The DOI matches its Crossref record; 131 of the 131 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; none of the 65 sources its claims cite is checked for support yet.
Social isolation, loneliness and health in old age: a scoping review
Open accessAbstract
The health and well-being consequences of social isolation and loneliness in old age are increasingly being recognised. The purpose of this scoping review was to take stock of the available evidence and to highlight gaps and areas for future research. We searched nine databases for empirical papers investigating the impact of social isolation and/or loneliness on a range of health outcomes in old age. Our search, conducted between July and September 2013 yielded 11,736 articles, of which 128 items from 15 countries were included in the scoping review. Papers were reviewed, with a focus on the definitions and measurements of the two concepts, associations and causal mechanisms, differences across population groups and interventions. The evidence is largely US-focused, and loneliness is more researched than social isolation. A recent trend is the investigation of the comparative effects of social isolation and loneliness. Depression and cardiovascular health are the most often researched outcomes, followed by well-being. Almost all (but two) studies found a detrimental effect of isolation or loneliness on health. However, causal links and mechanisms are difficult to demonstrate, and further investigation is warranted. We found a paucity of research focusing on at-risk sub-groups and in the area of interventions. Future research should aim to better link the evidence on the risk factors for loneliness and social isolation and the evidence on their impact on health.
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96 Own result · 52 Not checked yet · 28 No basis given · 3 Own interpretation · 1 Own method
In the paper
“Most studies (47%) used the UCLA Loneliness scale (Russell 1996) or its shorter revised version.”
§ Social isolation, loneliness and health in old age: a scoping review > Definitions and measurements
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Russell 1996 source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Seventeen studies used a single-item question on loneliness.”
§ Social isolation, loneliness and health in old age: a scoping review > Definitions and measurements
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The notion was often considered as unidimensional as only 23% of studies on loneliness contrasted different dimensions, such as sense of belonging or the nature of discrepancies between experienced and expected relationships (e.g.Martina and Stevens 2006); or between social and emotional loneliness (e.g.Dong et al. 2012, Drageset et al. 2013a, b).”
§ Social isolation, loneliness and health in old age: a scoping review > Definitions and measurements
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The level of health service use of isolated older people was investigated in 2% of papers.”
§ Social isolation, loneliness and health in old age: a scoping review > Focus of the studies
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The vast majority used a quantitative approach, with only 5% being qualitative and 3% using mixed methods.”
§ Social isolation, loneliness and health in old age: a scoping review > Study design
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“A few studies included a previously developed scale such as the Berkman-Syme Social Network Index (Michael et al. 2001, Eng et al. 2002, Rodriguez et al. 2011) or the Duke Social Support Index (Hastings et al. 2008, Parsons et al. 2013).”
§ Social isolation, loneliness and health in old age: a scoping review > Definitions and measurements
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Across the 128 studies, only two did not find a negative association between social isolation or loneliness and health (Wattanakit et al. 2005, Wilby 2011).”
§ Social isolation, loneliness and health in old age: a scoping review > Associations with health outcomes
What the sources say
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Half the studies included in the scoping review aimed at describing the association between isolation or loneliness and a health outcome.”
§ Social isolation, loneliness and health in old age: a scoping review > Focus of the studies
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Second, in the area of social isolation, most papers defined the notion as a unidimensional concept, i.e. an objective measure of the number of contacts with family and friends.”
§ Social isolation, loneliness and health in old age: a scoping review > Definitions and measurements
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Describing or evaluating an intervention was the aim of 7% of studies.”
§ Social isolation, loneliness and health in old age: a scoping review > Focus of the studies
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Probably not a substantial claim. 58
- It may state two separate claims as one. 33
- The quote only partly states this claim. 1
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The papers spanned 15 countries.Half focused on the USA, followed by the UK and the Netherlands.”
§ Social isolation, loneliness and health in old age: a scoping review > Study context
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Research on the impact of social isolation and loneliness on health constitutes a large and growing body of literature, with 54% of the included articles published between 2010 and 2013 (Figure 2).”
§ Social isolation, loneliness and health in old age: a scoping review > Study context
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Loneliness and social isolation attract multidisciplinary attention.First authors' disciplines included medicine, psychology, epidemiology, public health and nursing.”
§ Social isolation, loneliness and health in old age: a scoping review > Study context
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“One hundred and twenty-eight articles were included in the scoping review.”
§ Social isolation, loneliness and health in old age: a scoping review > Selecting studies
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Half the studies collected primary data.”
§ Social isolation, loneliness and health in old age: a scoping review > Study design
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“First, the concept of loneliness was usually defined as an undesirable subjective experience, related to 'unfulfilled intimate and social needs' (Peplau and Perlman 1982).”
§ Social isolation, loneliness and health in old age: a scoping review > Definitions and measurements
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Peplau and Perlman 1982
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“It should be noted that a number of studies looked at the impact of isolation and loneliness on biomarkers such as cortisol levels or C-reactive protein (a marker of systemic infection) (10 studies in total; 80% published between 2010 and 2013).”
§ Social isolation, loneliness and health in old age: a scoping review > Associations with health outcomes
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Just over half of the 128 studies included a formal definition of isolation or loneliness, mostly the latter.”
§ Social isolation, loneliness and health in old age: a scoping review > Definitions and measurements
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In terms of the issue studied, 53% of the 128 papers focused on loneliness and 21% on social isolation.”
§ Social isolation, loneliness and health in old age: a scoping review > Focus of the studies
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Over half of the studies used samples representative of the population.”
§ Social isolation, loneliness and health in old age: a scoping review > Study design
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Seven studies used the de Jong Gierveld scale (1987)specifically designed to measure loneliness in old age.”
§ Social isolation, loneliness and health in old age: a scoping review > Definitions and measurements
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The most commonly studied outcome was depression, followed by cardiovascular health.”
§ Social isolation, loneliness and health in old age: a scoping review > Associations with health outcomes
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Measurement of social isolation was heterogeneous.Most studies used an ad hoc index composed of measures of marital status, household composition and number of friends and relatives (e.g.Coyle andDugan 2012, Stafford et al. 2013), and counts of meetings with relatives (e.g.Tilvis et al. 2012).”
§ Social isolation, loneliness and health in old age: a scoping review > Definitions and measurements
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Only 25% of papers investigating depression used longitudinal data, compared to almost half of the studies focused on cardiovascular health.”
§ Social isolation, loneliness and health in old age: a scoping review > Associations with health outcomes
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Out of the 32 papers on depression, 25 looked at its association with loneliness.”
§ Social isolation, loneliness and health in old age: a scoping review > Associations with health outcomes
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In our sample, 75% of studies on depression looked at loneliness, whereas 72% of studies on cardiovascular health investigated social isolation.”
§ Social isolation, loneliness and health in old age: a scoping review > Associations with health outcomes
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Social isolation has been consistently found to be associated with coronary artery disease (Brummett et al. 2001), chronic heart failure (Friedmann et al. 2006), congestive heart failure (Murberg 2004) and hospitalisation due to heart failure (Cene et al. 2012).”
§ Social isolation, loneliness and health in old age: a scoping review > Associations with health outcomes
What the sources say
boostedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Cardiovascular health was the focus of 13% of the studies included in the review.”
§ Social isolation, loneliness and health in old age: a scoping review > Associations with health outcomes
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“In addition, two studies researched the impact of loneliness on cardiovascular health.Both reported that loneliness was associated with cardiovascular risk factors (Sorkin et al. 2002, Kamiya et al. 2010).”
§ Social isolation, loneliness and health in old age: a scoping review > Associations with health outcomes
What the sources say
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Eleven studies focused on the differential impact of isolation and loneliness, with 75% published since 2010.”
§ Social isolation, loneliness and health in old age: a scoping review > Differential impact of isolation and loneliness
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Although no clear pattern could be discerned due to the small number of studies, mortality and biological processes appeared to be the most commonly studied health outcomes in this area.”
§ Social isolation, loneliness and health in old age: a scoping review > Differential impact of isolation and loneliness
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Other studies have investigated the role of social mechanisms such as perceived togetherness (Tiikkainen and Heikkinen 2005).”
§ Social isolation, loneliness and health in old age: a scoping review > Mechanisms and causal links
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Tiikkainen and Heikkinen 2005
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Among these studies, 54% used longitudinal data.”
§ Social isolation, loneliness and health in old age: a scoping review > Differential impact of isolation and loneliness
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Associations between social isolation, loneliness and health have received relatively little attention in the intervention literature, and the results of studies were quite modest.”
§ Social isolation, loneliness and health in old age: a scoping review > Interventions
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The findings were mixed.”
§ Social isolation, loneliness and health in old age: a scoping review > Mechanisms and causal links
plain- Asserted: fails — The authors may not put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The authors may not put it forward as true. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“We found only three studies that focused on the level of health service use of isolated or lonely older people, only one using longitudinal data.”
§ Social isolation, loneliness and health in old age: a scoping review > Service use
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In recent years, differences by socioeconomic or ethnic backgrounds have also started to be investigated.”
§ Social isolation, loneliness and health in old age: a scoping review > At-risk groups
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“| USA | 65 | 51 |”
§ Social isolation, loneliness and health in old age: a scoping review > Conclusion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Isolation and loneliness are multidisciplinary concepts and to date there is no agreement across disci-plines as to the best way to define or measure them.”
§ Social isolation, loneliness and health in old age: a scoping review > Discussion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The research evidence on these associations has significantly expanded since 2000.”
§ Social isolation, loneliness and health in old age: a scoping review > Discussion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“It should be noted that a growing number of studies are concerned with the differential impacts of loneliness and isolation on health.”
§ Social isolation, loneliness and health in old age: a scoping review > Discussion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“| UK | 10 | 8 |”
§ Social isolation, loneliness and health in old age: a scoping review > Conclusion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“We found that the majority of the available evidence comes from the USA and has focused on loneliness.”
§ Social isolation, loneliness and health in old age: a scoping review > Discussion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“| Netherlands | 9 | 7 |”
§ Social isolation, loneliness and health in old age: a scoping review > Conclusion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“| Medicine | 24 | 18 |”
§ Social isolation, loneliness and health in old age: a scoping review > Conclusion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“| Facility-based | 14 | 10 |”
§ Social isolation, loneliness and health in old age: a scoping review > Conclusion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“| Public health | 15 | 12 |”
§ Social isolation, loneliness and health in old age: a scoping review > Conclusion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“| Mixed methods | 4 | 3 |”
§ Social isolation, loneliness and health in old age: a scoping review > Conclusion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“| Secondary data | 63 | 49 |”
§ Social isolation, loneliness and health in old age: a scoping review > Conclusion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“| Median | 430 | |”
§ Social isolation, loneliness and health in old age: a scoping review > Conclusion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“| Case-control | 1 | 1 |”
§ Social isolation, loneliness and health in old age: a scoping review > Conclusion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“| Other | 1 | 1 |”
§ Social isolation, loneliness and health in old age: a scoping review > Conclusion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“| Epidemiology | 15 | 12 |”
§ Social isolation, loneliness and health in old age: a scoping review > Conclusion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“| Minimum | 6 | |”
§ Social isolation, loneliness and health in old age: a scoping review > Conclusion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“| Psychology | 19 | 15 |”
§ Social isolation, loneliness and health in old age: a scoping review > Conclusion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“| Qualitative | 6 | 5 |”
§ Social isolation, loneliness and health in old age: a scoping review > Conclusion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“| Maximum | 44,573 | |”
§ Social isolation, loneliness and health in old age: a scoping review > Conclusion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“| Nursing | 13 | 10 |”
§ Social isolation, loneliness and health in old age: a scoping review > Conclusion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“| Other | 2 | 6 |”
§ Social isolation, loneliness and health in old age: a scoping review > Conclusion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“| Passive death wishes | 1 | 1 |”
§ Social isolation, loneliness and health in old age: a scoping review > Conclusion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“| Mixed methods | 2 | 6 |”
§ Social isolation, loneliness and health in old age: a scoping review > Conclusion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“| Total | 121 | 100 |”
§ Social isolation, loneliness and health in old age: a scoping review > Conclusion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The quote only partly states this claim.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“| Qualitative | 1 | 3 |”
§ Social isolation, loneliness and health in old age: a scoping review > Conclusion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“| Substance abuse | 2 | 2 |”
§ Social isolation, loneliness and health in old age: a scoping review > Conclusion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“| Unspecified | 1 | 1 |”
§ Social isolation, loneliness and health in old age: a scoping review > Conclusion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“| Diabetes | 1 | 1 |”
§ Social isolation, loneliness and health in old age: a scoping review > Conclusion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“| Anxiety | 1 | 1 |”
§ Social isolation, loneliness and health in old age: a scoping review > Conclusion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“| Other scales* | 2 | 6 |”
§ Social isolation, loneliness and health in old age: a scoping review > Conclusion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“number of studies use a”
- Also stated in: § Conclusion · plain
“shorter revised version”
- Also stated in: § Conclusion · plain
“(R-UCLA)”
§ Social isolation, loneliness and health in old age: a scoping review > Conclusion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Also stated in: § Conclusion · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“| Geriatric depression scale | 8 | 26 |”
§ Social isolation, loneliness and health in old age: a scoping review > Conclusion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“| Medical records ‡ | 2 | 1 3 |”
§ Social isolation, loneliness and health in old age: a scoping review > Conclusion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Other depression scales found in the reviewed literature include for instance the Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression, the Psychiatric Symptom Index or the Zung Depression Scale.”
§ Social isolation, loneliness and health in old age: a scoping review > Conclusion
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“| Other | 2 | 9 |”
§ Social isolation, loneliness and health in old age: a scoping review > Conclusion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“| Other | 2 | 14 |”
§ Social isolation, loneliness and health in old age: a scoping review > Conclusion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Twenty-item scale, with”
- Also stated in: § Conclusion · plain
“each item rated from 1”
- Also stated in: § Conclusion · plain
“(never) to 4 (often). A”
§ Social isolation, loneliness and health in old age: a scoping review > Conclusion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Also stated in: § Conclusion · plain
In the paper
“We followed the five-stage methodological framework for scoping studies suggested by Arksey and O'Malley (2005): (i) identify the research question; (ii) identify relevant studies; (iii) select studies; (iv) chart the data; and (v) collate, summarise and report the results.”
§ Social isolation, loneliness and health in old age: a scoping review > Methods
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Arksey and O'Malley (2005) source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
In the paper
“We used the 'narrative review' approach to collect similar information on all studies (Pawson 2002).”
§ Social isolation, loneliness and health in old age: a scoping review > Charting the data, summarising and reporting the findings
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Pawson 2002 source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“An increasing number of older people are living alone and are at risk of being socially isolated (Victor et al. 2002, Savikko et al. 2005, Sundstr€ om et al. 2009).”
§ Social isolation, loneliness and health in old age: a scoping review > Introduction
What the sources say
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“We did not predefine social isolation or loneliness as we wanted to compare the definitions and associated measurements in the literature as part of our review.”
§ Social isolation, loneliness and health in old age: a scoping review > Identifying the research question
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Social isolation has been identified as a risk factor for poor health, reduced well-being, mortality (e.g.Patterson andVeenstra 2010, Steptoe et al. 2013), depression (Heikkinen and Kauppinen 2004) and cognitive decline (Wilson et al. 2007).”
§ Social isolation, loneliness and health in old age: a scoping review > Introduction
What the sources say
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“We chose this focus because depression and cardio-vascular are major contributors to the burden of disease in old age (Marengoni et al. 2008).”
§ Social isolation, loneliness and health in old age: a scoping review > Associations with health outcomes
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Marengoni et al. 2008 source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Sjoberg et al. (2013) found interesting differences between two Swedish cohorts of older people: frequency and perception of social contacts were related to depressive symptoms in the first cohort but not in the second.”
§ Social isolation, loneliness and health in old age: a scoping review > Associations with health outcomes
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Sjoberg et al. 2013 source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Interestingly, one of the two studies which did not find an association between isolation and health focused on depression: Wilby (2011) found that depressed older people were not socially isolated but were on the contrary more likely to report contacts than non-depressed respondents.”
§ Social isolation, loneliness and health in old age: a scoping review > Associations with health outcomes
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Wilby 2011 source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“In contrast, cross-lagged panel analysis showed that loneliness predicted subsequent changes in depression but not vice versa (Cacioppo et al. 2010).”
§ Social isolation, loneliness and health in old age: a scoping review > Mechanisms and causal links
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Cacioppo et al. 2010 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Green et al. (2008) found a cross-sectional association between social networks and cognition and functional status in old age, but not a longitudinal association.”
§ Social isolation, loneliness and health in old age: a scoping review > Mechanisms and causal links
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Green et al. 2008 source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“One of these programmesfocused on older womenreported success in attracting lonely older people but not in improving the well-being of participants (Martina and Stevens 2006).”
§ Social isolation, loneliness and health in old age: a scoping review > Interventions
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Martina and Stevens 2006 source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Routasalo et al. (2009) reported that a large proportion of participants had found new friends via the programme and that their well-being levels increased significantly.However, their loneliness scores were not affected by taking part in the programme, suggesting that there are other mechanisms at play.”
§ Social isolation, loneliness and health in old age: a scoping review > Interventions
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Routasalo et al. 2009 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“A randomised control trial of a model of restorative home care on physical health and social support showed significant improvements in physical function but no changes in perceived levels of social support (Parsons et al. 2013).”
§ Social isolation, loneliness and health in old age: a scoping review > Interventions
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Parsons et al. 2013 source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Tilvis et al. (2011Tilvis et al. ( , 2012) ) found that groups of older people who are isolated or lonely only partially overlap and that only loneliness (and not social isolation) was an independent mortality risk factor in old age.”
§ Social isolation, loneliness and health in old age: a scoping review > Differential impact of isolation and loneliness
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Tilvis et al. 2011
- Not checked yetcites Tilvis et al. 2012 source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The Senior Connection programme fosters peer companionship for older adults, with the aim of reducing suicide risk in later life: preliminary results from a randomised control trial suggest that socially disconnected older adults were at considerably higher risk of suicide (Van Orden et al. 2013).”
§ Social isolation, loneliness and health in old age: a scoping review > Interventions
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Van Orden et al. 2013 source
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Lower levels of isolation and a supportive environment were predictive of receiving preventive home visits for older Danish women but not for their male counterparts (Avlund et al. 2008).”
§ Social isolation, loneliness and health in old age: a scoping review > Service use
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Avlund et al. 2008 source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Kahl-baugh et al. (2011) measured the effects of playing console games on physical activities, loneliness and mood: older people who engaged in games reported lower levels of loneliness, but no difference was found with the control group in terms of life satisfaction or physical activity.”
§ Social isolation, loneliness and health in old age: a scoping review > Interventions
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Kahl-baugh et al. 2011
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“A potential explanation is that men and women experience different types of loneliness, with different impacts on their physical and mental health (Nummela et al. 2011).”
§ Social isolation, loneliness and health in old age: a scoping review > At-risk groups
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Nummela et al. 2011 source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“For instance, Ayalon and Shiovitz-Ezra (2011) found that loneliness is a major risk factor for passive death wishes for people aged 50 and over, but that the effect was not noticeable for respondents aged over 75.”
§ Social isolation, loneliness and health in old age: a scoping review > At-risk groups
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Ayalon and Shiovitz-Ezra 2011
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“For example, Zebhauser et al. (2013) found that, although levels of loneliness were equally distributed among men and women in their study, loneliness had a detrimental impact only on the mental health of men.”
§ Social isolation, loneliness and health in old age: a scoping review > At-risk groups
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Zebhauser et al. 2013 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Although previous studies have shown that a single-item measure correlates strongly with more sophisticated scales (Victor et al. 2005), recent research has emphasised the importance of contrasting different dimensions of loneliness (Coyle and Dugan 2012).”
§ Social isolation, loneliness and health in old age: a scoping review > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Victor et al. 2005 source
boostedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Evidence shows that loneliness predicts deterioration in mental and physical health as well as elevated risk for early mortality”
From Adolescent Loneliness and Negative Affect during the COVID-19 Pandemic: The Role of Extraversion and Neuroticism (2023) · cites this paper as Courtin & Knapp, 2017
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Social isolation and loneliness have been studied extensively over the past four decades, with numerous studies showing that both have negative mental and physical health consequences [1–5].”
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“We therefore used a single-item loneliness question that is part of the CES-D10 depression scale [66]: [Over the past week] “How often did you feel lonely?” (1 = all of the time [5-7days]; 2 = occasionally [3–4 days]; 3 = some of the time [1–2 days]; 4 = rarely or never [less than 1 day]. Similar single-item measures are commonly used in the literature [1].”
In the citing paper
“Nine out of 10 reviews of these trials report significant reductions in depressive symptoms, 428-436 generally with small effect sizes.”
From Time for united action on depression: a Lancet–World Psychiatric Association Commission (2022) · cites this paper as [434]
In the citing paper
“Another meta-analysis of school-based depression prevention programmes highlighted 81 RCTs with positive but small effect sizes. 434”
From Time for united action on depression: a Lancet–World Psychiatric Association Commission (2022) · cites this paper as [434]
In the citing paper
“recent work shows that severe depressive symptoms are associated with shorter duration of incoming and outgoing calls, and fewer incoming and outgoing phone calls and daily text messages (13–18).”
From Monitoring Changes in Depression Severity Using Wearable and Mobile Sensors (2020) · cites this paper as [13]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.
Rated major: it would touch a result — a value a result rests on, reported and recomputed p-values on opposite sides of the significance level, two passages that conflict with no sign which is right, or a cited work retracted before this paper was published.
In the paper
“Full texts of the remaining 288 papers were accessed.Of these papers, 156 articles (54%) were excluded.One hundred and twenty-eight articles were included in the scoping review.”
§ Social isolation, loneliness and health in old age: a scoping review > Selecting studies
Reported 128 · recomputed 132
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
“| Social isolation | 3 | 16 |”
§ Social isolation, loneliness and health in old age: a scoping review > Conclusion
Reported 16 · recomputed 9.375
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
“| Mortality | 6 | 4 |”
§ Social isolation, loneliness and health in old age: a scoping review > Conclusion
Reported 4 · recomputed 4.958678
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
“| Loneliness | 26 | 75 |”
§ Social isolation, loneliness and health in old age: a scoping review > Conclusion
Reported 75 · recomputed 81.25
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
“| Loneliness | 26 | 75 | | Social isolation | 3 | 16 | | Other | 2 | 9 |”
§ Social isolation, loneliness and health in old age: a scoping review > Conclusion
Reported 32 · recomputed 31
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
“| Cross-sectional | 68 | 52 |”
§ Social isolation, loneliness and health in old age: a scoping review > Conclusion
Reported 52 · recomputed 53.125
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ Social isolation, loneliness and health in old age: a scoping review > Associations with health outcomes
“Out of the 32 papers on depression, 25 looked at its association with loneliness.”
§ Social isolation, loneliness and health in old age: a scoping review > Conclusion
“| Loneliness | 26 | 75 |”
Citations
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Metadata
- Authors
- Courtin, E., & Knapp, M.
- Affiliations
- London School of Economics and Political Science; Personal Social Services Research Unit; London UK
- London School of Economics and Political Science (GB)
- ORCID
- Knapp, Martin
- Venue
- Health & Social Care in the Community
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2015-12-28
- Volume
- 25
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 799-812
- ISSN
- 0966-0410 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W292445073
- Semantic Scholar
- 1ade1675abe28ff958e9c1450ba17ee00bf5e998
- Cited by
- 1,463
- References
- 131
- Citations by year
- 2026: 164 · 2025: 175 · 2024: 179 · 2023: 207 · 2022: 219 · 2021: 235 · 2020: 167 · 2019: 62 · 2018: 29 · 2017: 19 · 2016: 4
- FWCI
- 3.27
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Health & Social Care in the Community (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- London School of Economics and Political Science Research Online (London School of Economics and Political Science) (acceptedVersion)
- London School of Economics and Political Science Research Online (London School of Economics and Political Science) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute for Health Research
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Health › Health disparities and outcomes
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Aging, Health, and Disability
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Aging and Gerontology Research
- Keywords
- social isolation, loneliness, older adults, health outcomes, depression, cardiovascular health, well-being, causal mechanisms, intervention, risk factors
- MeSH terms
- Aged, Health Status, Humans, Loneliness, Mental Health, Risk Factors, Social Isolation
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
A language model drew the claims from the paper on 2026-10-05, under version 3 of the claim definition (model deepseek-v4.1-flash, prompt extract-v3).
A second model labelled each claim on 2026-10-05 (model jev-1.13-20260917, definition revision gold-guideline-v0.2).
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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