The DOI matches its Crossref record; 131 of the 131 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; none of the 65 sources its claims cite is checked for support yet.
Social isolation, loneliness and health in old age: a scoping review
Open accessAbstract
The health and well-being consequences of social isolation and loneliness in old age are increasingly being recognised. The purpose of this scoping review was to take stock of the available evidence and to highlight gaps and areas for future research. We searched nine databases for empirical papers investigating the impact of social isolation and/or loneliness on a range of health outcomes in old age. Our search, conducted between July and September 2013 yielded 11,736 articles, of which 128 items from 15 countries were included in the scoping review. Papers were reviewed, with a focus on the definitions and measurements of the two concepts, associations and causal mechanisms, differences across population groups and interventions. The evidence is largely US-focused, and loneliness is more researched than social isolation. A recent trend is the investigation of the comparative effects of social isolation and loneliness. Depression and cardiovascular health are the most often researched outcomes, followed by well-being. Almost all (but two) studies found a detrimental effect of isolation or loneliness on health. However, causal links and mechanisms are difficult to demonstrate, and further investigation is warranted. We found a paucity of research focusing on at-risk sub-groups and in the area of interventions. Future research should aim to better link the evidence on the risk factors for loneliness and social isolation and the evidence on their impact on health.
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In the paper
“Most studies (47%) used the UCLA Loneliness scale (Russell 1996) or its shorter revised version.”
§ Social isolation, loneliness and health in old age: a scoping review > Definitions and measurements
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Russell 1996 source
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In the paper
“Seventeen studies used a single-item question on loneliness.”
§ Social isolation, loneliness and health in old age: a scoping review > Definitions and measurements
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In the paper
“The notion was often considered as unidimensional as only 23% of studies on loneliness contrasted different dimensions, such as sense of belonging or the nature of discrepancies between experienced and expected relationships (e.g.Martina and Stevens 2006); or between social and emotional loneliness (e.g.Dong et al. 2012, Drageset et al. 2013a, b).”
§ Social isolation, loneliness and health in old age: a scoping review > Definitions and measurements
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In the paper
“The level of health service use of isolated older people was investigated in 2% of papers.”
§ Social isolation, loneliness and health in old age: a scoping review > Focus of the studies
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In the paper
“The vast majority used a quantitative approach, with only 5% being qualitative and 3% using mixed methods.”
§ Social isolation, loneliness and health in old age: a scoping review > Study design
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In the paper
“A few studies included a previously developed scale such as the Berkman-Syme Social Network Index (Michael et al. 2001, Eng et al. 2002, Rodriguez et al. 2011) or the Duke Social Support Index (Hastings et al. 2008, Parsons et al. 2013).”
§ Social isolation, loneliness and health in old age: a scoping review > Definitions and measurements
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In the paper
“Across the 128 studies, only two did not find a negative association between social isolation or loneliness and health (Wattanakit et al. 2005, Wilby 2011).”
§ Social isolation, loneliness and health in old age: a scoping review > Associations with health outcomes
What the sources say
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In the paper
“Half the studies included in the scoping review aimed at describing the association between isolation or loneliness and a health outcome.”
§ Social isolation, loneliness and health in old age: a scoping review > Focus of the studies
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In the paper
“Second, in the area of social isolation, most papers defined the notion as a unidimensional concept, i.e. an objective measure of the number of contacts with family and friends.”
§ Social isolation, loneliness and health in old age: a scoping review > Definitions and measurements
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In the paper
“Describing or evaluating an intervention was the aim of 7% of studies.”
§ Social isolation, loneliness and health in old age: a scoping review > Focus of the studies
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In the paper
“The papers spanned 15 countries.Half focused on the USA, followed by the UK and the Netherlands.”
§ Social isolation, loneliness and health in old age: a scoping review > Study context
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In the paper
“Research on the impact of social isolation and loneliness on health constitutes a large and growing body of literature, with 54% of the included articles published between 2010 and 2013 (Figure 2).”
§ Social isolation, loneliness and health in old age: a scoping review > Study context
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In the paper
“Loneliness and social isolation attract multidisciplinary attention.First authors' disciplines included medicine, psychology, epidemiology, public health and nursing.”
§ Social isolation, loneliness and health in old age: a scoping review > Study context
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In the paper
“One hundred and twenty-eight articles were included in the scoping review.”
§ Social isolation, loneliness and health in old age: a scoping review > Selecting studies
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In the paper
“Half the studies collected primary data.”
§ Social isolation, loneliness and health in old age: a scoping review > Study design
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In the paper
“First, the concept of loneliness was usually defined as an undesirable subjective experience, related to 'unfulfilled intimate and social needs' (Peplau and Perlman 1982).”
§ Social isolation, loneliness and health in old age: a scoping review > Definitions and measurements
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Peplau and Perlman 1982
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In the paper
“It should be noted that a number of studies looked at the impact of isolation and loneliness on biomarkers such as cortisol levels or C-reactive protein (a marker of systemic infection) (10 studies in total; 80% published between 2010 and 2013).”
§ Social isolation, loneliness and health in old age: a scoping review > Associations with health outcomes
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
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In the paper
“Just over half of the 128 studies included a formal definition of isolation or loneliness, mostly the latter.”
§ Social isolation, loneliness and health in old age: a scoping review > Definitions and measurements
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In the paper
“In terms of the issue studied, 53% of the 128 papers focused on loneliness and 21% on social isolation.”
§ Social isolation, loneliness and health in old age: a scoping review > Focus of the studies
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In the paper
“Over half of the studies used samples representative of the population.”
§ Social isolation, loneliness and health in old age: a scoping review > Study design
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In the paper
“Seven studies used the de Jong Gierveld scale (1987)specifically designed to measure loneliness in old age.”
§ Social isolation, loneliness and health in old age: a scoping review > Definitions and measurements
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In the paper
“The most commonly studied outcome was depression, followed by cardiovascular health.”
§ Social isolation, loneliness and health in old age: a scoping review > Associations with health outcomes
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In the paper
“Measurement of social isolation was heterogeneous.Most studies used an ad hoc index composed of measures of marital status, household composition and number of friends and relatives (e.g.Coyle andDugan 2012, Stafford et al. 2013), and counts of meetings with relatives (e.g.Tilvis et al. 2012).”
§ Social isolation, loneliness and health in old age: a scoping review > Definitions and measurements
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In the paper
“Only 25% of papers investigating depression used longitudinal data, compared to almost half of the studies focused on cardiovascular health.”
§ Social isolation, loneliness and health in old age: a scoping review > Associations with health outcomes
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In the paper
“Out of the 32 papers on depression, 25 looked at its association with loneliness.”
§ Social isolation, loneliness and health in old age: a scoping review > Associations with health outcomes
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
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In the paper
“In our sample, 75% of studies on depression looked at loneliness, whereas 72% of studies on cardiovascular health investigated social isolation.”
§ Social isolation, loneliness and health in old age: a scoping review > Associations with health outcomes
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In the paper
“Social isolation has been consistently found to be associated with coronary artery disease (Brummett et al. 2001), chronic heart failure (Friedmann et al. 2006), congestive heart failure (Murberg 2004) and hospitalisation due to heart failure (Cene et al. 2012).”
§ Social isolation, loneliness and health in old age: a scoping review > Associations with health outcomes
What the sources say
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In the paper
“Cardiovascular health was the focus of 13% of the studies included in the review.”
§ Social isolation, loneliness and health in old age: a scoping review > Associations with health outcomes
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In the paper
“In addition, two studies researched the impact of loneliness on cardiovascular health.Both reported that loneliness was associated with cardiovascular risk factors (Sorkin et al. 2002, Kamiya et al. 2010).”
§ Social isolation, loneliness and health in old age: a scoping review > Associations with health outcomes
What the sources say
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
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In the paper
“Eleven studies focused on the differential impact of isolation and loneliness, with 75% published since 2010.”
§ Social isolation, loneliness and health in old age: a scoping review > Differential impact of isolation and loneliness
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In the paper
“Although no clear pattern could be discerned due to the small number of studies, mortality and biological processes appeared to be the most commonly studied health outcomes in this area.”
§ Social isolation, loneliness and health in old age: a scoping review > Differential impact of isolation and loneliness
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In the paper
“Other studies have investigated the role of social mechanisms such as perceived togetherness (Tiikkainen and Heikkinen 2005).”
§ Social isolation, loneliness and health in old age: a scoping review > Mechanisms and causal links
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Tiikkainen and Heikkinen 2005
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In the paper
“Among these studies, 54% used longitudinal data.”
§ Social isolation, loneliness and health in old age: a scoping review > Differential impact of isolation and loneliness
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In the paper
“Associations between social isolation, loneliness and health have received relatively little attention in the intervention literature, and the results of studies were quite modest.”
§ Social isolation, loneliness and health in old age: a scoping review > Interventions
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In the paper
“The findings were mixed.”
§ Social isolation, loneliness and health in old age: a scoping review > Mechanisms and causal links
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In the paper
“We found only three studies that focused on the level of health service use of isolated or lonely older people, only one using longitudinal data.”
§ Social isolation, loneliness and health in old age: a scoping review > Service use
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In the paper
“In recent years, differences by socioeconomic or ethnic backgrounds have also started to be investigated.”
§ Social isolation, loneliness and health in old age: a scoping review > At-risk groups
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In the paper
“| USA | 65 | 51 |”
§ Social isolation, loneliness and health in old age: a scoping review > Conclusion
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In the paper
“Isolation and loneliness are multidisciplinary concepts and to date there is no agreement across disci-plines as to the best way to define or measure them.”
§ Social isolation, loneliness and health in old age: a scoping review > Discussion
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In the paper
“The research evidence on these associations has significantly expanded since 2000.”
§ Social isolation, loneliness and health in old age: a scoping review > Discussion
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In the paper
“It should be noted that a growing number of studies are concerned with the differential impacts of loneliness and isolation on health.”
§ Social isolation, loneliness and health in old age: a scoping review > Discussion
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In the paper
“| UK | 10 | 8 |”
§ Social isolation, loneliness and health in old age: a scoping review > Conclusion
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In the paper
“We found that the majority of the available evidence comes from the USA and has focused on loneliness.”
§ Social isolation, loneliness and health in old age: a scoping review > Discussion
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In the paper
“| Netherlands | 9 | 7 |”
§ Social isolation, loneliness and health in old age: a scoping review > Conclusion
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In the paper
“| Medicine | 24 | 18 |”
§ Social isolation, loneliness and health in old age: a scoping review > Conclusion
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In the paper
“| Facility-based | 14 | 10 |”
§ Social isolation, loneliness and health in old age: a scoping review > Conclusion
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In the paper
“| Public health | 15 | 12 |”
§ Social isolation, loneliness and health in old age: a scoping review > Conclusion
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“| Mixed methods | 4 | 3 |”
§ Social isolation, loneliness and health in old age: a scoping review > Conclusion
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“| Secondary data | 63 | 49 |”
§ Social isolation, loneliness and health in old age: a scoping review > Conclusion
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“| Median | 430 | |”
§ Social isolation, loneliness and health in old age: a scoping review > Conclusion
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In the paper
“| Case-control | 1 | 1 |”
§ Social isolation, loneliness and health in old age: a scoping review > Conclusion
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“| Other | 1 | 1 |”
§ Social isolation, loneliness and health in old age: a scoping review > Conclusion
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“| Epidemiology | 15 | 12 |”
§ Social isolation, loneliness and health in old age: a scoping review > Conclusion
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“| Minimum | 6 | |”
§ Social isolation, loneliness and health in old age: a scoping review > Conclusion
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“| Psychology | 19 | 15 |”
§ Social isolation, loneliness and health in old age: a scoping review > Conclusion
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“| Qualitative | 6 | 5 |”
§ Social isolation, loneliness and health in old age: a scoping review > Conclusion
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“| Maximum | 44,573 | |”
§ Social isolation, loneliness and health in old age: a scoping review > Conclusion
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In the paper
“| Nursing | 13 | 10 |”
§ Social isolation, loneliness and health in old age: a scoping review > Conclusion
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“| Other | 2 | 6 |”
§ Social isolation, loneliness and health in old age: a scoping review > Conclusion
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“| Passive death wishes | 1 | 1 |”
§ Social isolation, loneliness and health in old age: a scoping review > Conclusion
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“| Mixed methods | 2 | 6 |”
§ Social isolation, loneliness and health in old age: a scoping review > Conclusion
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“| Total | 121 | 100 |”
§ Social isolation, loneliness and health in old age: a scoping review > Conclusion
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesThe quote only partly states this claim.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“| Qualitative | 1 | 3 |”
§ Social isolation, loneliness and health in old age: a scoping review > Conclusion
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“| Substance abuse | 2 | 2 |”
§ Social isolation, loneliness and health in old age: a scoping review > Conclusion
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“| Unspecified | 1 | 1 |”
§ Social isolation, loneliness and health in old age: a scoping review > Conclusion
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“| Diabetes | 1 | 1 |”
§ Social isolation, loneliness and health in old age: a scoping review > Conclusion
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“| Anxiety | 1 | 1 |”
§ Social isolation, loneliness and health in old age: a scoping review > Conclusion
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“| Other scales* | 2 | 6 |”
§ Social isolation, loneliness and health in old age: a scoping review > Conclusion
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“number of studies use a”
- Also stated in: § Conclusion · plain
“shorter revised version”
- Also stated in: § Conclusion · plain
“(R-UCLA)”
§ Social isolation, loneliness and health in old age: a scoping review > Conclusion
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Also stated in: § Conclusion · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“| Geriatric depression scale | 8 | 26 |”
§ Social isolation, loneliness and health in old age: a scoping review > Conclusion
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“| Medical records ‡ | 2 | 1 3 |”
§ Social isolation, loneliness and health in old age: a scoping review > Conclusion
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Other depression scales found in the reviewed literature include for instance the Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression, the Psychiatric Symptom Index or the Zung Depression Scale.”
§ Social isolation, loneliness and health in old age: a scoping review > Conclusion
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“| Other | 2 | 9 |”
§ Social isolation, loneliness and health in old age: a scoping review > Conclusion
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“| Other | 2 | 14 |”
§ Social isolation, loneliness and health in old age: a scoping review > Conclusion
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Twenty-item scale, with”
- Also stated in: § Conclusion · plain
“each item rated from 1”
- Also stated in: § Conclusion · plain
“(never) to 4 (often). A”
§ Social isolation, loneliness and health in old age: a scoping review > Conclusion
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Also stated in: § Conclusion · plain
In the paper
“We followed the five-stage methodological framework for scoping studies suggested by Arksey and O'Malley (2005): (i) identify the research question; (ii) identify relevant studies; (iii) select studies; (iv) chart the data; and (v) collate, summarise and report the results.”
§ Social isolation, loneliness and health in old age: a scoping review > Methods
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Arksey and O'Malley (2005) source
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim.
In the paper
“We used the 'narrative review' approach to collect similar information on all studies (Pawson 2002).”
§ Social isolation, loneliness and health in old age: a scoping review > Charting the data, summarising and reporting the findings
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Pawson 2002 source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“An increasing number of older people are living alone and are at risk of being socially isolated (Victor et al. 2002, Savikko et al. 2005, Sundstr€ om et al. 2009).”
§ Social isolation, loneliness and health in old age: a scoping review > Introduction
What the sources say
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“We did not predefine social isolation or loneliness as we wanted to compare the definitions and associated measurements in the literature as part of our review.”
§ Social isolation, loneliness and health in old age: a scoping review > Identifying the research question
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Social isolation has been identified as a risk factor for poor health, reduced well-being, mortality (e.g.Patterson andVeenstra 2010, Steptoe et al. 2013), depression (Heikkinen and Kauppinen 2004) and cognitive decline (Wilson et al. 2007).”
§ Social isolation, loneliness and health in old age: a scoping review > Introduction
What the sources say
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“We chose this focus because depression and cardio-vascular are major contributors to the burden of disease in old age (Marengoni et al. 2008).”
§ Social isolation, loneliness and health in old age: a scoping review > Associations with health outcomes
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Marengoni et al. 2008 source
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Sjoberg et al. (2013) found interesting differences between two Swedish cohorts of older people: frequency and perception of social contacts were related to depressive symptoms in the first cohort but not in the second.”
§ Social isolation, loneliness and health in old age: a scoping review > Associations with health outcomes
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Sjoberg et al. 2013 source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Interestingly, one of the two studies which did not find an association between isolation and health focused on depression: Wilby (2011) found that depressed older people were not socially isolated but were on the contrary more likely to report contacts than non-depressed respondents.”
§ Social isolation, loneliness and health in old age: a scoping review > Associations with health outcomes
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Wilby 2011 source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“In contrast, cross-lagged panel analysis showed that loneliness predicted subsequent changes in depression but not vice versa (Cacioppo et al. 2010).”
§ Social isolation, loneliness and health in old age: a scoping review > Mechanisms and causal links
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Cacioppo et al. 2010 source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Green et al. (2008) found a cross-sectional association between social networks and cognition and functional status in old age, but not a longitudinal association.”
§ Social isolation, loneliness and health in old age: a scoping review > Mechanisms and causal links
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Green et al. 2008 source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“One of these programmesfocused on older womenreported success in attracting lonely older people but not in improving the well-being of participants (Martina and Stevens 2006).”
§ Social isolation, loneliness and health in old age: a scoping review > Interventions
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Martina and Stevens 2006 source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Routasalo et al. (2009) reported that a large proportion of participants had found new friends via the programme and that their well-being levels increased significantly.However, their loneliness scores were not affected by taking part in the programme, suggesting that there are other mechanisms at play.”
§ Social isolation, loneliness and health in old age: a scoping review > Interventions
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Routasalo et al. 2009 source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“A randomised control trial of a model of restorative home care on physical health and social support showed significant improvements in physical function but no changes in perceived levels of social support (Parsons et al. 2013).”
§ Social isolation, loneliness and health in old age: a scoping review > Interventions
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Parsons et al. 2013 source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Tilvis et al. (2011Tilvis et al. ( , 2012) ) found that groups of older people who are isolated or lonely only partially overlap and that only loneliness (and not social isolation) was an independent mortality risk factor in old age.”
§ Social isolation, loneliness and health in old age: a scoping review > Differential impact of isolation and loneliness
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Tilvis et al. 2011
- Not checked yetcites Tilvis et al. 2012 source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The Senior Connection programme fosters peer companionship for older adults, with the aim of reducing suicide risk in later life: preliminary results from a randomised control trial suggest that socially disconnected older adults were at considerably higher risk of suicide (Van Orden et al. 2013).”
§ Social isolation, loneliness and health in old age: a scoping review > Interventions
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Van Orden et al. 2013 source
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Lower levels of isolation and a supportive environment were predictive of receiving preventive home visits for older Danish women but not for their male counterparts (Avlund et al. 2008).”
§ Social isolation, loneliness and health in old age: a scoping review > Service use
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Avlund et al. 2008 source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Kahl-baugh et al. (2011) measured the effects of playing console games on physical activities, loneliness and mood: older people who engaged in games reported lower levels of loneliness, but no difference was found with the control group in terms of life satisfaction or physical activity.”
§ Social isolation, loneliness and health in old age: a scoping review > Interventions
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Kahl-baugh et al. 2011
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“A potential explanation is that men and women experience different types of loneliness, with different impacts on their physical and mental health (Nummela et al. 2011).”
§ Social isolation, loneliness and health in old age: a scoping review > At-risk groups
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Nummela et al. 2011 source
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:conditional· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“For instance, Ayalon and Shiovitz-Ezra (2011) found that loneliness is a major risk factor for passive death wishes for people aged 50 and over, but that the effect was not noticeable for respondents aged over 75.”
§ Social isolation, loneliness and health in old age: a scoping review > At-risk groups
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Ayalon and Shiovitz-Ezra 2011
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“For example, Zebhauser et al. (2013) found that, although levels of loneliness were equally distributed among men and women in their study, loneliness had a detrimental impact only on the mental health of men.”
§ Social isolation, loneliness and health in old age: a scoping review > At-risk groups
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Zebhauser et al. 2013 source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Although previous studies have shown that a single-item measure correlates strongly with more sophisticated scales (Victor et al. 2005), recent research has emphasised the importance of contrasting different dimensions of loneliness (Coyle and Dugan 2012).”
§ Social isolation, loneliness and health in old age: a scoping review > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Victor et al. 2005 source
Strength:boosted· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Evidence shows that loneliness predicts deterioration in mental and physical health as well as elevated risk for early mortality”
From Adolescent Loneliness and Negative Affect during the COVID-19 Pandemic: The Role of Extraversion and Neuroticism (2023) · cites this paper as Courtin & Knapp, 2017
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Social isolation and loneliness have been studied extensively over the past four decades, with numerous studies showing that both have negative mental and physical health consequences [1–5].”
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“We therefore used a single-item loneliness question that is part of the CES-D10 depression scale [66]: [Over the past week] “How often did you feel lonely?” (1 = all of the time [5-7days]; 2 = occasionally [3–4 days]; 3 = some of the time [1–2 days]; 4 = rarely or never [less than 1 day]. Similar single-item measures are commonly used in the literature [1].”
In the citing paper
“Nine out of 10 reviews of these trials report significant reductions in depressive symptoms, 428-436 generally with small effect sizes.”
From Time for united action on depression: a Lancet–World Psychiatric Association Commission (2022) · cites this paper as [434]
In the citing paper
“Another meta-analysis of school-based depression prevention programmes highlighted 81 RCTs with positive but small effect sizes. 434”
From Time for united action on depression: a Lancet–World Psychiatric Association Commission (2022) · cites this paper as [434]
In the citing paper
“recent work shows that severe depressive symptoms are associated with shorter duration of incoming and outgoing calls, and fewer incoming and outgoing phone calls and daily text messages (13–18).”
From Monitoring Changes in Depression Severity Using Wearable and Mobile Sensors (2020) · cites this paper as [13]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.
Four full-text papers are unaccounted for
MajorSubtracting the 156 excluded full-text articles from the 288 accessed leaves 132, not the reported 128 included articles.
Reported 128 · recomputed 132
“Full texts of the remaining 288 papers were accessed.Of these papers, 156 articles (54%) were excluded.One hundred and twenty-eight articles were included in the scoping review.”
Social-isolation share of depression studies is misstated
MinorThe three social-isolation studies are 9.375% of the 32 depression studies, not 16%.
Reported 16 · recomputed 9.375
“| Social isolation | 3 | 16 |”
Mortality percentage in the outcomes table is understated
MinorSix of the 121 studies in Table 4 amount to about 4.96%, which rounds to 5% rather than 4%.
Reported 4 · recomputed 4.958678
“| Mortality | 6 | 4 |”
Loneliness share of depression studies is misstated
MinorTable 5 lists 26 loneliness-focused studies among the 32 depression studies. Their share is 81.25%, not the table's 75%.
Reported 75 · recomputed 81.25
“| Loneliness | 26 | 75 |”
Depression focus categories omit one study
MinorThe three focus counts in Table 5 add to 31, although the paper reports 32 depression studies.
Reported 32 · recomputed 31
“| Loneliness | 26 | 75 | | Social isolation | 3 | 16 | | Other | 2 | 9 |”
Cross-sectional study percentage does not match the review total
MinorThe 68 cross-sectional studies are 53.125% of the 128 included studies, rather than 52%.
Reported 52 · recomputed 53.125
“| Cross-sectional | 68 | 52 |”
Loneliness-focused depression study counts disagree
MinorThe narrative says 25 depression papers examined loneliness, while Table 5 lists 26.
“Out of the 32 papers on depression, 25 looked at its association with loneliness.”
“| Loneliness | 26 | 75 |”
Citations
Cites
Scoping studies: towards a methodological framework
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Social Relationships and Mortality Risk: A Meta-analytic Review
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“It has been argued that health risks associated with isolation and loneliness are equivalent to the well-established detrimental effects of smoking and obesity (Holt-Lunstad et al. 2010).”
BackgroundUCLA loneliness scale (version 3): reliability, validity, and factor structure
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Loneliness is a unique predictor of age-related differences in systolic blood pressure.
Hawkley, L. C., Masi, C. M., Berry, J. D., & Cacioppo, J. T. (2006) · Psychology and Aging · doi:10.1037/0882-7974.21.1.152 · Cited by 488
Interventions to reduce social isolation amongst older people: where is the evidence?
FINDLAY, R. A. (2003) · Ageing and Society · doi:10.1017/s0144686x03001296 · Cited by 479
Loneliness and depression in independent living retirement communities: risk and resilience factors
Adams, K. B., Sanders, S., & Auth, E. A. (2004) · Aging & Mental Health · doi:10.1080/13607860410001725054 · Cited by 456
Prevalence of chronic diseases and multimorbidity among the elderly population in Sweden
Marengoni, A., Winblad, B., Karp, A., & Fratiglioni, L. (2008) · American Journal of Public Health · doi:10.2105/ajph.2007.121137 · Cited by 429
Loneliness, health and depression in older males
Alpass, F. M., & Neville, S. (2003) · Aging & Mental Health · doi:10.1080/1360786031000101193 · Cited by 427
Prevalence and risk indicators of depression in elderly nursing home patients: the AGED study
Jongenelis, K., Pot, A. M., Eisses, A. M. H., Beekman, A. T. F., Kluiter, H., & Ribbe, M. W. (2004) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2004.06.001 · Cited by 427
Brummett, B. H., Barefoot, J. C., Siegler, I. C., Clapp-Channing, N. E., Lytle, B. L., Bosworth, H. B., Williams, R. B., & Mark, D. B. (2001) · Psychosomatic Medicine · doi:10.1097/00006842-200103000-00010 · Cited by 396
Loneliness and HIV-related stigma explain depression among older HIV-positive adults
Grov, C., Golub, S. A., Parsons, J. T., Brennan, M., & Karpiak, S. E. (2010) · AIDS Care · doi:10.1080/09540120903280901 · Cited by 381 · cited 3×
“Finally, a number of studies focused on groups at higher risk of isolation and loneliness and of associated negative health outcomes, including older people who are cancer survivors (Jaremka et al. 2013), unpaid carers (Jaremka et al. 2013), and substance users (Smith and Rosen 2009) who are HIV-positive (Grov et al.…”
BackgroundChronic diseases and depression: the modifying role of psychosocial resources
Bisschop, M. I., Kriegsman, D. M. W., Beekman, A. T. F., & Deeg, D. J. H. (2004) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2003.11.038 · Cited by 346
Pain, depression, and fatigue: Loneliness as a longitudinal risk factor.
Jaremka, L. M., Andridge, R. R., Fagundes, C. P., Alfano, C. M., Povoski, S. P., Lipari, A. M., Agnese, D. M., Arnold, M. W., Farrar, W. B., Yee, L. D., et al. (2014) · Health Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0034012 · Cited by 346
Loneliness, isolation and the health of older adults: do we need a new research agenda?
Valtorta, N., & Hanratty, B. (2012) · Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine · doi:10.1258/jrsm.2012.120128 · Cited by 343
Depressive symptoms in late life: a 10-year follow-up
Heikkinen, R.-L., & Kauppinen, M. (2004) · Archives of Gerontology and Geriatrics · doi:10.1016/j.archger.2003.10.004 · Cited by 319
Friedmann, E., Thomas, S. A., Liu, F., Morton, P. G., Chapa, D., & Gottlieb, S. S. (2006) · American Heart Journal · doi:10.1016/j.ahj.2006.05.009 · Cited by 309
Loneliness among older Europeans
Sundström, G., Fransson, E. I., Malmberg, B., & Davey, A. (2009) · European Journal of Ageing · doi:10.1007/s10433-009-0134-8 · Cited by 303
Loneliness: A Review of Current Literature, With Implications for Counseling and Research
McWHIRTER, B. T. (1990) · Journal of Counseling & Development · doi:10.1002/j.1556-6676.1990.tb02521.x · Cited by 299
Promoting social bonding: Strategies for helping the lonely and socially isolated.
Rook, K. S. (1984) · American Psychologist · doi:10.1037/0003-066x.39.12.1389 · Cited by 280
Sorkin, D., Rook, K. S., & Lu, J. L. (2002) · Annals of Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1207/s15324796abm2404_05 · Cited by 277
Loneliness and stress-related inflammatory and neuroendocrine responses in older men and women
Hackett, R. A., Hamer, M., Endrighi, R., Brydon, L., & Steptoe, A. (2012) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2012.03.016 · Cited by 272
Living Arrangements, Social Integration, and Change in Functional Health Status
Michael, Y. L., Berkman, L. F., Colditz, G. A., & Kawachi, I. I. (2001) · American Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/aje/153.2.123 · Cited by 271
Loneliness and risk of mortality: A longitudinal investigation in Alameda County, California
Patterson, A. C., & Veenstra, G. (2010) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2010.03.024 · Cited by 266
Loneliness impairs daytime functioning but not sleep duration.
Hawkley, L. C., Preacher, K. J., & Cacioppo, J. T. (2010) · Health Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0018646 · Cited by 247
Holwerda, T. J., Beekman, A. T. F., Deeg, D. J. H., Stek, M. L., van Tilburg, T. G., Visser, P. J., Schmand, B., Jonker, C., & Schoevers, R. A. (2012) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291711001772 · Cited by 240
Reducing loneliness amongst older people: a systematic search and narrative review
Hagan, R. J., Manktelow, R., Taylor, B. J., & Mallett, J. (2014) · Aging & Mental Health · doi:10.1080/13607863.2013.875122 · Cited by 231
Loneliness, health and social network among elderly people—a follow-up study
Holmén, K., & Furukawa, H. (2002) · Archives of Gerontology and Geriatrics · doi:10.1016/s0167-4943(02)00049-3 · Cited by 214
Routasalo, P. E., Tilvis, R. S., Kautiainen, H., & Pitkala, K. H. (2009) · Journal of Advanced Nursing · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2648.2008.04837.x · Cited by 208
VanderWeele, T. J., Hawkley, L. C., Thisted, R. A., & Cacioppo, J. T. (2011) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0022610 · Cited by 198
Beeson, R. A. (2003) · Archives of Psychiatric Nursing · doi:10.1016/s0883-9417(03)00057-8 · Cited by 189
Perese, E. F., & Wolf, M. (2005) · Issues in Mental Health Nursing · doi:10.1080/01612840590959425 · Cited by 189
Mental Health of Elders in Retirement Communities: Is Loneliness a Key Factor?
Bekhet, A. K., & Zauszniewski, J. A. (2011) · Archives of Psychiatric Nursing · doi:10.1016/j.apnu.2011.09.007 · Cited by 188
On the reciprocal association between loneliness and subjective well-being
VanderWeele, T. J., Hawkley, L. C., & Cacioppo, J. T. (2012) · American Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/aje/kws173 · Cited by 187
Theeke, L. A. (2010) · Research in Gerontological Nursing · doi:10.3928/19404921-20091103-99 · Cited by 186
Effects of Playing Wii on Well-Being in the Elderly: Physical Activity, Loneliness, and Mood
Kahlbaugh, P. E., Sperandio, A. J., Carlson, A. L., & Hauselt, J. (2011) · Activities Adaptation & Aging · doi:10.1080/01924788.2011.625218 · Cited by 183
Penning, M. J., Liu, G., & Chou, P. H. B. (2013) · Social Indicators Research · doi:10.1007/s11205-013-0461-1 · Cited by 181
Measuring loneliness in later life: a comparison of differing measures
Victor, C., Grenade, L., & Boldy, D. (2005) · Reviews in Clinical Gerontology · doi:10.1017/s0959259805001723 · Cited by 179
Krause‐Parello, C. A. (2012) · Geriatric Nursing · doi:10.1016/j.gerinurse.2011.12.005 · Cited by 176
Loneliness and Self-Management Abilities in the Visually Impaired Elderly
Alma, M., van der Mei, S. F., Feitsma, W. N., Groothoff, J. W., van Tilburg, T. G., & Suurmeijer, T. P. B. M. (2011) · Journal of Aging and Health · doi:10.1177/0898264311399758 · Cited by 175
Safe as Houses? Ageing in Place and Vulnerable Older People in the UK
Means, R. (2007) · Social Policy and Administration · doi:10.1111/j.1467-9515.2007.00539.x · Cited by 173
Associations between loneliness, depressive symptoms and perceived togetherness in older people
Tiikkainen, P., & Heikkinen, R.-L. (2005) · Aging & Mental Health · doi:10.1080/13607860500193138 · Cited by 173
Suffering from Loneliness Indicates Significant Mortality Risk of Older People
Tilvis, R. S., Laitala, V., Routasalo, P. E., & Pitkälä, K. H. (2011) · Journal of Aging Research · doi:10.4061/2011/534781 · Cited by 169
Psychological distress, loneliness and disability in old age
Paul, C., Ayis, S., & Ebrahim, S. (2006) · Psychology, Health & Medicine · doi:10.1080/13548500500262945 · Cited by 163
Has loneliness amongst older people increased? An investigation into variations between cohorts
VICTOR, C. R., SCAMBLER, S. J., SHAH, S., COOK, D. G., HARRIS, T., RINK, E., & DE WILDE, S. (2002) · Ageing and Society · doi:10.1017/s0144686x02008784 · Cited by 163
Stephens, C. V., Alpass, F., Towers, A., & Stevenson, B. (2011) · Journal of Aging and Health · doi:10.1177/0898264311400189 · Cited by 161
Is depression in old age fatal only when people feel lonely?
Stek, M. L., Vinkers, D. J., Gussekloo, J., Beekman, A. T. F., van der Mast, R. C., & Westendorp, R. G. J. (2005) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.162.1.178 · Cited by 142
LONELINESS AND DEPRESSION IN CAREGIVERS OF PERSONS WITH ALZHEIMER'S DISEASE OR RELATED DISORDERS
Beeson, R. A., Horton‐Deutsch, S., Farran, C. J., & Neundorfer, M. M. (2000) · Issues in Mental Health Nursing · doi:10.1080/016128400750044279 · Cited by 142
Gleibs, I. H., Haslam, C., Jones, J. M., Alexander Haslam, S., McNeill, J., & Connolly, H. (2011) · Aging & Mental Health · doi:10.1080/13607863.2010.536137 · Cited by 140
Influence of social network characteristics on cognition and functional status with aging
Green, A. F., Rebok, G., & Lyketsos, C. G. (2008) · International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry · doi:10.1002/gps.2023 · Cited by 139
Loneliness and cognition in older people: The Dublin Healthy Ageing study
O’Luanaigh, C., O'Connell, H. P., Chin, A., Hamilton, F., Coen, R. F., Walsh, C., Walsh, J. B., Caokley, D., Cunningham, C. J., & LAWLOR, B. A. (2011) · Aging & Mental Health · doi:10.1080/13607863.2011.628977 · Cited by 135
Winter, L., & Gitlin, L. N. (2007) · American Journal of Alzheimer's Disease & Other Dementias® · doi:10.1177/1533317506291371 · Cited by 135
Living alone and cardiovascular risk in outpatients at risk of or with atherothrombosis
Steg, P. G. (2012) · Archives of Internal Medicine · doi:10.1001/archinternmed.2012.2782 · Cited by 133
Zebhauser, A., Hofmann‐Xu, L., Baumert, J., Häfner, S., Lacruz, M. E., Emeny, R. T., Döring, A., Grill, E., Huber, D., Peters, A., et al. (2014) · International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry · doi:10.1002/gps.3998 · Cited by 129
Mistry, R., Rosansky, J., McGuire, J., McDermott, C., & Jarvik, L. (2001) · International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry · doi:10.1002/gps.447 · Cited by 128
Perception and negative effect of loneliness in a Chicago Chinese population of older adults
Dong, X., Chang, E., Wong, E., & Simon, M. A. (2011) · Archives of Gerontology and Geriatrics · doi:10.1016/j.archger.2011.04.022 · Cited by 127
Nummela, O., Seppänen, M., & Uutela, A. (2011) · Archives of Gerontology and Geriatrics · doi:10.1016/j.archger.2010.10.023 · Cited by 125
Newall, N. E. G., Chipperfield, J. G., Bailis, D. S., & Stewart, T. L. (2013) · Health Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0029413 · Cited by 119
Conroy, R. M., Golden, J., Jeffares, I., O'Neill, D., & McGee, H. (2010) · Psychology, Health & Medicine · doi:10.1080/13548506.2010.487103 · Cited by 119
Park, N. S., Jang, Y., Lee, B. S., Haley, W. E., & Chiriboga, D. A. (2013) · The Journals of Gerontology Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences · doi:10.1093/geronb/gbs062 · Cited by 117
Tilvis, R. S., Routasalo, P., Karppinen, H., Strandberg, T. E., Kautiainen, H., & Pitkala, K. H. (2012) · European Geriatric Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.eurger.2011.08.004 · Cited by 114
Influence of social support on progression of coronary artery disease in women
Wang, H.-X., Mittleman, M. A., & Orth-Gomer, K. (2005) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2004.05.021 · Cited by 113
Poulin, J., Deng, R., Ingersoll, T. S., Witt, H., & Swain, M. (2012) · Journal of Cross-Cultural Gerontology · doi:10.1007/s10823-012-9177-y · Cited by 105
Martina, C. M. S., & Stevens, N. L. (2006) · Aging & Mental Health · doi:10.1080/13607860600637893 · Cited by 105
Loneliness and Mental Health in a Representative Sample of Community-Dwelling Spanish Older Adults
Losada‐Baltar, A., Márquez‐González, M., García‐Ortiz, L., Gómez-Marcos, M. Á., Fernández-Fernández, V., & Rodríguez‐Sánchez, E. (2012) · The Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1080/00223980.2011.582523 · Cited by 102
Psychological well‐being and day‐to‐day social interaction among older adults
Nezlek, J. B., Richardson, D. R., Green, L. R., & Schatten‐Jones, E. C. (2002) · Personal Relationships · doi:10.1111/1475-6811.00004 · Cited by 94
Social Relationships and Dental Care Service Utilization Among Older Adults
Burr, J. A., & Lee, H. J. (2012) · Journal of Aging and Health · doi:10.1177/0898264312464497 · Cited by 93
Krause‐Parello, C. A. (2008) · Journal of Community Health Nursing · doi:10.1080/07370010701836286 · Cited by 81
Drageset, J., Eide, G. E., Kirkevold, M., & Ranhoff, A. H. (2012) · Journal of Clinical Nursing · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2702.2012.04209.x · Cited by 80
Loneliness and Depression among Elderly Nursing Home Patients
Fessman, N., & Lester, D. (2000) · The International Journal of Aging and Human Development · doi:10.2190/5vy9-n1vt-vbfx-50rg · Cited by 78
Theeke, L. A., & Mallow, J. A. (2013) · AJN American Journal of Nursing · doi:10.1097/01.naj.0000434169.53750.14 · Cited by 76
Van Orden, K. A., Stone, D. M., Rowe, J., McIntosh, W. L., Podgorski, C., & Conwell, Y. (2013) · Contemporary Clinical Trials · doi:10.1016/j.cct.2013.03.003 · Cited by 75
Loneliness, Depression, Social Support, and Quality of Life in Older Chronically Ill Appalachians
Theeke, L. A., Goins, R. T., Moore, J. E., & Campbell, H. (2011) · The Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1080/00223980.2011.609571 · Cited by 73
Parsons, J. G. M., Sheridan, N., Rouse, P., Robinson, E., & Connolly, M. (2013) · Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation · doi:10.1016/j.apmr.2013.02.003 · Cited by 72
Loneliness accentuates age differences in cardiovascular responses to social evaluative threat.
Ong, A. D., Rothstein, J. D., & Uchino, B. N. (2011) · Psychology and Aging · doi:10.1037/a0025570 · Cited by 69
Interpersonal Stress and Poor Health
Aanes, M. M., Mittelmark, M. B., & Hetland, J. (2010) · European Psychologist · doi:10.1027/1016-9040/a000003 · Cited by 69
The Effects of Culture on the Meaning of Loneliness
Rokach, A., Orzeck, T. L., Picheca, J. E., Lacković-Grgin, K., & Penezić, Z. (2001) · Social Indicators Research · doi:10.1023/a:1007183101458 · Cited by 68
Long-term effect of social relationships on mortality in patients with congestive heart failure
Murberg, T. A. (2004) · The International Journal of Psychiatry in Medicine · doi:10.2190/gkj2-p8bd-v59x-mjnq · Cited by 68 · cited 1×
“Social isolation has been consistently found to be associated with coronary artery disease (Brummett et al. 2001), chronic heart failure (Friedmann et al. 2006), congestive heart failure (Murberg 2004) and hospitalisation due to heart failure (Cene et al. 2012).”
BackgroundAnxiety and depression among nursing home residents without cognitive impairment
Drageset, J., Eide, G. E., & Ranhoff, A. H. (2012) · Scandinavian Journal of Caring Sciences · doi:10.1111/j.1471-6712.2012.01095.x · Cited by 68
Greenfield, T. K., Rehm, J. T., & Rogers, J. (2002) · Addiction · doi:10.1046/j.1360-0443.2002.00065.x · Cited by 66
Bisschop, M. I., Kriegsman, D. M. W., van Tilburg, T. G., Penninx, B. W. J. H., van Eijk, J. T. M., & Deeg, D. J. H. (2003) · Aging Clinical and Experimental Research · doi:10.1007/bf03324496 · Cited by 66
Cené, C. W., Loehr, L. R., Lin, F., Powell, W., Foraker, R. E., Rose, K. M., Mosley, T. H., & Corbie-Smith, G. M. (2012) · European Journal of Heart Failure · doi:10.1093/eurjhf/hfs064 · Cited by 65
The relationship between loneliness and passive death wishes in the second half of life
Ayalon, L., & Shiovitz‐Ezra, S. (2011) · International Psychogeriatrics · doi:10.1017/s1041610211001384 · Cited by 63
Does lack of social support lead to more ED visits for older adults?
Hastings, S. N., George, L. K., Fillenbaum, G. G., Park, R. S., Burchett, B. M., & Schmader, K. E. (2008) · The American Journal of Emergency Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.ajem.2007.07.005 · Cited by 61
Wattanakit, K., Williams, J. E., Schreiner, P. J., Hirsch, A. T., & Folsom, A. R. (2005) · Vascular Medicine · doi:10.1191/1358863x05vm622oa · Cited by 60 · cited 1×
“Across the 128 studies, only two did not find a negative association between social isolation or loneliness and health (Wattanakit et al. 2005, Wilby 2011).”
BackgroundKvaal, K. S., Halding, A., & Kvigne, K. J. (2013) · Scandinavian Journal of Caring Sciences · doi:10.1111/scs.12041 · Cited by 55
Gask, L., Aseem, S., Waquas, A., & Waheed, W. (2011) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2010.06.023 · Cited by 54
Kamiya, Y., Whelan, B., Timonen, V., & Kenny, R. A. (2010) · BMC Geriatrics · doi:10.1186/1471-2318-10-81 · Cited by 54
Wang, H.-X., Mittleman, M. A., Leineweber, C., & Orth-Gomer, K. (2006) · Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics · doi:10.1159/000090893 · Cited by 53
Social isolation and diurnal cortisol patterns in an ageing cohort
Stafford, M., Gardner, M. P., Meena Kumari, B., Kuh, D. J., & Ben‐Shlomo, Y. (2013) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2013.07.002 · Cited by 49
Loneliness and vascular biomarkers: the Dublin Healthy Ageing Study
O’Luanaigh, C., O'Connell, H. P., Chin, A., Hamilton, F., Coen, R. F., Walsh, C., Walsh, J. B., Coakley, D., Molloy, A. M., Scott, J. M., et al. (2011) · International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry · doi:10.1002/gps.2695 · Cited by 48
Predicting social isolation among geriatric psychiatry patients
Smith, T. F., & Hirdes, J. P. (2008) · International Psychogeriatrics · doi:10.1017/s1041610208007850 · Cited by 45
Mistrust and Self-Isolation: Barriers to Social Support for Older Adult Methadone Clients
Smith, M. L., & Rosen, D. (2009) · Journal of Gerontological Social Work · doi:10.1080/01634370802609049 · Cited by 43
Social isolation risk factors in older hospitalized individuals
Giuli, C., Spazzafumo, L., Sirolla, C., Abbatecola, A. M., Lattanzio, F., & Postacchini, D. (2012) · Archives of Gerontology and Geriatrics · doi:10.1016/j.archger.2012.01.011 · Cited by 43
Han, J., & Richardson, V. (2010) · Journal of Religion & Spirituality in Social Work Social Thought · doi:10.1080/15426432.2010.495610 · Cited by 42
Ha, J., & Ingersoll‐Dayton, B. (2011) · Aging & Mental Health · doi:10.1080/13607863.2010.519325 · Cited by 41
Loneliness and self‐reported health among older persons in New Zealand
Grow, S. J. L., Neville, S. J., Alpass, F., & Rodgers, V. (2012) · Australian Journal on Ageing · doi:10.1111/j.1741-6612.2011.00568.x · Cited by 40
The Psychap inventory: A multi-scale test to measure happiness and its concomitants
Fordyce, M. (1986) · Social Indicators Research · doi:10.1007/bf00302530 · Cited by 40
Sjöberg, L., Östling, S., Falk, H., Sundh, V., Waern, M., & Skoog, I. (2013) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2013.04.002 · Cited by 39
Upstream thinking and health promotion planning for older adults at risk of social isolation
Wilson, D. M., Harris, A., Hollis, V., & Mohankumar, D. (2010) · International Journal of Older People Nursing · doi:10.1111/j.1748-3743.2010.00259.x · Cited by 34
Lonely patients in general practice: a call for revealing GPs' emotions? A qualitative study
van der Zwet, J., Loon, M. S. K.-V., & van den Akker, M. (2009) · Family Practice · doi:10.1093/fampra/cmp059 · Cited by 29
Association between social isolation and left ventricular mass
Rodriguez, C. J., Elkind, M. S. V., Clemow, L., Jin, Z., Di Tullio, M., Sacco, R. L., Homma, S., & Boden-Albala, B. (2011) · The American Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.amjmed.2010.09.011 · Cited by 24
Completely Isolated? Health Information Seeking Among Social Isolates
Askelson, N. M., Campo, S., & Carter, K. D. (2010) · Health Education & Behavior · doi:10.1177/1090198110369055 · Cited by 23
Depression and social networks in community dwelling elders: a descriptive study
Wilby, F. (2011) · Journal of Gerontological Social Work · doi:10.1080/01634372.2010.540074 · Cited by 21
Stephens, C. V., Alpass, F., & Towers, A. (2010) · New Zealand journal of psychology · Cited by 19
Norman, G. J., Hawkley, L., Ball, A., Berntson, G. G., & Cacioppo, J. T. (2013) · International Journal of Psychophysiology · doi:10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2012.12.008 · Cited by 18 · cited 2×
“Life course approaches also provided interesting evidence: the detrimental impacts of early trauma on pulse pressure were partially dependent on the level of perceived social isolation in old age, as older adults with low isolation levels did not display a significant association between early trauma and the health ou…”
BackgroundLefrançois, R., Leclerc, G. J., Hamel, S., & Gaulin, P. (2000) · Archives of Gerontology and Geriatrics · doi:10.1016/s0167-4943(00)00083-2 · Cited by 16
Avlund, K., Vass, M., Lund, R., Yamada, Y., & Hendriksen, C. (2008) · European Journal of Ageing · doi:10.1007/s10433-008-0086-4 · Cited by 13
Loneliness and quality of life in chronically ill rural older adults
Leah, V. (2017) · Nursing Older People · doi:10.7748/nop.29.1.13.s16 · Cited by 2
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Time for united action on depression: a Lancet–World Psychiatric Association Commission
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Self-citationInterventions to reduce social isolation and loneliness among older people: an integrative review
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Sepúlveda-Loyola, W., Rodríguez-Sánchez, I., Pérez-Rodríguez, P., Ganz, F., Torralba, R., Oliveira, D. V., & Rodríguez-Mañas, L. (2020) · The Journal of nutrition, health and aging · doi:10.1007/s12603-020-1500-7 · Cited by 1,081
The Effect of Loneliness on Distinct Health Outcomes: A Comprehensive Review and Meta-Analysis
Park, C., Majeed, A., Gill, H., Tamura, J., Ho, R. C., Mansur, R. B., Nasri, F., Lee, Y., Rosenblat, J. D., Wong, E., et al. (2020) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2020.113514 · Cited by 604
A systematic review of longitudinal risk factors for loneliness in older adults
Dahlberg, L., McKee, K., Frank, A., & Naseer, M. (2021) · Aging & Mental Health · doi:10.1080/13607863.2021.1876638 · Cited by 598
Metadata
- Authors
- Courtin, E., & Knapp, M.
- Affiliations
- London School of Economics and Political Science; Personal Social Services Research Unit; London UK
- London School of Economics and Political Science (GB)
- ORCID
- Knapp, Martin
- Venue
- Health & Social Care in the Community
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2015-12-28
- Volume
- 25
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 799-812
- ISSN
- 0966-0410 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W292445073
- Semantic Scholar
- 1ade1675abe28ff958e9c1450ba17ee00bf5e998
- Cited by
- 1,463
- References
- 131
- Citations by year
- 2026: 164 · 2025: 175 · 2024: 179 · 2023: 207 · 2022: 219 · 2021: 235 · 2020: 167 · 2019: 62 · 2018: 29 · 2017: 19 · 2016: 4
- FWCI
- 3.27
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Health & Social Care in the Community (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- London School of Economics and Political Science Research Online (London School of Economics and Political Science) (acceptedVersion)
- London School of Economics and Political Science Research Online (London School of Economics and Political Science) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute for Health Research
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Health › Health disparities and outcomes
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Aging, Health, and Disability
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Aging and Gerontology Research
- Keywords
- social isolation, loneliness, older adults, health outcomes, depression, cardiovascular health, well-being, causal mechanisms, intervention, risk factors
- MeSH terms
- Aged, Health Status, Humans, Loneliness, Mental Health, Risk Factors, Social Isolation
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Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
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