Parentification and language brokering: an exploratory study of the similarities and differences in their relations to continuous and dichotomous mental health outcomes
Abstract
Researchers have argued parentification and language brokering experienced in childhood are similar in nature and may have the same deleterious effects on mental health outcomes in adulthood, although there is a dearth of empirical research examining this contention. To address this gap in the literature, parentification was analyzed multidimensionally with subscales for parent-focused parentification, sibling-focused parentification, instrumental parentification, emotional parentification, and perceived unfairness in a nonclinical sample of adults (N = 1,796; Mage = 21.23, SD = 5.25). Overall, we found all parentification scores—with the exception of sibling-focused parentification—to be predictive of mental health outcomes (i.e., depressive, anxiety, and somatic symptoms as well as overall psychological distress). Language brokering showed similar results but to a lesser degree, suggesting parentification had a stronger association with mental health. We also found significant gender differences pointing toward higher levels of parentification and language brokering in male participants. Implications for research and practice are discussed.
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The phenomenon of language brokering remains underrepresented in clinical literature, particularly among Middle Eastern refugee populations.
“Despite its prevalence, this phenomenon remains underrepresented in clinical literature, particularly among Middle Eastern refugee populations [6,7].”
From Interpreter Child Syndrome Leading to Parentification and Anxiety in a Refugee Girl: A Case Report (2025) · cites this paper as [7]
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- Authors
- Arellano, B., Mier-Chairez, J., Tomek, S., & Hooper, L. M.
- Venue
- Journal of Mental Health Counseling
- Published
- 2018-10-01
- Volume
- 40
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 353-373
- ISSN
- 1040-2861 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2895029500
- Cited by
- 33
- References
- 68
- Citations by year
- 2026: 4 · 2025: 7 · 2024: 5 · 2023: 3 · 2022: 2 · 2021: 5 · 2020: 4 · 2019: 1 · 2018: 2
- FWCI
- 3.53
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Mental Health Counseling (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child Abuse and Trauma
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Psychology and Mental Health
- Keywords
- parentification, language brokering, childhood experiences, adult mental health, depressive symptoms, anxiety symptoms, somatic symptoms, psychological distress, gender differences, perceived injustice
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