Effects of self-monitoring of glucose on distress and self-efficacy in people with non-insulin-treated type 2 diabetes: a randomized controlled trial
Open accessAbstract
AIMS: To investigate the effects of self-monitoring of glucose in blood or urine, on diabetes-specific distress and self-efficacy, compared with usual care in people with non-insulin-treated Type 2 diabetes mellitus. METHODS: One hundred and eighty-one participants with non-insulin-treated Type 2 diabetes mellitus [diabetes duration ≥ 1 year, age 45-75 years, HbA1c ≥ 53.0 mmol/mol (7.0%), self-monitoring frequency < 3 times in the previous year] were randomly assigned to blood self-monitoring (n = 60), urine self-monitoring (n = 59) or usual care (n = 62). Primary outcomes were between-group differences in diabetes-specific distress [Problem Areas in Diabetes scale (PAID)] and self-efficacy [Confidence in Diabetes Self-Care questionnaire (CIDS-2)] after 12 months. Secondary outcomes included changes in HbA1c , treatment satisfaction and depressive symptoms. RESULTS: There were no statistically significant between-group differences in changes in PAID and CIDS-2 after 12 months. Mean difference in PAID between blood monitoring and control was -2.2 [95% confidence interval (CI) -7.1 to 2.7], between urine monitoring and control was -0.9 (95% CI -4.4 to 2.5) and between blood monitoring and urine monitoring was -2.0 (95% CI -4.1 to 0.1). Mean difference in CIDS-2 between blood monitoring and control was 0.6 [95% CI (-2.0 to 2.1), between urine monitoring and control was 2.8 (95% CI -2.3 to 7.9)] and between blood monitoring and urine monitoring was -3.3 (95% CI -7.9 to 1.3). No statistically significant between-group differences in change in any of the secondary outcome measures were found. CONCLUSIONS: This study did not find statistical or clinical evidence for a long-term effect of self-monitoring of glucose in blood or urine on diabetes-specific distress and self-efficacy in people with moderately controlled non-insulin-treated Type 2 diabetes mellitus. (Current Controlled Trials ISRCTN84568563).
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- Authors
- Malanda, U. L., Bot, S. D. M., Kostense, P. J., Snoek, F. J., Dekker, J. M., & Nijpels, G.
- Affiliations
- Amsterdam UMC Location Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam (NL)
- Amsterdam Public Health (NL)
- Corresponding author
- Nijpels, G.
- Venue
- Diabetic Medicine
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2015-08-18
- Volume
- 33
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 537-546
- ISSN
- 0742-3071 (ISSN-L)
- 1464-5491
- OpenAlex
- W1961119784
- Cited by
- 12
- References
- 28
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 1 · 2023: 2 · 2022: 1 · 2021: 1 · 2019: 1 · 2018: 2 · 2016: 2 · 2015: 1
- FWCI
- 1.45
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- pure.amsterdamumc.nl
- Licence
- Locations
- Diabetic Medicine (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Pure Amsterdam UMC (acceptedVersion, other-oa)
- Data Archiving and Networked Services (DANS) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- European Foundation for the Study of Diabetes
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diabetes Management and Education
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diabetes Management and Research
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diabetes Treatment and Management
- Keywords
- self-monitoring of blood glucose, type 2 diabetes, non-insulin-treated diabetes, diabetes self-efficacy, glycemic control, HbA1c, treatment satisfaction, depressive symptoms
- MeSH terms
- Administration, Oral, Aged, Combined Modality Therapy, Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2, Diet, Diabetic, Follow-Up Studies, Glycosuria, Glycated Hemoglobin, Humans, Hyperglycemia, Hypoglycemic Agents, Middle Aged, Netherlands, Patient Education as Topic, Psychiatric Status Rating Scales, Stress, Psychological, Blood Glucose Self-Monitoring, Patient Satisfaction, Self Efficacy, Diagnostic Self Evaluation
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