Ethnic Differences in the Developmental Significance of Parentification
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Using an ecological framework, this 2-wave longitudinal study examined the effects of parentification on youth adjustment across the transition to adolescence in a high-risk, low-income sample of African American (58%) and European American (42%) mother-child dyads (T1 Mage = 10.17 years, T2 Mage = 14.89 years; 52.4% female). Children's provision of family caregiving was moderately stable from early to late adolescence. Emotional and instrumental parentification evidenced distinct long-term effects on adolescents' psychopathology and the quality of the parent-child relationship. Ethnicity moderated these relations. Emotional and instrumental parentification behaviors were associated with predominantly negative outcomes among European American youth in the form of increased externalizing behavior problems and decreased parent-child relationship quality, whereas emotional parentification was associated with positive outcomes among African American youth in the form of increased parent-child relationship quality, and instrumental parentification was neutral. These findings support a multidimensional view of parentification as a set of culturally embedded phenomena whose effects can only be understood in consideration of the context in which they occur.
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Most quantitative studies were cross-sectional, and only six were longitudinal.
“Most quantitative studies were cross-sectional and only six [19,70,80,92,95,104] were longitudinal studies.”
From Parentification Vulnerability, Reactivity, Resilience, and Thriving: A Mixed Methods Systematic Literature Review (2023) · cites this paper as [70]
Only one study examined emotional versus instrumental parentification and only one examined maternal emotional parentification, both of which found that more emotional parentification was associated with more externalizing problems.
“Only one study examined emotional versus instrumental parentification [70] and only one examined maternal emotional parentification [86], both of which found that more emotional parentification was associated with more externalizing problems.”
From Parentification Vulnerability, Reactivity, Resilience, and Thriving: A Mixed Methods Systematic Literature Review (2023) · cites this paper as [70]
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- Authors
- Khafi, T. Y., Yates, T. M., & Luthar, S. S.
- Affiliations
- University of California, Riverside (US)
- Columbia University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Khafi, Tamar Y.
- Venue
- Family Process
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2014-03-31
- Volume
- 53
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 267-287
- ISSN
- 0014-7370 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC4063411
- OpenAlex
- W2157118299
- Cited by
- 74
- References
- 56
- Citations by year
- 2026: 10 · 2025: 10 · 2024: 11 · 2023: 5 · 2022: 7 · 2021: 11 · 2020: 3 · 2019: 3 · 2018: 8 · 2017: 2 · 2016: 1 · 2015: 2
- FWCI
- 1.97
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Family Process (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- eScholarship (California Digital Library) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute on Drug Abuse (R01 DA14385, R01DA014385)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development
- Social Sciences › Demography › Family Dynamics and Relationships
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Psychosocial Factors Impacting Youth
- Keywords
- parentification, ethnic differences, African American youth, European American youth, mother-child relationship, adolescent psychopathology, externalizing problems, transition to adolescence, low-income households, family caregiving, cultural context
- MeSH terms
- Adaptation, Psychological, Adolescent, Adult, Black or African American, Child, Female, Humans, Longitudinal Studies, Male, Maternal Behavior, Mother-Child Relations, Psychology, Regression Analysis, Social Behavior, Socioeconomic Factors, United States, Parenting, White People
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