42]
Common symptoms of hypothyroidism include fatigue (74%-86%).
“Common symptoms include fatigue (74%-86%), weight gain (24%59%), cold intolerance (35%-65%), bradycardia (12%-19%), constipation(33%-41%),andcognitiveimpairment(45%-48%),includingmemorylossanddifficultyconcentrating. 41,42”
From Hypothyroidism: A Review (2025) · cites this paper as [42]
Common symptoms of hypothyroidism include constipation (33%-41%).
“Common symptoms include fatigue (74%-86%), weight gain (24%59%), cold intolerance (35%-65%), bradycardia (12%-19%), constipation(33%-41%),andcognitiveimpairment(45%-48%),includingmemorylossanddifficultyconcentrating. 41,42”
From Hypothyroidism: A Review (2025) · cites this paper as [42]
Common symptoms of hypothyroidism include bradycardia (12%-19%).
“Common symptoms include fatigue (74%-86%), weight gain (24%59%), cold intolerance (35%-65%), bradycardia (12%-19%), constipation(33%-41%),andcognitiveimpairment(45%-48%),includingmemorylossanddifficultyconcentrating. 41,42”
From Hypothyroidism: A Review (2025) · cites this paper as [42]
Common symptoms of hypothyroidism include weight gain (24%-59%).
“Common symptoms include fatigue (74%-86%), weight gain (24%59%), cold intolerance (35%-65%), bradycardia (12%-19%), constipation(33%-41%),andcognitiveimpairment(45%-48%),includingmemorylossanddifficultyconcentrating. 41,42”
From Hypothyroidism: A Review (2025) · cites this paper as [42]
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- Authors
- Carlé, A., Bülow Pedersen, I., Knudsen, N., Perrild, H., Ovesen, L., & Laurberg, P.
- Affiliations
- Aalborg University Hospital (DK)
- Department of Endocrinology Aalborg University Hospital Aalborg Denmark
- Bispebjerg Hospital (DK)
- Slagelse Hospital (DK)
- Corresponding author
- Carlé, Allan
- Venue
- Clinical Endocrinology
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2015-05-06
- Volume
- 83
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 717-725
- ISSN
- 0300-0664 (ISSN-L)
- 1365-2265
- OpenAlex
- W2123012919
- Cited by
- 59
- References
- 37
- Citations by year
- 2026: 6 · 2025: 5 · 2024: 7 · 2023: 7 · 2022: 7 · 2021: 7 · 2020: 2 · 2019: 4 · 2018: 4 · 2017: 5 · 2016: 5
- FWCI
- 4.05
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Clinical Endocrinology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Research at the University of Copenhagen (University of Copenhagen) (submittedVersion)
- VBN Forskningsportal (Aalborg Universitet) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Det Frie Forskningsråd
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Thyroid Disorders and Treatments
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Surgery › Thyroid and Parathyroid Surgery
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Thyroid Cancer Diagnosis and Treatment
- Keywords
- hypothyroidism, autoimmune hypothyroidism, gender differences, symptom prevalence, fatigue, dry skin, dyspnea, thyroid disease diagnosis, diagnostic odds ratio
- MeSH terms
- Denmark, Female, Humans, Hypothyroidism, Male, Middle Aged, Sex Characteristics, Multivariate Analysis, Case-Control Studies
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