The DOI matches its Crossref record; 131 of the 131 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; none of the 65 sources its claims cite is checked for support yet.
Social isolation, loneliness and health in old age: a scoping review
Open accessAbstract
The health and well-being consequences of social isolation and loneliness in old age are increasingly being recognised. The purpose of this scoping review was to take stock of the available evidence and to highlight gaps and areas for future research. We searched nine databases for empirical papers investigating the impact of social isolation and/or loneliness on a range of health outcomes in old age. Our search, conducted between July and September 2013 yielded 11,736 articles, of which 128 items from 15 countries were included in the scoping review. Papers were reviewed, with a focus on the definitions and measurements of the two concepts, associations and causal mechanisms, differences across population groups and interventions. The evidence is largely US-focused, and loneliness is more researched than social isolation. A recent trend is the investigation of the comparative effects of social isolation and loneliness. Depression and cardiovascular health are the most often researched outcomes, followed by well-being. Almost all (but two) studies found a detrimental effect of isolation or loneliness on health. However, causal links and mechanisms are difficult to demonstrate, and further investigation is warranted. We found a paucity of research focusing on at-risk sub-groups and in the area of interventions. Future research should aim to better link the evidence on the risk factors for loneliness and social isolation and the evidence on their impact on health.
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In the paper
“Most studies (47%) used the UCLA Loneliness scale (Russell 1996) or its shorter revised version.”
§ Social isolation, loneliness and health in old age: a scoping review > Definitions and measurements
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Russell 1996 source
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In the paper
“Seventeen studies used a single-item question on loneliness.”
§ Social isolation, loneliness and health in old age: a scoping review > Definitions and measurements
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In the paper
“The notion was often considered as unidimensional as only 23% of studies on loneliness contrasted different dimensions, such as sense of belonging or the nature of discrepancies between experienced and expected relationships (e.g.Martina and Stevens 2006); or between social and emotional loneliness (e.g.Dong et al. 2012, Drageset et al. 2013a, b).”
§ Social isolation, loneliness and health in old age: a scoping review > Definitions and measurements
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In the paper
“The level of health service use of isolated older people was investigated in 2% of papers.”
§ Social isolation, loneliness and health in old age: a scoping review > Focus of the studies
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In the paper
“The vast majority used a quantitative approach, with only 5% being qualitative and 3% using mixed methods.”
§ Social isolation, loneliness and health in old age: a scoping review > Study design
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In the paper
“A few studies included a previously developed scale such as the Berkman-Syme Social Network Index (Michael et al. 2001, Eng et al. 2002, Rodriguez et al. 2011) or the Duke Social Support Index (Hastings et al. 2008, Parsons et al. 2013).”
§ Social isolation, loneliness and health in old age: a scoping review > Definitions and measurements
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In the paper
“Across the 128 studies, only two did not find a negative association between social isolation or loneliness and health (Wattanakit et al. 2005, Wilby 2011).”
§ Social isolation, loneliness and health in old age: a scoping review > Associations with health outcomes
What the sources say
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesA result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Half the studies included in the scoping review aimed at describing the association between isolation or loneliness and a health outcome.”
§ Social isolation, loneliness and health in old age: a scoping review > Focus of the studies
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesA result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Second, in the area of social isolation, most papers defined the notion as a unidimensional concept, i.e. an objective measure of the number of contacts with family and friends.”
§ Social isolation, loneliness and health in old age: a scoping review > Definitions and measurements
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In the paper
“Describing or evaluating an intervention was the aim of 7% of studies.”
§ Social isolation, loneliness and health in old age: a scoping review > Focus of the studies
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In the paper
“15% looked at the mediating effects of isolation or loneliness between stress and health (Lefranc ßois et al. 2000, Paul et al. 2006, Aanes et al. 2010), between depression and health (Bisschop et al. 2004, Wang et al. 2006), or between alcohol consumption and all-cause mortality (Greenfield et al. 2002).”
§ Social isolation, loneliness and health in old age: a scoping review > Focus of the studies
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In the paper
“Only a few studies considered isolation as a multidimensional concept, adding the notion of quality of relationships (e.g.Cornwell andWaite 2009, Ha andIngersoll-Dayton 2011).”
§ Social isolation, loneliness and health in old age: a scoping review > Definitions and measurements
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In the paper
“Only three studies investigated the impact of social isolation on depression.”
§ Social isolation, loneliness and health in old age: a scoping review > Associations with health outcomes
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesNone of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Gender differences were also consistently reported.”
§ Social isolation, loneliness and health in old age: a scoping review > Associations with health outcomes
Strength:boosted· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesNone of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“The evidence reviewed clearly shows that loneliness is an independent risk factor for depression in old age (Alpass and Neville 2003, Adams et al. 2004, Paul et al. 2006, Theeke et al. 2012).”
§ Social isolation, loneliness and health in old age: a scoping review > Associations with health outcomes
What the sources say
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesThe paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Differences across population groups have not been well-researched to date, but Wang et al. (2005Wang et al. ( , 2006) ) did find an association between social isolation and the progression of coronary artery disease, specifically among women.”
§ Social isolation, loneliness and health in old age: a scoping review > Associations with health outcomes
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesThe paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Potential mechanisms between isolation, loneliness and health were the focus of 15% of the studies.”
§ Social isolation, loneliness and health in old age: a scoping review > Mechanisms and causal links
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesNone of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“These depend on the outcome being studied, but a number of studies have suggested that health behaviours (Cacioppo et al. 2002, Eng et al. 2002), poorer sleep quality (Cacioppo et al. 2002) and vital exhaustion (Eng et al. 2002) were potential mediators between loneliness and a range of physical health outcomes.”
§ Social isolation, loneliness and health in old age: a scoping review > Mechanisms and causal links
What the sources say
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:conditional· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesThe paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The issue of reverse causality was particularly salient in the case of depression.”
§ Social isolation, loneliness and health in old age: a scoping review > Mechanisms and causal links
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesThe paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Out of the 32 studies which looked at depression, eight used longitudinal data and implemented appropriate analytical strategies to infer causal links.”
§ Social isolation, loneliness and health in old age: a scoping review > Mechanisms and causal links
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesThe paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“A third of the studies investigated causal links between isolation, loneliness and health.”
§ Social isolation, loneliness and health in old age: a scoping review > Mechanisms and causal links
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesA result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Out of 42 studies which used panel data, 23 provided a basis for inference about causal links by using, for instance, a cross-lagged panel analysis (e.g.Cacioppo et al. 2010, Hawkley et al. 2010b, Luo et al. 2012) or by adjusting for health status at baseline (e.g.Michael et al. 2001, Eng et al. 2002, Bisschop et al. 2003, Patterson and Veenstra 2010, Perissinotto, Stijacic Cenzer and Covinsky 201”
§ Social isolation, loneliness and health in old age: a scoping review > Mechanisms and causal links
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:conditional· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesThe paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Again, the findings were mixed.”
§ Social isolation, loneliness and health in old age: a scoping review > Mechanisms and causal links
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:conditional· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesThe paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The evidence is mixed.”
§ Social isolation, loneliness and health in old age: a scoping review > Mechanisms and causal links
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesThe paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“To date, results have been mixed.”
§ Social isolation, loneliness and health in old age: a scoping review > Differential impact of isolation and loneliness
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In the paper
“We found only nine studies (7%) that evaluated interventions.”
§ Social isolation, loneliness and health in old age: a scoping review > Interventions
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In the paper
“One third of the studies included in the scoping review explicitly explored differences across population groups.”
§ Social isolation, loneliness and health in old age: a scoping review > At-risk groups
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesThe paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“As reported previously, considerable gender differences are found in terms of the association between isolation, loneliness and health.”
§ Social isolation, loneliness and health in old age: a scoping review > At-risk groups
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesThe paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Twothirds of the papers which looked at differences across population groups focused on gender.”
§ Social isolation, loneliness and health in old age: a scoping review > At-risk groups
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesNone of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Finally, a number of studies focused on groups at higher risk of isolation and loneliness and of associated negative health outcomes, including older people who are cancer survivors (Jaremka et al. 2013), unpaid carers (Jaremka et al. 2013), and substance users (Smith and Rosen 2009) who are HIV-positive (Grov et al. 2010) or who have a history of institutionalisation (Smith and Hirdes 2009).”
§ Social isolation, loneliness and health in old age: a scoping review > At-risk groups
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Jaremka et al. 2013
- Not checked yetcites Smith and Rosen 2009
- Not checked yetcites Grov et al. 2010 source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesA result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Differential effects across age groups were the focus of 16% of the studies.”
§ Social isolation, loneliness and health in old age: a scoping review > At-risk groups
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesThe paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Measures of loneliness, for instance, range from single-item questions to 20-item scales designed to measure different dimensions.”
§ Social isolation, loneliness and health in old age: a scoping review > Discussion
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In the paper
“The most researched outcomes are depression and cardiovascular health.”
§ Social isolation, loneliness and health in old age: a scoping review > Discussion
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In the paper
“Almost all studies included in our review found that social isolation and loneliness have detrimental effects on physical and mental health in old age.”
§ Social isolation, loneliness and health in old age: a scoping review > Discussion
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesThe paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Differences in measurements are also problematic.”
§ Social isolation, loneliness and health in old age: a scoping review > Discussion
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In the paper
“| Randomised control trial | 4 | 3 |”
§ Social isolation, loneliness and health in old age: a scoping review > Conclusion
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In the paper
“| Controlled before and after | 2 | 2 |”
§ Social isolation, loneliness and health in old age: a scoping review > Conclusion
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesA result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“| Cardiovascular health | 15 | 13 |”
§ Social isolation, loneliness and health in old age: a scoping review > Conclusion
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesA result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“| Depression | 32 | 25 |”
§ Social isolation, loneliness and health in old age: a scoping review > Conclusion
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesA result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“| Cross-sectional | 68 | 52 |”
§ Social isolation, loneliness and health in old age: a scoping review > Conclusion
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesA result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“| Primary data | 65 | 51 |”
§ Social isolation, loneliness and health in old age: a scoping review > Conclusion
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesA result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“| Community-based | 114 | 90 |”
§ Social isolation, loneliness and health in old age: a scoping review > Conclusion
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesA result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“| Quality of life and well-being | 15 | 13 |”
§ Social isolation, loneliness and health in old age: a scoping review > Conclusion
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesA result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“| Longitudinal | 42 | 33 |”
§ Social isolation, loneliness and health in old age: a scoping review > Conclusion
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesA result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“| Loneliness | 26 | 75 |”
§ Social isolation, loneliness and health in old age: a scoping review > Conclusion
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesA result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“| Physiological processes | 1 | 1 |”
§ Social isolation, loneliness and health in old age: a scoping review > Conclusion
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesA result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“| Health and mental health | 9 | 7 |”
§ Social isolation, loneliness and health in old age: a scoping review > Conclusion
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesA result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“| Mortality | 6 | 4 |”
§ Social isolation, loneliness and health in old age: a scoping review > Conclusion
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesA result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“| Social isolation | 3 | 16 |”
§ Social isolation, loneliness and health in old age: a scoping review > Conclusion
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesA result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“| Randomised control trial | 1 | 3 |”
§ Social isolation, loneliness and health in old age: a scoping review > Conclusion
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesA result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“| Biological measures | 10 | 8 |”
§ Social isolation, loneliness and health in old age: a scoping review > Conclusion
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesA result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“| Dementia | 3 | 3 |”
§ Social isolation, loneliness and health in old age: a scoping review > Conclusion
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesA result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“| Cognitive function | 5 | 4 |”
§ Social isolation, loneliness and health in old age: a scoping review > Conclusion
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesA result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“| Disability | 2 | 2 |”
§ Social isolation, loneliness and health in old age: a scoping review > Conclusion
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesA result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“| General health and physical function | 11 | 9 |”
§ Social isolation, loneliness and health in old age: a scoping review > Conclusion
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesA result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“| Stress-related reactions | 2 | 2 |”
§ Social isolation, loneliness and health in old age: a scoping review > Conclusion
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesA result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“| Cross-sectional | 18 | 57 |”
§ Social isolation, loneliness and health in old age: a scoping review > Conclusion
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesA result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“| Facility-based | 5 | 16 |”
§ Social isolation, loneliness and health in old age: a scoping review > Conclusion
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesA result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“| Longitudinal | 8 | 25 |”
§ Social isolation, loneliness and health in old age: a scoping review > Conclusion
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesA result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“| Community-based | 27 | 84 |”
§ Social isolation, loneliness and health in old age: a scoping review > Conclusion
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesA result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“| Mental health | 4 | 3 |”
§ Social isolation, loneliness and health in old age: a scoping review > Conclusion
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesA result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“| CES-D scale or its | 20 | 62 |”
§ Social isolation, loneliness and health in old age: a scoping review > Conclusion
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesA result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“| Longitudinal | 7 | 47 |”
§ Social isolation, loneliness and health in old age: a scoping review > Conclusion
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesA result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“| Medical diagnosis | 4 | 27 |”
§ Social isolation, loneliness and health in old age: a scoping review > Conclusion
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesA result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“| Social isolation | 11 | 72 |”
§ Social isolation, loneliness and health in old age: a scoping review > Conclusion
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesA result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“| DSM-IV medical diagnosis | 2 | 6 |”
§ Social isolation, loneliness and health in old age: a scoping review > Conclusion
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesA result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“| Loneliness | 2 | 14 |”
§ Social isolation, loneliness and health in old age: a scoping review > Conclusion
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesA result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“| Cardiovascular and | 9 | 6 0 |”
§ Social isolation, loneliness and health in old age: a scoping review > Conclusion
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesA result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“| Community-based | 14 | 94 |”
§ Social isolation, loneliness and health in old age: a scoping review > Conclusion
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesA result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“| Cross-sectional | 7 | 47 |”
§ Social isolation, loneliness and health in old age: a scoping review > Conclusion
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesA result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“| Mixed methods | 1 | 6 |”
§ Social isolation, loneliness and health in old age: a scoping review > Conclusion
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesA result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“| Facility-based | 1 | 6 |”
§ Social isolation, loneliness and health in old age: a scoping review > Conclusion
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIn the paper
“Longitudinal research has confirmed these findings: loneliness is an independent risk factor for depression, controlling for a number of covariates such as demographic characteristics, marital status, social isolation and psychosocial risk factors (Cacioppo et al. 2010).”
§ Social isolation, loneliness and health in old age: a scoping review > Associations with health outcomes
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Cacioppo et al. 2010 source
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIn the paper
“A mixedmethod study of chronic depression in older British Pakistani women found that the persistence of depression was partly explained by social isolation (Gask et al. 2011).”
§ Social isolation, loneliness and health in old age: a scoping review > Associations with health outcomes
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Gask et al. 2011 source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:conditional· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIn the paper
“However, recent literature has found depression and loneliness to be separate entities (Stek et al. 2005).”
§ Social isolation, loneliness and health in old age: a scoping review > Associations with health outcomes
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Stek et al. 2005 source
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIn the paper
“For instance, the detrimental effect of living alone on depression was more often due to loneliness for men than for women (Park et al. 2013).”
§ Social isolation, loneliness and health in old age: a scoping review > Associations with health outcomes
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Park et al. 2013 source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesNone of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Wang et al. (2005Wang et al. ( , 2006) ) did find an association between social isolation and the progression of coronary artery disease, specifically among women.”
§ Social isolation, loneliness and health in old age: a scoping review > Associations with health outcomes
What the sources say
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesA conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The use of longitudinal data enabled the issue of reverse causality between loneliness, isolation and health to be (partially) addressed.”
§ Social isolation, loneliness and health in old age: a scoping review > Mechanisms and causal links
Load-bearingStrength:hedged· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIn the paper
“Cacioppo et al. (2006) also demonstrated that loneliness and depressive symptoms in old age have strong reciprocal impact.”
§ Social isolation, loneliness and health in old age: a scoping review > Mechanisms and causal links
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Cacioppo et al. 2006 source
Strength:boosted· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIn the paper
“A similar effect has been found between loneliness and subjective well-being in old age (VanderWeele et al. 2012).”
§ Social isolation, loneliness and health in old age: a scoping review > Mechanisms and causal links
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites VanderWeele et al. 2012 source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIn the paper
“Luo et al. (2012) found that loneliness both affected and was affected by depression and functional limitations over time.”
§ Social isolation, loneliness and health in old age: a scoping review > Mechanisms and causal links
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Luo et al. 2012 source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIn the paper
“Life course approaches also provided interesting evidence: the detrimental impacts of early trauma on pulse pressure were partially dependent on the level of perceived social isolation in old age, as older adults with low isolation levels did not display a significant association between early trauma and the health outcome (Norman et al. 2013).”
§ Social isolation, loneliness and health in old age: a scoping review > Mechanisms and causal links
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Norman et al. 2013 source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:conditional· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesNone of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Other studies have found that both isolation and loneliness were independent risk factors for a range of health outcomes (Shankar et al. 2011, 2013, Coyle and Dugan 2012).”
§ Social isolation, loneliness and health in old age: a scoping review > Differential impact of isolation and loneliness
What the sources say
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIn the paper
“Similar findings were reported in the Netherlands: feelings of loneliness rather than social isolation were found to be a major risk factor for increased mortality in older men (Holwerda et al. 2012).”
§ Social isolation, loneliness and health in old age: a scoping review > Differential impact of isolation and loneliness
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Holwerda et al. 2012 source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIn the paper
“Different results were found for a club targeting men in a care home, as participants reported a significant reduction in their depression and anxiety levels (Gleibs et al. 2011).”
§ Social isolation, loneliness and health in old age: a scoping review > Interventions
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Gleibs et al. 2011 source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIn the paper
“Steptoe et al. (2013) reached the opposite conclusion using UK data, as the effects of loneliness in their study on mortality were not independent of the demographic characteristics and health status of the respondents, contrary to the effects of social isolation.”
§ Social isolation, loneliness and health in old age: a scoping review > Differential impact of isolation and loneliness
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Steptoe et al. 2013 source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIn the paper
“Burr and Lee (2013) examined the association between social relationships and dental care service use among older adults: older people who exhibit loneliness and are under financial strain were less likely to visit a dentist.”
§ Social isolation, loneliness and health in old age: a scoping review > Service use
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Burr and Lee 2013
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIn the paper
“Social isolation was found by Mistry et al. (2001) to predict re-hospitalisation among isolated older American veterans.”
§ Social isolation, loneliness and health in old age: a scoping review > Service use
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Mistry et al. 2001 source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIn the paper
“Telephone-based support for female carers of people with dementia was found to be associated with lower isolation and depression after 6 months for older carers (Winter and Gitlin 2006).”
§ Social isolation, loneliness and health in old age: a scoping review > Interventions
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Winter and Gitlin 2006 source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIn the paper
“Poulin et al. (2012) also showed that the association between perceived support and depression was stronger for elderly American people than for elderly Chinese people.”
§ Social isolation, loneliness and health in old age: a scoping review > At-risk groups
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Poulin et al. 2012 source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIn the paper
“In contrast, another study found that women were more sensitive to the impact of loneliness on biological responses (Hackett et al. 2012).”
§ Social isolation, loneliness and health in old age: a scoping review > At-risk groups
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Hackett et al. 2012 source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIn the paper
“For example, a US study found that Hispanic respondents who were socially isolated had a greater risk of increased left ventricular mass compared to isolated older people from other ethnic backgrounds (Rodriguez et al. 2011).”
§ Social isolation, loneliness and health in old age: a scoping review > At-risk groups
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Rodriguez et al. 2011 source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesA conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Although limited in number, longitudinal designs have allowed researchers to investigate potential mechanisms and causal pathways.”
§ Social isolation, loneliness and health in old age: a scoping review > Discussion
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:conditional· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesA conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“First, a lack of consistency in the definition and measurement of isolation and loneliness considerably limits the comparisons that can be made between studies, and hence the broader conclusions that can be drawn.”
§ Social isolation, loneliness and health in old age: a scoping review > Discussion
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes
- Probably not a substantial claim. 58
- It may state two separate claims as one. 33
- The quote only partly states this claim. 1
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The papers spanned 15 countries.Half focused on the USA, followed by the UK and the Netherlands.”
§ Social isolation, loneliness and health in old age: a scoping review > Study context
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Research on the impact of social isolation and loneliness on health constitutes a large and growing body of literature, with 54% of the included articles published between 2010 and 2013 (Figure 2).”
§ Social isolation, loneliness and health in old age: a scoping review > Study context
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Loneliness and social isolation attract multidisciplinary attention.First authors' disciplines included medicine, psychology, epidemiology, public health and nursing.”
§ Social isolation, loneliness and health in old age: a scoping review > Study context
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“One hundred and twenty-eight articles were included in the scoping review.”
§ Social isolation, loneliness and health in old age: a scoping review > Selecting studies
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Half the studies collected primary data.”
§ Social isolation, loneliness and health in old age: a scoping review > Study design
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“First, the concept of loneliness was usually defined as an undesirable subjective experience, related to 'unfulfilled intimate and social needs' (Peplau and Perlman 1982).”
§ Social isolation, loneliness and health in old age: a scoping review > Definitions and measurements
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Peplau and Perlman 1982
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“It should be noted that a number of studies looked at the impact of isolation and loneliness on biomarkers such as cortisol levels or C-reactive protein (a marker of systemic infection) (10 studies in total; 80% published between 2010 and 2013).”
§ Social isolation, loneliness and health in old age: a scoping review > Associations with health outcomes
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Just over half of the 128 studies included a formal definition of isolation or loneliness, mostly the latter.”
§ Social isolation, loneliness and health in old age: a scoping review > Definitions and measurements
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In terms of the issue studied, 53% of the 128 papers focused on loneliness and 21% on social isolation.”
§ Social isolation, loneliness and health in old age: a scoping review > Focus of the studies
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Over half of the studies used samples representative of the population.”
§ Social isolation, loneliness and health in old age: a scoping review > Study design
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Seven studies used the de Jong Gierveld scale (1987)specifically designed to measure loneliness in old age.”
§ Social isolation, loneliness and health in old age: a scoping review > Definitions and measurements
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The most commonly studied outcome was depression, followed by cardiovascular health.”
§ Social isolation, loneliness and health in old age: a scoping review > Associations with health outcomes
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Measurement of social isolation was heterogeneous.Most studies used an ad hoc index composed of measures of marital status, household composition and number of friends and relatives (e.g.Coyle andDugan 2012, Stafford et al. 2013), and counts of meetings with relatives (e.g.Tilvis et al. 2012).”
§ Social isolation, loneliness and health in old age: a scoping review > Definitions and measurements
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Only 25% of papers investigating depression used longitudinal data, compared to almost half of the studies focused on cardiovascular health.”
§ Social isolation, loneliness and health in old age: a scoping review > Associations with health outcomes
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Out of the 32 papers on depression, 25 looked at its association with loneliness.”
§ Social isolation, loneliness and health in old age: a scoping review > Associations with health outcomes
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In our sample, 75% of studies on depression looked at loneliness, whereas 72% of studies on cardiovascular health investigated social isolation.”
§ Social isolation, loneliness and health in old age: a scoping review > Associations with health outcomes
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Social isolation has been consistently found to be associated with coronary artery disease (Brummett et al. 2001), chronic heart failure (Friedmann et al. 2006), congestive heart failure (Murberg 2004) and hospitalisation due to heart failure (Cene et al. 2012).”
§ Social isolation, loneliness and health in old age: a scoping review > Associations with health outcomes
What the sources say
Strength:boosted· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Cardiovascular health was the focus of 13% of the studies included in the review.”
§ Social isolation, loneliness and health in old age: a scoping review > Associations with health outcomes
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“In addition, two studies researched the impact of loneliness on cardiovascular health.Both reported that loneliness was associated with cardiovascular risk factors (Sorkin et al. 2002, Kamiya et al. 2010).”
§ Social isolation, loneliness and health in old age: a scoping review > Associations with health outcomes
What the sources say
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Eleven studies focused on the differential impact of isolation and loneliness, with 75% published since 2010.”
§ Social isolation, loneliness and health in old age: a scoping review > Differential impact of isolation and loneliness
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Although no clear pattern could be discerned due to the small number of studies, mortality and biological processes appeared to be the most commonly studied health outcomes in this area.”
§ Social isolation, loneliness and health in old age: a scoping review > Differential impact of isolation and loneliness
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Other studies have investigated the role of social mechanisms such as perceived togetherness (Tiikkainen and Heikkinen 2005).”
§ Social isolation, loneliness and health in old age: a scoping review > Mechanisms and causal links
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Tiikkainen and Heikkinen 2005
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Among these studies, 54% used longitudinal data.”
§ Social isolation, loneliness and health in old age: a scoping review > Differential impact of isolation and loneliness
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Associations between social isolation, loneliness and health have received relatively little attention in the intervention literature, and the results of studies were quite modest.”
§ Social isolation, loneliness and health in old age: a scoping review > Interventions
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The findings were mixed.”
§ Social isolation, loneliness and health in old age: a scoping review > Mechanisms and causal links
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✗ Asserted: fails✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✗ Based: failsProbably not a substantial claim. The authors may not put it forward as true. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“We found only three studies that focused on the level of health service use of isolated or lonely older people, only one using longitudinal data.”
§ Social isolation, loneliness and health in old age: a scoping review > Service use
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In recent years, differences by socioeconomic or ethnic backgrounds have also started to be investigated.”
§ Social isolation, loneliness and health in old age: a scoping review > At-risk groups
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“| USA | 65 | 51 |”
§ Social isolation, loneliness and health in old age: a scoping review > Conclusion
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Isolation and loneliness are multidisciplinary concepts and to date there is no agreement across disci-plines as to the best way to define or measure them.”
§ Social isolation, loneliness and health in old age: a scoping review > Discussion
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The research evidence on these associations has significantly expanded since 2000.”
§ Social isolation, loneliness and health in old age: a scoping review > Discussion
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“It should be noted that a growing number of studies are concerned with the differential impacts of loneliness and isolation on health.”
§ Social isolation, loneliness and health in old age: a scoping review > Discussion
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“| UK | 10 | 8 |”
§ Social isolation, loneliness and health in old age: a scoping review > Conclusion
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“We found that the majority of the available evidence comes from the USA and has focused on loneliness.”
§ Social isolation, loneliness and health in old age: a scoping review > Discussion
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“| Netherlands | 9 | 7 |”
§ Social isolation, loneliness and health in old age: a scoping review > Conclusion
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“| Medicine | 24 | 18 |”
§ Social isolation, loneliness and health in old age: a scoping review > Conclusion
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“| Facility-based | 14 | 10 |”
§ Social isolation, loneliness and health in old age: a scoping review > Conclusion
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“| Public health | 15 | 12 |”
§ Social isolation, loneliness and health in old age: a scoping review > Conclusion
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“| Mixed methods | 4 | 3 |”
§ Social isolation, loneliness and health in old age: a scoping review > Conclusion
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“| Secondary data | 63 | 49 |”
§ Social isolation, loneliness and health in old age: a scoping review > Conclusion
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“| Median | 430 | |”
§ Social isolation, loneliness and health in old age: a scoping review > Conclusion
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“| Case-control | 1 | 1 |”
§ Social isolation, loneliness and health in old age: a scoping review > Conclusion
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“| Other | 1 | 1 |”
§ Social isolation, loneliness and health in old age: a scoping review > Conclusion
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“| Epidemiology | 15 | 12 |”
§ Social isolation, loneliness and health in old age: a scoping review > Conclusion
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“| Minimum | 6 | |”
§ Social isolation, loneliness and health in old age: a scoping review > Conclusion
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“| Psychology | 19 | 15 |”
§ Social isolation, loneliness and health in old age: a scoping review > Conclusion
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“| Qualitative | 6 | 5 |”
§ Social isolation, loneliness and health in old age: a scoping review > Conclusion
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“| Maximum | 44,573 | |”
§ Social isolation, loneliness and health in old age: a scoping review > Conclusion
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“| Nursing | 13 | 10 |”
§ Social isolation, loneliness and health in old age: a scoping review > Conclusion
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“| Other | 2 | 6 |”
§ Social isolation, loneliness and health in old age: a scoping review > Conclusion
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“| Passive death wishes | 1 | 1 |”
§ Social isolation, loneliness and health in old age: a scoping review > Conclusion
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“| Mixed methods | 2 | 6 |”
§ Social isolation, loneliness and health in old age: a scoping review > Conclusion
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“| Total | 121 | 100 |”
§ Social isolation, loneliness and health in old age: a scoping review > Conclusion
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesThe quote only partly states this claim.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“| Qualitative | 1 | 3 |”
§ Social isolation, loneliness and health in old age: a scoping review > Conclusion
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“| Substance abuse | 2 | 2 |”
§ Social isolation, loneliness and health in old age: a scoping review > Conclusion
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“| Unspecified | 1 | 1 |”
§ Social isolation, loneliness and health in old age: a scoping review > Conclusion
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“| Diabetes | 1 | 1 |”
§ Social isolation, loneliness and health in old age: a scoping review > Conclusion
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“| Anxiety | 1 | 1 |”
§ Social isolation, loneliness and health in old age: a scoping review > Conclusion
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“| Other scales* | 2 | 6 |”
§ Social isolation, loneliness and health in old age: a scoping review > Conclusion
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“number of studies use a”
- Also stated in: § Conclusion · plain
“shorter revised version”
- Also stated in: § Conclusion · plain
“(R-UCLA)”
§ Social isolation, loneliness and health in old age: a scoping review > Conclusion
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Also stated in: § Conclusion · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“| Geriatric depression scale | 8 | 26 |”
§ Social isolation, loneliness and health in old age: a scoping review > Conclusion
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“| Medical records ‡ | 2 | 1 3 |”
§ Social isolation, loneliness and health in old age: a scoping review > Conclusion
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Other depression scales found in the reviewed literature include for instance the Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression, the Psychiatric Symptom Index or the Zung Depression Scale.”
§ Social isolation, loneliness and health in old age: a scoping review > Conclusion
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“| Other | 2 | 9 |”
§ Social isolation, loneliness and health in old age: a scoping review > Conclusion
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“| Other | 2 | 14 |”
§ Social isolation, loneliness and health in old age: a scoping review > Conclusion
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Twenty-item scale, with”
- Also stated in: § Conclusion · plain
“each item rated from 1”
- Also stated in: § Conclusion · plain
“(never) to 4 (often). A”
§ Social isolation, loneliness and health in old age: a scoping review > Conclusion
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Also stated in: § Conclusion · plain
In the paper
“We followed the five-stage methodological framework for scoping studies suggested by Arksey and O'Malley (2005): (i) identify the research question; (ii) identify relevant studies; (iii) select studies; (iv) chart the data; and (v) collate, summarise and report the results.”
§ Social isolation, loneliness and health in old age: a scoping review > Methods
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Arksey and O'Malley (2005) source
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim.
In the paper
“We used the 'narrative review' approach to collect similar information on all studies (Pawson 2002).”
§ Social isolation, loneliness and health in old age: a scoping review > Charting the data, summarising and reporting the findings
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Pawson 2002 source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“An increasing number of older people are living alone and are at risk of being socially isolated (Victor et al. 2002, Savikko et al. 2005, Sundstr€ om et al. 2009).”
§ Social isolation, loneliness and health in old age: a scoping review > Introduction
What the sources say
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“We did not predefine social isolation or loneliness as we wanted to compare the definitions and associated measurements in the literature as part of our review.”
§ Social isolation, loneliness and health in old age: a scoping review > Identifying the research question
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Social isolation has been identified as a risk factor for poor health, reduced well-being, mortality (e.g.Patterson andVeenstra 2010, Steptoe et al. 2013), depression (Heikkinen and Kauppinen 2004) and cognitive decline (Wilson et al. 2007).”
§ Social isolation, loneliness and health in old age: a scoping review > Introduction
What the sources say
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“We chose this focus because depression and cardio-vascular are major contributors to the burden of disease in old age (Marengoni et al. 2008).”
§ Social isolation, loneliness and health in old age: a scoping review > Associations with health outcomes
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Marengoni et al. 2008 source
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Sjoberg et al. (2013) found interesting differences between two Swedish cohorts of older people: frequency and perception of social contacts were related to depressive symptoms in the first cohort but not in the second.”
§ Social isolation, loneliness and health in old age: a scoping review > Associations with health outcomes
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Sjoberg et al. 2013 source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Interestingly, one of the two studies which did not find an association between isolation and health focused on depression: Wilby (2011) found that depressed older people were not socially isolated but were on the contrary more likely to report contacts than non-depressed respondents.”
§ Social isolation, loneliness and health in old age: a scoping review > Associations with health outcomes
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Wilby 2011 source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“In contrast, cross-lagged panel analysis showed that loneliness predicted subsequent changes in depression but not vice versa (Cacioppo et al. 2010).”
§ Social isolation, loneliness and health in old age: a scoping review > Mechanisms and causal links
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Cacioppo et al. 2010 source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Green et al. (2008) found a cross-sectional association between social networks and cognition and functional status in old age, but not a longitudinal association.”
§ Social isolation, loneliness and health in old age: a scoping review > Mechanisms and causal links
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Green et al. 2008 source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“One of these programmesfocused on older womenreported success in attracting lonely older people but not in improving the well-being of participants (Martina and Stevens 2006).”
§ Social isolation, loneliness and health in old age: a scoping review > Interventions
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Martina and Stevens 2006 source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Routasalo et al. (2009) reported that a large proportion of participants had found new friends via the programme and that their well-being levels increased significantly.However, their loneliness scores were not affected by taking part in the programme, suggesting that there are other mechanisms at play.”
§ Social isolation, loneliness and health in old age: a scoping review > Interventions
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Routasalo et al. 2009 source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“A randomised control trial of a model of restorative home care on physical health and social support showed significant improvements in physical function but no changes in perceived levels of social support (Parsons et al. 2013).”
§ Social isolation, loneliness and health in old age: a scoping review > Interventions
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Parsons et al. 2013 source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Tilvis et al. (2011Tilvis et al. ( , 2012) ) found that groups of older people who are isolated or lonely only partially overlap and that only loneliness (and not social isolation) was an independent mortality risk factor in old age.”
§ Social isolation, loneliness and health in old age: a scoping review > Differential impact of isolation and loneliness
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Tilvis et al. 2011
- Not checked yetcites Tilvis et al. 2012 source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The Senior Connection programme fosters peer companionship for older adults, with the aim of reducing suicide risk in later life: preliminary results from a randomised control trial suggest that socially disconnected older adults were at considerably higher risk of suicide (Van Orden et al. 2013).”
§ Social isolation, loneliness and health in old age: a scoping review > Interventions
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Van Orden et al. 2013 source
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Lower levels of isolation and a supportive environment were predictive of receiving preventive home visits for older Danish women but not for their male counterparts (Avlund et al. 2008).”
§ Social isolation, loneliness and health in old age: a scoping review > Service use
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Avlund et al. 2008 source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Kahl-baugh et al. (2011) measured the effects of playing console games on physical activities, loneliness and mood: older people who engaged in games reported lower levels of loneliness, but no difference was found with the control group in terms of life satisfaction or physical activity.”
§ Social isolation, loneliness and health in old age: a scoping review > Interventions
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Kahl-baugh et al. 2011
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“A potential explanation is that men and women experience different types of loneliness, with different impacts on their physical and mental health (Nummela et al. 2011).”
§ Social isolation, loneliness and health in old age: a scoping review > At-risk groups
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Nummela et al. 2011 source
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:conditional· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“For instance, Ayalon and Shiovitz-Ezra (2011) found that loneliness is a major risk factor for passive death wishes for people aged 50 and over, but that the effect was not noticeable for respondents aged over 75.”
§ Social isolation, loneliness and health in old age: a scoping review > At-risk groups
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Ayalon and Shiovitz-Ezra 2011
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“For example, Zebhauser et al. (2013) found that, although levels of loneliness were equally distributed among men and women in their study, loneliness had a detrimental impact only on the mental health of men.”
§ Social isolation, loneliness and health in old age: a scoping review > At-risk groups
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Zebhauser et al. 2013 source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Although previous studies have shown that a single-item measure correlates strongly with more sophisticated scales (Victor et al. 2005), recent research has emphasised the importance of contrasting different dimensions of loneliness (Coyle and Dugan 2012).”
§ Social isolation, loneliness and health in old age: a scoping review > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Victor et al. 2005 source
Strength:boosted· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Evidence shows that loneliness predicts deterioration in mental and physical health as well as elevated risk for early mortality”
From Adolescent Loneliness and Negative Affect during the COVID-19 Pandemic: The Role of Extraversion and Neuroticism (2023) · cites this paper as Courtin & Knapp, 2017
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Social isolation and loneliness have been studied extensively over the past four decades, with numerous studies showing that both have negative mental and physical health consequences [1–5].”
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“We therefore used a single-item loneliness question that is part of the CES-D10 depression scale [66]: [Over the past week] “How often did you feel lonely?” (1 = all of the time [5-7days]; 2 = occasionally [3–4 days]; 3 = some of the time [1–2 days]; 4 = rarely or never [less than 1 day]. Similar single-item measures are commonly used in the literature [1].”
In the citing paper
“Nine out of 10 reviews of these trials report significant reductions in depressive symptoms, 428-436 generally with small effect sizes.”
From Time for united action on depression: a Lancet–World Psychiatric Association Commission (2022) · cites this paper as [434]
In the citing paper
“Another meta-analysis of school-based depression prevention programmes highlighted 81 RCTs with positive but small effect sizes. 434”
From Time for united action on depression: a Lancet–World Psychiatric Association Commission (2022) · cites this paper as [434]
In the citing paper
“recent work shows that severe depressive symptoms are associated with shorter duration of incoming and outgoing calls, and fewer incoming and outgoing phone calls and daily text messages (13–18).”
From Monitoring Changes in Depression Severity Using Wearable and Mobile Sensors (2020) · cites this paper as [13]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.
Four full-text papers are unaccounted for
MajorSubtracting the 156 excluded full-text articles from the 288 accessed leaves 132, not the reported 128 included articles.
Reported 128 · recomputed 132
“Full texts of the remaining 288 papers were accessed.Of these papers, 156 articles (54%) were excluded.One hundred and twenty-eight articles were included in the scoping review.”
Social-isolation share of depression studies is misstated
MinorThe three social-isolation studies are 9.375% of the 32 depression studies, not 16%.
Reported 16 · recomputed 9.375
“| Social isolation | 3 | 16 |”
Mortality percentage in the outcomes table is understated
MinorSix of the 121 studies in Table 4 amount to about 4.96%, which rounds to 5% rather than 4%.
Reported 4 · recomputed 4.958678
“| Mortality | 6 | 4 |”
Loneliness share of depression studies is misstated
MinorTable 5 lists 26 loneliness-focused studies among the 32 depression studies. Their share is 81.25%, not the table's 75%.
Reported 75 · recomputed 81.25
“| Loneliness | 26 | 75 |”
Depression focus categories omit one study
MinorThe three focus counts in Table 5 add to 31, although the paper reports 32 depression studies.
Reported 32 · recomputed 31
“| Loneliness | 26 | 75 | | Social isolation | 3 | 16 | | Other | 2 | 9 |”
Cross-sectional study percentage does not match the review total
MinorThe 68 cross-sectional studies are 53.125% of the 128 included studies, rather than 52%.
Reported 52 · recomputed 53.125
“| Cross-sectional | 68 | 52 |”
Loneliness-focused depression study counts disagree
MinorThe narrative says 25 depression papers examined loneliness, while Table 5 lists 26.
“Out of the 32 papers on depression, 25 looked at its association with loneliness.”
“| Loneliness | 26 | 75 |”
Citations
Cites
Scoping studies: towards a methodological framework
Arksey, H., & O'Malley, L. (2005) · International Journal of Social Research Methodology · doi:10.1080/1364557032000119616 · Cited by 36,742
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Time for united action on depression: a Lancet–World Psychiatric Association Commission
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Metadata
- Authors
- Courtin, E., & Knapp, M.
- Affiliations
- London School of Economics and Political Science; Personal Social Services Research Unit; London UK
- London School of Economics and Political Science (GB)
- ORCID
- Knapp, Martin
- Venue
- Health & Social Care in the Community
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2015-12-28
- Volume
- 25
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 799-812
- ISSN
- 0966-0410 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W292445073
- Semantic Scholar
- 1ade1675abe28ff958e9c1450ba17ee00bf5e998
- Cited by
- 1,463
- References
- 131
- Citations by year
- 2026: 164 · 2025: 175 · 2024: 179 · 2023: 207 · 2022: 219 · 2021: 235 · 2020: 167 · 2019: 62 · 2018: 29 · 2017: 19 · 2016: 4
- FWCI
- 3.27
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Health & Social Care in the Community (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- London School of Economics and Political Science Research Online (London School of Economics and Political Science) (acceptedVersion)
- London School of Economics and Political Science Research Online (London School of Economics and Political Science) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute for Health Research
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Health › Health disparities and outcomes
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Aging, Health, and Disability
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Aging and Gerontology Research
- Keywords
- social isolation, loneliness, older adults, health outcomes, depression, cardiovascular health, well-being, causal mechanisms, intervention, risk factors
- MeSH terms
- Aged, Health Status, Humans, Loneliness, Mental Health, Risk Factors, Social Isolation
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
A language model drew the claims from the paper on 2026-10-05, under version 3 of the claim definition (model deepseek-v4.1-flash, prompt extract-v3).
A second model labelled each claim on 2026-10-05 (model jev-1.13-20260917, definition revision gold-guideline-v0.2).
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
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