The glycaemic benefits of a very‐low‐carbohydrate ketogenic diet in adults with Type 1 diabetes mellitus may be opposed by increased hypoglycaemia risk and dyslipidaemia
Abstract
Aims: To investigate whether very‐low‐carbohydrate high‐fat diets, typical of ketogenic diets, can improve glycaemic control without causing any ill health effects in adults with Type 1 diabetes. Methods: In this observational study, 11 adults with Type 1 diabetes (seven men, four women, mean ± sd age 36.1± 6.8 years, mean ± sd duration of diabetes 12.8 ± 10.3 years), who followed a ketogenic diet (< 55 g carbohydrate per day) for a mean ± sd of 2.6 ± 3.3 years (β‐hydroxybutyrate 1.6 ± 1.3 mmol/l), underwent sampling and analysis of fasting blood, and were fitted with a blinded continuous glucose monitor for 7 days to measure glycaemic variability. Results: The mean ± sd HbA 1c levels were 35±4 mmol/mol (5.3±0.4%), and participants spent 74±20 and 3±8% of their time in the euglycaemic (4–8 mmol/l) and hyperglycaemic (>10 mmol/l) ranges, respectively, with little daily glycaemic variability (sd 1.5±0.7 mmol/l; coefficient of variation 26±8%). Blood glucose levels were <3.0 mmol/l for 3.6% of the time, and participants experienced a median (range) of 0.9 (0.0–2.0) daily episodes of hypoglycaemia. Total cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, total cholesterol/HDL cholesterol ratio, and triglycerides were above the recommended range in 82%, 82%, 64% and 27% of participants, respectively; however, HDL cholesterol levels were within the recommended range for all participants. Participants displayed no or little evidence of hepatic or renal dysfunction. Conclusion: This study provides the first evidence that, ketogenic diets in adults with Type 1 diabetes are associated with excellent HbA 1c levels and little glycaemic variability, but may also be associated with dyslipidaemia and a high number of hypoglycaemic episodes.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The effects of ketogenic diet on lipid parameters remain contentious, with some studies reporting positive improvements and others observing increases in lipid profiles.
“However, its effects on lipid parameters remain contentious. Some studies report positive improvements, while others observe increases in lipid profiles [8, 9].”
From Ketogenic diet-induced changes in adult lipid metabolism: a comprehensive systematic review and meta-regression of randomized controlled trials (2026) · cites this paper as [8]
Hypoglycaemia is possible if hypoglycaemic drugs are also taken.
“Hypoglycaemia is possible if hypoglycaemic drugs are also taken [74].”
Cites
Miller, K. M., Beck, R. W., Bergenstal, R. M., Goland, R. S., Haller, M. J., McGill, J. B., Rodriguez, H., Simmons, J. H., Hirsch, I. B., & for the T1D Exchange Clinic Network (2013) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dc12-1770 · Cited by 505 · see citing works
Yeh, H.-C., Brown, T. T., Maruthur, N., Ranasinghe, P., Berger, Z., Suh, Y. D., Wilson, L. M., Haberl, E. B., Brick, J., Bass, E. B., et al. (2012) · Annals of Internal Medicine · doi:10.7326/0003-4819-157-5-201209040-00508 · Cited by 493 · see citing works
Hypoglycaemia in diabetes mellitus: epidemiology and clinical implications
Frier, B. M. (2014) · Nature Reviews Endocrinology · doi:10.1038/nrendo.2014.170 · Cited by 482 · see citing works
Effect on blood lipids of very high intakes of fiber in diets low in saturated fat and cholesterol.
Jenkins, D. J. A., Wolever, T., Rao, A., Hegele, R. A., Mitchell, S. J., Ransom, T., Boctor, D., Spadafora, P., Jenkins, A. L., Mehling, C., et al. (1993) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejm199307013290104 · Cited by 299 · see citing works
Delahanty, L. M., Nathan, D. M., Lachin, J. M., Hu, F. B., Cleary, P. A., Ziegler, G. K., Wylie-Rosett, J., & Wexler, D. J. (2009) · The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.3945/ajcn.2008.26498 · Cited by 152 · see citing works
High-fat diet causes iron deficiency via hepcidin-independent reduction of duodenal iron absorption
Sonnweber, T., Ress, C., Nairz, M., Theurl, I., Schroll, A., Murphy, A. T., Wroblewski, V., Witcher, D. R., Moser, P., Ebenbichler, C. F., et al. (2012) · The Journal of Nutritional Biochemistry · doi:10.1016/j.jnutbio.2011.10.013 · Cited by 117 · see citing works
Benkhadra, K., Alahdab, F., Tamhane, S. U., McCoy, R. G., Prokop, L. J., & Murad, M. H. (2017) · Endocrine · doi:10.1007/s12020-016-1039-x · Cited by 113 · see citing works
Amiel, S. A., Archibald, H. R., Chusney, G. D., Williams, A. J. K., & Gale, E. A. (1991) · Clinical Science · doi:10.1042/cs0810189 · Cited by 98 · see citing works
Effects of advanced carbohydrate counting in patients with Type 1 diabetes: a systematic review
Schmidt, S., Schelde, B., & Nørgaard, K. (2014) · Diabetic Medicine · doi:10.1111/dme.12446 · Cited by 94 · see citing works
Low carbohydrate diet in type 1 diabetes, long-term improvement and adherence: A clinical audit
Nielsen, J. V., Gando, C., Joensson, E., & Paulsson, C. (2012) · Diabetology & Metabolic Syndrome · doi:10.1186/1758-5996-4-23 · Cited by 88 · see citing works
Krebs, J. D., Parry‐Strong, A., Cresswell, P., Reynolds, A. N., Hanna, A., & Haeusler, S. (2016) · PubMed · doi:10.6133/apjcn.2016.25.1.11 · Cited by 82 · see citing works
A Low Carbohydrate Diet in Type 1 Diabetes
Nielsen, J. V., Jönsson, E., & Ivarsson, A. (2005) · Upsala Journal of Medical Sciences · doi:10.3109/2000-1967-074 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
de Bock, M. I., Lobley, K., Anderson, D., Davis, E. A., Donaghue, K. C., Pappas, M., Siafarikas, A., Cho, Y. H., Jones, T. W., & Smart, C. E. (2017) · Pediatric Diabetes · doi:10.1111/pedi.12527 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
Self-citationThe Effects of a Low-Carbohydrate Regimen on Glycemic Control and Serum Lipids in Diabetes Mellitus
Neill, D. F. O., Westman, E. C., & Bernstein, R. K. (2003) · Metabolic Syndrome and Related Disorders · doi:10.1089/1540419031361345 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Evidence-based European recommendations for the dietary management of diabetes
The Diabetes and Nutrition Study Group (DNSG) of the European Association for the Study of Diabetes (EASD), Aas, A.-M., Axelsen, M., Churuangsuk, C., Hermansen, K., Kendall, C. W. C., Kahleova, H., Khan, T., Lean, M. E. J., Mann, J. I., et al. (2023) · Diabetologia · doi:10.1007/s00125-023-05894-8 · Cited by 262 · see citing works
Yuan, X., Wang, J., Yang, S., Gao, M., Cao, L., Li, X., Hong, D., Tian, S., & Sun, C. (2020) · Nutrition & Diabetes · doi:10.1038/s41387-020-00142-z · Cited by 240 · see citing works
Nutritional ketosis for weight management and reversal of metabolic syndrome
Gershuni, V. M., Yan, S. L., & Medici, V. (2018) · Current Nutrition Reports · doi:10.1007/s13668-018-0235-0 · Cited by 239 · see citing works
Ketogenic diets and chronic disease: weighing the benefits against the risks
Crosby, L., Davis, B., Joshi, S., Jardine, M., Paul, J., Neola, M., & Barnard, N. D. (2021) · Frontiers in Nutrition · doi:10.3389/fnut.2021.702802 · Cited by 229 · see citing works
Low-Carb and Ketogenic Diets in Type 1 and Type 2 Diabetes
Bolla, A. M., Caretto, A., Laurenzi, A., Scavini, M., & Piemonti, L. (2019) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu11050962 · Cited by 226 · see citing works
Churuangsuk, C., Hall, J., Reynolds, A., Griffin, S. J., Combet, E., & Lean, M. E. J. (2022) · Diabetologia · doi:10.1007/s00125-021-05577-2 · Cited by 204 · see citing works
Obesity in people living with type 1 diabetes
der Schueren, B. V., Ellis, D., Faradji, R. N., Al‐Ozairi, E., Rosen, J., & Mathieu, C. (2021) · The Lancet Diabetes & Endocrinology · doi:10.1016/s2213-8587(21)00246-1 · Cited by 188 · see citing works
Advantages and Disadvantages of the Ketogenic Diet: A Review Article
Batch, J. T., Lamsal, S. P., Adkins, M., Sultan, S., & Ramirez, M. N. (2020) · Cureus · doi:10.7759/cureus.9639 · Cited by 181 · see citing works
Zhou, C., Wang, M., Liang, J., He, G., & Chen, N. (2022) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph191610429 · Cited by 151 · see citing works
Scientific evidence underlying contraindications to the ketogenic diet: An update
Watanabe, M., Tuccinardi, D., Ernesti, I., Basciani, S., Mariani, S., Genco, A., Manfrini, S., Lubrano, C., & Gnessi, L. (2020) · Obesity Reviews · doi:10.1111/obr.13053 · Cited by 108 · see citing works
Seckold, R., Fisher, E. L., de Bock, M. I., King, B. R., & Smart, C. E. (2018) · Diabetic Medicine · doi:10.1111/dme.13845 · Cited by 98 · see citing works
Role of diet and exercise in aging, Alzheimer’s disease, and other chronic diseases
Khemka, S., Reddy, A., Garcia, R. I., Jacobs, M., Reddy, R. P., Roghani, A. K., Pattoor, V., Basu, T., Sehar, U., & Reddy, P. H. (2023) · Ageing Research Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.arr.2023.102091 · Cited by 88 · see citing works
Schmidt, S., Christensen, M. B., Serifovski, N., Damm‐Frydenberg, C., Jensen, J. B., Fløyel, T., Størling, J., Ranjan, A. G., & Nørgaard, K. (2019) · Diabetes Obesity and Metabolism · doi:10.1111/dom.13725 · Cited by 77 · see citing works
Taylor, M. K., Swerdlow, R. H., Burns, J. M., & Sullivan, D. K. (2019) · Current Developments in Nutrition · doi:10.1093/cdn/nzz003 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
Carbohydrate restriction for diabetes: rediscovering centuries-old wisdom
Lennerz, B. S., Koutnik, A. P., Azova, S., Wolfsdorf, J. I., & Ludwig, D. S. (2021) · Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1172/jci142246 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
Ketogenic Diet: A Review of Composition Diversity, Mechanism of Action and Clinical Application
Malinowska, D., & Żendzian‐Piotrowska, M. (2024) · Journal of Nutrition and Metabolism · doi:10.1155/2024/6666171 · Cited by 68 · see citing works
Scott, S. N., Anderson, L., Morton, J. P., Wagenmakers, A. J. M., & Riddell, M. C. (2019) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu11051022 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
A Review of Ketogenic Diet and Lifestyle.
McGaugh, E., & Barthel, B. (2022) · PubMed Central · Cited by 55 · see citing works
Dyńka, D., Kowalcze, K., Ambrożkiewicz, F., & Paziewska, A. (2023) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu15030500 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Luo, W., Zhang, J., Xu, D., Zhou, Y., Qu, Z., Yang, Q., & Lv, Q. (2022) · Frontiers in Nutrition · doi:10.3389/fnut.2022.1092031 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Spigoni, V., Cinquegrani, G., Iannozzi, N. T., Frigeri, G., Maggiolo, G., Maggi, M., Parello, V., & Dei, A. (2022) · Frontiers in Endocrinology · doi:10.3389/fendo.2022.972890 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Type 1 Diabetes and Physical Exercise: Moving (forward) as an Adjuvant Therapy
Moser, O., Eckstein, M. L., West, D. J., Goswami, N., Sourij, H., & Hofmann, P. (2020) · Current Pharmaceutical Design · doi:10.2174/1381612826666200108113002 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
(2020) · Canadian Journal of Diabetes · doi:10.1016/j.jcjd.2020.04.001 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Ketogenic Diets and Cardio-Metabolic Diseases
Zhang, W., Guo, X., Chen, L., Chen, T., Yu, J., Wu, C., & Zheng, J. (2021) · Frontiers in Endocrinology · doi:10.3389/fendo.2021.753039 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Low-Carbohydrate High-Fat Diet: A SWOC Analysis
Nuwaylati, D. A., Eldakhakhny, B. M., Bima, A. I. H., Sakr, H. F., & Elsamanoudy, A. Z. (2022) · Metabolites · doi:10.3390/metabo12111126 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Turton, J. L., Brinkworth, G. D., Parker, H. M., Lim, D. M., Lee, K., Rush, A., Johnson, R., & Rooney, K. B. (2023) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0288440 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Ketone Bodies in Diabetes Mellitus: Friend or Foe?
Veneti, S., Grammatikopoulou, M. G., Kintiraki, E., Mintziori, G., & Goulis, D. G. (2023) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu15204383 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Róg, J., Wingralek, Z. J., Nowak, K., Grudzień, M., Grunwald, A., Banaszek, A., & Karakuła‐Juchnowicz, H. (2024) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm13102819 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Diamond, D. M., O’Neill, B. J., & Volek, J. S. (2020) · Current Opinion in Endocrinology Diabetes and Obesity · doi:10.1097/med.0000000000000568 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Tian, W.-D., Cao, S., Guan, Y.-X., Zhang, Z.-H., Liu, Q., Ju, J., Xi, R.-X., & Bai, R. (2025) · Frontiers in Nutrition · doi:10.3389/fnut.2024.1516086 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Ketogenic diets in the management of type 1 diabetes: Safe or safety concern?
Buehler, L. A., Noe, D. R., Knapp, S., Isaacs, D. M., & Pantalone, K. M. (2021) · Cleveland Clinic Journal of Medicine · doi:10.3949/ccjm.88a.20121 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Leone, A., Amicis, R. S. D., Lessa, C., Tagliabue, A., Trentani, C., Ferraris, C., Battezzati, A., Veggiotti, P., Foppiani, A., Ravella, S., et al. (2019) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu11051104 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Valsdottir, T. D., Henriksen, C., Odden, N., Nellemann, B., Jeppesen, P. B., Hisdal, J., Westerberg, A. C., & Jensen, J. (2019) · Frontiers in Physiology · doi:10.3389/fphys.2019.01499 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Low-Carbohydrate Diet among Children with Type 1 Diabetes: A Multi-Center Study
Neuman, V., Plachý, L., Průhová, Š., Koloušková, S., Petruželková, L., Obermannová, B., Vyzralkova, J., Konečná, P., Vosáhlo, J., Romanová, M., et al. (2021) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu13113903 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Consuming a ketogenic diet leads to altered hypoglycemic counter-regulation in mice
Morrison, C. D., Hill, C. M., DuVall, M. A., Coulter, C. E., Gosey, J. L., Herrera, M. J., Maisano, L. E., Sikaffy, H. X., & McDougal, D. H. (2020) · Journal of Diabetes and its Complications · doi:10.1016/j.jdiacomp.2020.107557 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Sridharan, B., & Lee, M. (2021) · Current Molecular Medicine · doi:10.2174/1566524021666211004104703 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Glycaemic stability of a cyclist with Type 1 diabetes: 4011 km in 20 days on a ketogenic diet
Nolan, J. D., Rush, A., & Kaye, J. (2019) · Diabetic Medicine · doi:10.1111/dme.14049 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Dietary carbohydrate intake and cardio-metabolic risk factors in type 1 diabetes
Ahola, A. J., Forsblom, C. M., Harjutsalo, V., & Groop, P. (2019) · Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice · doi:10.1016/j.diabres.2019.107818 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Weight Management in Youth with Type 1 Diabetes and Obesity: Challenges and Possible Solutions
Zaharieva, D. P., Addala, A., Simmons, K. M., & Maahs, D. M. (2020) · Current Obesity Reports · doi:10.1007/s13679-020-00411-z · Cited by 21 · see citing works
The Interplay Between Diet and the Epigenome in the Pathogenesis of Type-1 Diabetes
Kohil, A., Al‐Asmakh, M., Al-Shafai, M. N., & Terranegra, A. (2021) · Frontiers in Nutrition · doi:10.3389/fnut.2020.612115 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Emerging Nonpharmacologic Interventions to Treat Diabetic Peripheral Neuropathy
Enders, J. D., Elliott, D., & Wright, D. E. (2022) · Antioxidants and Redox Signaling · doi:10.1089/ars.2022.0158 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Gallagher, K. A. S., DeSalvo, D. J., Gregory, J. M., & Hilliard, M. E. (2019) · Current Diabetes Reports · doi:10.1007/s11892-019-1153-2 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Biesiekierska, M., Strigini, M., Śliwińska, A., Pirola, L., & Balcerczyk, A. (2025) · Nutrition Reviews · doi:10.1093/nutrit/nuaf010 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Low carbohydrate diets in eating disorders and type 1 diabetes
Hart, M., Pursey, K., & Smart, C. E. (2020) · Clinical Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/1359104520980778 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Defeudis, G., Rossini, M., Khazrai, Y. M., Pipicelli, A., Brucoli, G., Veneziano, M., Strollo, F., On behalf of the AMD-SID-SIEDP-Lifestyle Study Group Lazio, Bellia, A., Bitterman, O., et al. (2022) · Eating and Weight Disorders - Studies on Anorexia Bulimia and Obesity · doi:10.1007/s40519-022-01434-2 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Schneider, S., Biggerstaff, D. L., & Barber, T. M. (2022) · Expert Review of Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1080/17446651.2022.2089112 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Isaksson, S. S., Ólafsdóttir, A. F., Ivarsson, S., Imberg, H., Toft, E., Hallström, S., Rosenqvist, U., Ekström, M., & Lind, M. (2023) · The Lancet Regional Health - Europe · doi:10.1016/j.lanepe.2023.100799 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
de Wit, D. F., Snethlage, C. M. F., Rampanelli, E., Maasen, K., Walpot, N., van Raalte, D. H., Nieuwdorp, M., Soeters, M. R., & Hanssen, N. M. J. (2024) · Diabetologia · doi:10.1007/s00125-024-06213-5 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Managing obesity in adults with type 1 diabetes
Campos, A., Gutiérrez, R. D. J. R., Galindo, R. J., McCoy, R. G., & Andrade, M. D. H. (2024) · Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice · doi:10.1016/j.diabres.2024.111983 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Lan, N. S. R., Bell, D. A., Watts, G. F., & Fegan, P. G. (2022) · Current Opinion in Endocrinology Diabetes and Obesity · doi:10.1097/med.0000000000000790 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Nutrition and Exercise Performance in Adults With Type 1 Diabetes
Colberg, S. R. (2020) · Canadian Journal of Diabetes · doi:10.1016/j.jcjd.2020.05.014 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Strikić, D., Vujević, A., Perica, D., Leskovar, D., Paponja, K., Pećin, I., & Merćep, I. (2023) · Diabetology · doi:10.3390/diabetology4040048 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Very low carbohydrate ketogenic diets and diabetes
Dyson, P. A. (2020) · Practical Diabetes · doi:10.1002/pdi.2284 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Introducing a very low carbohydrate diet for a child with type 1 diabetes
Paiva, C. D. S. B., & Lima, M. H. M. (2019) · British Journal of Nursing · doi:10.12968/bjon.2019.28.15.1015 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Ketogenic diet in clinical populations—a narrative review
Zemer, A., Samaei, S., Yoel, U., Biderman, A., & Pincu, Y. (2024) · Frontiers in Medicine · doi:10.3389/fmed.2024.1432717 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
García-Gorrita, C., Onofre, N. S., Merino-Torres, J. F., & Soriano, J. M. (2025) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu17162699 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Neuman, V., Plachý, L., Drnkova, L., Pruhova, S., Kolouskova, S., Obermannova, B., Amaratunga, S. A., Maratova, K., Kulich, M., Havlik, J., et al. (2024) · Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice · doi:10.1016/j.diabres.2024.111844 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Are the Modern Diets for the Treatment of Obesity Better than the Classical Ones?
Koliaki, C. C., & Katsilambros, N. L. (2022) · Endocrines · doi:10.3390/endocrines3040052 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Watso, J. C., Robinson, A. T., Singar, S., Cuba, J. N., & Koutnik, A. P. (2024) · American Journal of Physiology-Cell Physiology · doi:10.1152/ajpcell.00694.2023 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Tosefsky, K. N., Lam, J. S. T., Wang, Y. N., Keymanesh, S., Kuan, A. J., Metcalfe‐Roach, A., Cirstea, M. S., Sacheli, M., Finlay, B. B., Cohen, T. R., et al. (2026) · Journal of Parkinson s Disease · doi:10.1177/1877718x261418986 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Low-carbohydrate diets in type 1 diabetes: balancing benefits and risks
Hancock, M., Burns, K. A., Gan, S. K., & Chew, G. T. (2023) · Current Opinion in Endocrinology Diabetes and Obesity · doi:10.1097/med.0000000000000797 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Genetics, pharmacotherapy, and dietary interventions in childhood obesity
Son, J. E. (2024) · Journal of Pharmacy & Pharmaceutical Sciences · doi:10.3389/jpps.2024.12861 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Winje, E., Lake, I., & Dankel, S. N. (2024) · Frontiers in Nutrition · doi:10.3389/fnut.2024.1404842 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Dietary treatment of type 1 diabetes: Beyond carbohydrate counting to fight cardiovascular risk
Bozzetto, L., Corrado, A., & Scidà, G. (2022) · Nutrition Metabolism and Cardiovascular Diseases · doi:10.1016/j.numecd.2022.12.012 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Du, Y., Oh, C., & No, J.-K. (2023) · Nutrition Clinique et Métabolisme · doi:10.1016/j.nupar.2022.11.002 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Dietary intake in type 1 diabetes at different stages of diabetic kidney disease
Ahola, A. J., Forsblom, C. M., Harjutsalo, V., & Groop, P. (2019) · Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice · doi:10.1016/j.diabres.2019.06.016 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Paul, J., Jani, R., Davoren, P. M., & Knight-Agarwal, C. R. (2021) · JMIR Research Protocols · doi:10.2196/25085 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Gut Microbiota Modulates Fgf21 Expression and Metabolic Phenotypes Induced by Ketogenic Diet
Wei, X., Lu, Y., & Hong, S. (2024) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu16234028 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Incorporation of the Ketogenic Diet in a Youth With Type 1 Diabetes
Cogen, F. R. (2020) · Clinical Diabetes · doi:10.2337/cd20-0023 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Chang, C., Liu, Y., Rohani, P., Khodadadi, N., Prabahar, K., & Sohouli, M. H. (2026) · Endocrine Practice · doi:10.1016/j.eprac.2026.01.009 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Isaksson, S. S., Hellman, J., Wijkman, M., Imberg, H., Ólafsdóttir, A. F., Axelsen, M., & Lind, M. (2025) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2025-101619 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Isaksson, S. S., Ólafsdóttir, A. F., & Lind, M. (2023) · Frontiers in Nutrition · doi:10.3389/fnut.2023.1114317 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Pirola, L., Górecka, K. M., Leandro, C. G., & Balcerczyk, A. (2024) · Endocrines · doi:10.3390/endocrines5040042 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Nedoboy, P. E., Cohen, E. M., & Farnham, M. M. J. (2021) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu13082627 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Tentolouris, A., Koufakis, T., & Fousteris, E. (2026) · Current Obesity Reports · doi:10.1007/s13679-026-00693-9 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Campos, L. P., & Lobo, L. M. D. C. (2020) · DEMETRA Alimentação Nutrição & Saúde · doi:10.12957/demetra.2020.43534 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Low-carbohydrate diet in type 1 diabetes: A systematic review
Sousa, S. S. D. S., Nery, E. S., & Giuffrida, F. M. A. (2025) · Clinical Nutrition ESPEN · doi:10.1016/j.clnesp.2025.03.009 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Dietary Guidelines Post Kidney Transplant: Is This the Missing Link in Recovery and Graft Survival?
Schneider, S., Biggerstaff, D. L., & Barber, T. M. (2025) · Transplant International · doi:10.3389/ti.2025.14288 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Wang, J., Lv, S., Zhou, Y., Sun, Y., Zhu, H., Yan, G., Wu, Y., & Ma, Y. (2022) · British Journal Of Nutrition · doi:10.1017/s0007114522001076 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Efficacy of low carbohydrate ketogenic diet in weight management: A narrative review
Zaman, S., & Ahammed, T. (2024) · Obesity Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.obmed.2024.100550 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Kaur, K. K. (2019) · Open Access Journal of Endocrinology · doi:10.23880/oaje-16000138 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Fatima, W., Alanazi, D. F. N., Alanazi, N. B., Zaidi, R. F., & Ansari, M. I. (2022) · Current Nutrition & Food Science · doi:10.2174/1573401318666220427104414 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
The Role of Ketogenic Diet in the Management of Diabetes and Overcome it’s Eff ect: A Review
Versha, Jangra, Y., Sharma, L., Meher, A., & Tare, H. L. (2023) · International Journal of Pharmaceutical Quality Assurance · doi:10.25258/ijpqa.14.1.38 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Une alimentation pauvre en glucides pour des adultes atteints de diabète de type 1
Dufour, A., Fazzio, M., & Gaston, M. (2023) · Pratiques en nutrition · doi:10.1016/j.pranut.2023.09.007 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Nguyen, É., Wong, K. D., Lalanne‐Mistrih, M., RABASA-LHORET, R. P. R., & Brazeau, A. (2024) · Nutrition Metabolism and Cardiovascular Diseases · doi:10.1016/j.numecd.2024.04.014 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Hall, R. M., Marshall, H. J., Parry‐Strong, A., Corley, B., & Krebs, J. D. (2024) · Journal of Diabetes and its Complications · doi:10.1016/j.jdiacomp.2024.108778 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Low-Carb and Ketogenic Diets in Type 1 Diabetes: Efficacy and Safety Concerns
Korakas, E., Kountouri, A., Petrovski, G., & Lambadiari, V. (2025) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu17122001 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Diabetes Mellitus Types I and II
Murray, M. T. (2020) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-323-43044-9.00165-5 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
DuVall, M. A., Coulter, C. E., Gosey, J. L., Herrera, M. J., Hill, C. M., Jariwala, R. R., Maisano, L. E., Moldovan, L. A., Morrison, C. D., Nwabueze, N. V., et al. (2021) · Autonomic Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.autneu.2021.102853 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
The ketogenic diet in health and disease
Rajiyah, T., & Pannain, S. (2020) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-816918-6.00025-1 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Promising Perspectives of Low Carbohydrate Diet in Cancer Adjuvant Therapy
Ig, T. (2020) · journal of nutritional oncology · doi:10.34175/jno202002001 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
The potential application of a ketogenic diet in type 1 diabetes mellitus and multiple sclerosis
Zhang, D., Xia, X., Wu, H., Wang, W., Yin, K., & Wang, S. (2026) · Journal of Functional Foods · doi:10.1016/j.jff.2026.107217 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Feeley, J., Abraham, A., GONZALEZ, N., Parab, R., Chadalawada, L., & Pasquel, F. J. (2026) · Primary care diabetes · doi:10.1016/j.pcd.2026.06.004 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Gaston, M., Dufour, A., & Fazzio, M. (2024) · Cahiers de Nutrition et de Diététique · doi:10.1016/j.cnd.2024.06.005 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Your diet can change your immune system — here’s how
Fleming, N. (2024) · Nature · doi:10.1038/d41586-024-03334-0 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Low-Carbohydrate Diets and Glycaemic Control in Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus
Diamond, M., & Clark, E. (2018) · EMJ Diabetes · doi:10.33590/emjdiabet/10313261 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
A review of the uses of the ketogenic diet
Ahmed, Q. A., Abdullah, K., & Mutar, W. M. (2022) · Kirkuk University Journal-Scientific Studies · doi:10.32894/kujss.2022.132824.1058 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Zhao, J., Wei, C., Gong, F., Pang, Z., & Zhao, H. (2026) · BMC Cardiovascular Disorders · doi:10.1186/s12872-026-05799-5
“Some studies report positive improvements, while others observe increases in lipid profiles [8, 9].”
The Ketogenic Diet and its Clinical Applications in Type I and II Diabetes
Pilla, R. (2018) · International Journal of Diabetes and Clinical Research · doi:10.23937/2377-3634/1410092
Harvey, C. (2019) · Tuwhera (Auckland University of Technology)
- Authors
- Leow, Z. Z. X., Guelfi, K. J., Davis, E. A., Jones, T. W., & Fournier, P. A.
- Affiliations
- The University of Western Australia (AU)
- The Kids Research Institute Australia (AU)
- Corresponding author
- Leow, Z. Z. X.
- Venue
- Diabetic Medicine
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2018-05-23
- Volume
- 35
- Issue
- 9
- Pages
- 1258-1263
- ISSN
- 0742-3071 (ISSN-L)
- 1464-5491
- OpenAlex
- W2799506931
- Cited by
- 115
- References
- 14
- Citations by year
- 2026: 9 · 2025: 12 · 2024: 18 · 2023: 13 · 2022: 15 · 2021: 13 · 2020: 17 · 2019: 14 · 2018: 4
- FWCI
- 8.23
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Diabetic Medicine (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- UWA Profiles and Research Repository (UWA) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- University of Western Australia
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Diet and metabolism studies
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diabetes Management and Research
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Dietary Effects on Health
- Keywords
- ketogenic diet, very low carbohydrate diet, type 1 diabetes, glycemic control, glycemic variability, hypoglycemia, dyslipidemia, lipid profile, continuous glucose monitoring, beta-hydroxybutyrate, liver and kidney function
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
