Cited by 734Infection Control and VentilationCOVID-19 epidemiological studiesCOVID-19 impact on air quality

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 78 of the 79 references it cites were found in a registry or an index, and 1 are not checked yet.

Transmission of SARS-CoV-2 by inhalation of respiratory aerosol in the Skagit Valley Chorale superspreading event

Open access

Miller, Shelly L., Nazaroff, William W, Jimenez, Jose L., Boerstra, Atze, Buonanno, Giorgio, Dancer, Stephanie J., Kurnitski, Jarek, Marr, Linsey C., Morawska, Lidia, Noakes, Catherine·2021·Indoor Air

DOI 10.1111/ina.12751PMC PMC7537089

Published version of a preprint

Open this paper in CoChat — free account Open PDF

Abstract

During the 2020 COVID-19 pandemic, an outbreak occurred following attendance of a symptomatic index case at a weekly rehearsal on 10 March of the Skagit Valley Chorale (SVC). After that rehearsal, 53 members of the SVC among 61 in attendance were confirmed or strongly suspected to have contracted COVID-19 and two died. Transmission by the aerosol route is likely; it appears unlikely that either fomite or ballistic droplet transmission could explain a substantial fraction of the cases. It is vital to identify features of cases such as this to better understand the factors that promote superspreading events. Based on a conditional assumption that transmission during this outbreak was dominated by inhalation of respiratory aerosol generated by one index case, we use the available evidence to infer the emission rate of aerosol infectious quanta. We explore how the risk of infection would vary with several influential factors: ventilation rate, duration of event, and deposition onto surfaces. The results indicate a best-estimate emission rate of 970 ± 390 quanta/h. Infection risk would be reduced by a factor of two by increasing the aerosol loss rate to 5 h−1 and shortening the event duration from 2.5 to 1 h.

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1111/ina.12751

Cites

78 of 79 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Claims the paper makes

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

The self-check needs the paper’s full text.

Early transmission dynamics in Wuhan, China, of novel coronavirus-infected pneumonia
Li, Q., Guan, X., Wu, P., Wang, X., Zhou, L., Tong, Y., Ren, R., Leung, K. S. M., Lau, E. H. Y., Wong, J. Y., et al. (2020) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmoa2001316 · Cited by 16,575
Aerosol and surface stability of SARS-CoV-2 as compared with SARS-CoV-1
van Doremalen, N., Bushmaker, T., Morris, D. H., Holbrook, M. G., Gamble, A., Williamson, B. N., Tamin, A., Harcourt, J. L., Thornburg, N. J., Gerber, S. I., et al. (2020) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmc2004973 · Cited by 9,951
Virological assessment of hospitalized patients with COVID-2019
Wölfel, R., Corman, V. M., Guggemos, W., Seilmaier, M., Zange, S., Müller, M. A., Niemeyer, D., Jones, T. C., Vollmar, P., Rothe, C., et al. (2020) · Nature · doi:10.1038/s41586-020-2196-x · Cited by 6,661
The Incubation Period of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) From Publicly Reported Confirmed Cases: Estimation and Application
Lauer, S. A., Grantz, K. H., Bi, Q., Jones, F. K., Zheng, Q., Meredith, H. R., Azman, A. S., Reich, N. G., & Lessler, J. (2020) · Annals of Internal Medicine · doi:10.7326/m20-0504 · Cited by 5,970
Temporal dynamics in viral shedding and transmissibility of COVID-19
He, X., Lau, E. H. Y., Wu, P., Deng, X., Wang, J., Hao, X., Lau, Y. C., Wong, J. Y., Guan, Y., Tan, X., et al. (2020) · Nature Medicine · doi:10.1038/s41591-020-0869-5 · Cited by 4,300
Temporal profiles of viral load in posterior oropharyngeal saliva samples and serum antibody responses during infection by SARS-CoV-2: an observational cohort study
To, K. K., Tsang, O. T.-Y., Leung, W.-S., Tam, A. R., Wu, T.-C., Lung, D. C., Yip, C. C., Cai, J., Chan, J. M., Chik, T. S., et al. (2020) · The Lancet Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1016/s1473-3099(20)30196-1 · Cited by 3,045
Prevalence of Asymptomatic SARS-CoV-2 Infection
Oran, D. P., & Topol, E. J. (2020) · Annals of Internal Medicine · doi:10.7326/m20-3012 · Cited by 2,348
Air, surface environmental, and personal protective equipment contamination by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) from a symptomatic patient
Ong, S. W. X., Tan, Y. K., Chia, P. Y., Lee, T. H., Ng, O. T., Wong, M. S. Y., & Marimuthu, K. (2020) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.2020.3227 · Cited by 2,140
Presymptomatic SARS-CoV-2 Infections and Transmission in a Skilled Nursing Facility
Arons, M. M., Hatfield, K. M., Reddy, S. C., Kimball, A. A., James, A. E., Jacobs, J. R., Taylor, J., Spicer, K. B., Bardossy, A. C., Oakley, L. P., et al. (2020) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmoa2008457 · Cited by 2,051
Aerodynamic Analysis of SARS-CoV-2 in Two Wuhan Hospitals
Liu, Y., Ning, Z., Chen, Y., Guo, M., Liu, Y., Gali, N. K., Sun, L., Duan, Y., Cai, J., Westerdahl, D., et al. (2020) · Nature · doi:10.1038/s41586-020-2271-3 · Cited by 1,872

Flagged first, then by citations

Show all 73 references

Research works printed but not linked: 4

Read R, A choir decided to go ahead with rehearsal. Now dozens of members have COVID‐19 and two are dead, Los Angeles Times
ASHRAE, 2017, ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 52.2‐2017 Method of Testing General Ventilation Air‐Cleaning Devices for Removal Efficiency by Particle Size
Read R, Scientists to choirs: Group singing can spread the coronavirus, despite what CDC may say, Los Angeles Times
Peinado F, El virus se ceba con las voces del coro de la Zarzuela, El Pais

Sorted by citations

Items 401–500 of 718

Comparing strategies for the mitigation of SARS-CoV-2 airborne infection risk in tiered auditorium venues
Geisler, S. M., Lausch, K. H., Hehnen, F., Schulz, I., Kertzscher, U., Kriegel, M., Paschereit, C. O., Schimek, S., Hasirci, Ü., Brockmann, G., et al. (2024) · Communications Engineering · doi:10.1038/s44172-024-00297-y · Cited by 7
A Study of the Impact on Health and Wellbeing of Amateur Choir Singers as Face-to-Face Group Singing Moved Online
Leiper, T. (2021) · Voice and Speech Review · doi:10.1080/23268263.2021.1994698 · Cited by 7
Optimizing the mitigation of epidemic spreading through targeted adoption of contact tracing apps
Bassolas, A., Santoro, A., Sousa, S., Rognone, S., & Nicosia, V. (2022) · Physical Review Research · doi:10.1103/physrevresearch.4.023092 · Cited by 7
Airborne transmission: a new paradigm with major implications for infection control and public health
Chen, J., Stevenson, A., Freeman, J., & Jermy, M. (2023) · New Zealand Medical Journal · doi:10.26635/6965.6028 · Cited by 7
Missing the Audience. Online Musicking in Times of COVID-19 / Missing the Audience. Online Musicking in Times of COVID-19
van de Werff, T., Smith, N. T., Rosu, S., & Peters, P. F. (2021) · Journal of Cultural Management and Cultural Policy / Zeitschrift für Kulturmanagement und Kulturpolitik · doi:10.14361/zkmm-2021-0107 · Cited by 7
Should we use ceiling fans indoors to reduce the risk of transmission of infectious aerosols?
Li, J., Sultan, Z., & Schiavon, S. (2024) · Indoor Environments · doi:10.1016/j.indenv.2024.100039 · Cited by 6
Immunomics in one health: understanding the human, animal, and environmental aspects of COVID-19
Gao, J., Zhang, C., Wheelock, Å. M., Xin, S., Cai, H., Xu, L., & Wang, X.-J. (2024) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2024.1450380 · Cited by 7
Co-existence of airborne SARS-CoV-2 infection and non-infection in three connected zones of a restaurant
Jia, W., Wang, Q., Lung, D. C., Chan, P., Wang, P., Dung, E. C.-H., Didik, T., Choi, G. K.-Y., Tse, H., Wu, Y., et al. (2024) · Journal of Hazardous Materials · doi:10.1016/j.jhazmat.2024.136388 · Cited by 6
An agent-based model to simulate SARS-CoV-2 contamination of surfaces and meat cuts in processing plants
Luong, N.-D. M., Guillier, L., Fédérighi, M., Guillois, Y., Kooh, P., Maillard, A.-L., Pivette, M., Boué, G., Martin‐Latil, S., Chaix, E., et al. (2023) · International Journal of Food Microbiology · doi:10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2023.110321 · Cited by 6
A COVID‐19 cluster analysis in an office: Assessing the long‐range aerosol and fomite transmissions with infection control measures
Mizukoshi, A., Okumura, J., & Azuma, K. (2023) · Risk Analysis · doi:10.1111/risa.14249 · Cited by 6
Assessment of airborne transmitted infection risk in classrooms using computational fluid dynamics and machine learning-based surrogate modeling
Lee, H., & Rim, D. (2024) · Journal of Building Engineering · doi:10.1016/j.jobe.2024.110760 · Cited by 9
Quantifying multi-virion aerosols in respiratory infection transmission
Cheng, P., Jia, W., Liu, L., Yen, H., & Li, Y. (2024) · Journal of Hazardous Materials · doi:10.1016/j.jhazmat.2024.136040 · Cited by 6
MyCOVIDRisk app: development and utilisation of a COVID-19 risk assessment and mitigation application
Goldberg, E. M., Bingaman, C. S., Perera, S., & Ranney, M. L. (2021) · BMJ Innovations · doi:10.1136/bmjinnov-2021-000672 · Cited by 6
A numerical evaluation of a novel recovery fresh air heat pump concept for a generic electric bus
Afrasiabian, E., Douglas, R., Geron, M., & Cunningham, G. (2022) · Applied Thermal Engineering · doi:10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2022.118181 · Cited by 6
Air Flows in Opera
Bourrianne, P., Kaneelil, P. R., Abkarian, M., & Stone, H. A. (2022) · Physical Review Applied · doi:10.1103/physrevapplied.18.024042 · Cited by 7
COVID-19 public transit precautions: Trade-offs between risk reduction and costs
Hanig, L., Harper, C. D., & Nock, D. S. (2023) · Transportation Research Interdisciplinary Perspectives · doi:10.1016/j.trip.2023.100762 · Cited by 6
Modelling the impact of non-pharmaceutical interventions on workplace transmission of SARS-CoV-2 in the home-delivery sector
Whitfield, C. A., van Tongeren, M., Han, Y., Wei, H., Daniels, S., Regan, M., Denning, D. W., Verma, A., Pellis, L., & Hall, I. (2023) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0284805 · Cited by 6
The relationship between ventilation rates in schools and the indoor airborne transmission potential of COVID-19
Harrington, S., Mulville, M., & Stravoravdis, S. (2023) · Architectural Engineering and Design Management · doi:10.1080/17452007.2023.2263519 · Cited by 6
How Safe is Singing Under Pandemic Conditions? - CO 2 -Measurements as Simple Method for Risk Estimation During Choir Rehearsals
Bauer, K., Hardege, R., Neumann, S., Schwarze, R., Fuchs, M., & Pieper, L. H. (2022) · Journal of Voice · doi:10.1016/j.jvoice.2022.05.003 · Cited by 7
Investigation into the Release of Respiratory Aerosols by Brass Instruments and Mitigation Measures with Respect to Covid-19Preprint
Parker, A. S., & Crookston, K. (2020) · medRxiv · doi:10.1101/2020.07.31.20165837 · Cited by 6
Single-zone simulations using FaTIMA for reducing aerosol exposure in educational spaces
Ng, L. C., Poppendieck, D. G., Polidoro, B. J., Dols, W. S., Emmerich, S. J., & Persily, A. K. (2021) · doi:10.6028/nist.tn.2150-upd · Cited by 6
When can we stop wearing masks? Agent-based modeling to identify when vaccine coverage makes nonpharmaceutical interventions for reducing SARS-CoV-2 infections redundant in indoor gatheringsPreprint
Farthing, T. S., & Lanzas, C. (2021) · medRxiv · doi:10.1101/2021.04.19.21255737 · Cited by 6
Is well-mixed model of an indoor space with ceiling fans valid for studying pathogen transmission?
Mullick, A., Kumaraswamy, G., Mehra, S., Murallidharan, J. S., Kumar, V., & Sinha, K. (2023) · Physics of Fluids · doi:10.1063/5.0169301 · Cited by 5
An infection risk model for estimating infection probability and occupancy time: A CFD approach with aerosol measurements
Mahmoud, M. M. A., Bahl, P., Aquino, A. F. V. D. A., MacIntyre, C. R., Green, D., Doolan, C. J., & de Silva, C. M. (2025) · Building and Environment · doi:10.1016/j.buildenv.2025.113035 · Cited by 6
A mesoscale agent based modeling framework for flow-mediated infection transmission in indoor occupied spaces
Mukherjee, D., & Wadhwa, G. (2022) · Computer Methods in Applied Mechanics and Engineering · doi:10.1016/j.cma.2022.115485 · Cited by 5
Emerging Human Health Problems Caused by Pathogenic and Immuno-activating Fungi
Summerbell, R. C., & Scott, J. (2025) · Current topics in microbiology and immunology · doi:10.1007/82_2025_314 · Cited by 5
Predicting the infection probability distribution of airborne and droplet transmissions
Yamamoto, M., Kawamura, A., Tanabe, S., & Hori, S. (2022) · Indoor and Built Environment · doi:10.1177/1420326x221084869 · Cited by 5
Enhanced survival fractions of UV-irradiated spores in clusters on a surface in air: Measured and mathematically modeled results at 254-nm
Hill, S. C., Doughty, D. C., Mackowski, D. W., Rastogi, V. K., Eversole, J. D., McGrady, D., Handler, F. A., & Kesavan, J. S. (2023) · Aerosol Science and Technology · doi:10.1080/02786826.2023.2186213 · Cited by 5
Monitoring of indoor bioaerosol for the detection of SARS-CoV-2 in different hospital settings
Tedeschini, E., Pasqualini, S., Emiliani, C., Marini, E., Valecchi, A., Laoreti, C., Ministrini, S., Camilloni, B., Castronari, R., Patoia, L., et al. (2023) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2023.1169073 · Cited by 5
Ventilatory effects of excessive plastic sheeting on the formation of SARS-Cov-2 in a closed indoor environment
Ishigaki, Y., Kawauchi, Y., Yokogawa, S., Saito, A., Kitamura, H., & Moritake, T. (2023) · Environmental and Occupational Health Practice · doi:10.1539/eohp.2022-0024-oa · Cited by 5
Disease Spread Control in Cruise Ships: Monitoring, Simulation, and Decision Making
Triantafyllou, G., Kalozoumis, P. G., Cholopoulou, E., & Iakovidis, D. K. (2024) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-48831-3_8 · Cited by 5
Snoring-generated fluid droplets as a potential mechanistic link between sleep-disordered breathing and pneumonia
Kakeshpour, T., Fennelly, K. P., & Bax, A. (2024) · Respiratory Research · doi:10.1186/s12931-024-02856-5 · Cited by 5
Exposure-based smart ventilation and occupancy control for optimizing ventilation energy consumption and long-range airborne transmission of COVID-19 in school environments
Lyu, X., Luo, Z., Essah, E., Shu, Z., & Shao, L. (2025) · Building Simulation · doi:10.1007/s12273-025-1292-0 · Cited by 5
Mitigation of Airborne Contaminant Spread through Simple Interventions in an Occupied Single-Family Home
Khan, T. R., Parker, D., & Withers, C. (2021) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph18115880 · Cited by 5
High efficacy of layered controls for reducing exposure to airborne pathogens
Fierce, L. M., Robey, A. J., & Hamilton, C. (2022) · Indoor Air · doi:10.1111/ina.12989 · Cited by 5
Infection risk in cable cars and other enclosed spaces
Lunati, I., & Mucignat, C. (2022) · Indoor Air · doi:10.1111/ina.13094 · Cited by 5
A Review of Sustainable Design Strategies for Infection Prevention and Control (IPC) in Public Buildings
Udomiaye, E., Ukpong, E., Kalu, K. C., Odum, C., & Ibok, U. O. (2022) · IOP Conference Series Earth and Environmental Science · doi:10.1088/1755-1315/1054/1/012015 · Cited by 5
Infectious Disease Modeling with Socio-Viral Behavioral Aspects—Lessons Learned from the Spread of SARS-CoV-2 in a University
Nuraini, N., Sukandar, K. K., Tahu, M. Y. T., Giri-Rachman, E. A., Barlian, A., Suhardi, S. H., Pasaribu, U. S., Yuliar, S., Mudhakir, D., Ariesyady, H. D., et al. (2022) · Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease · doi:10.3390/tropicalmed7100289 · Cited by 5
SARS-CoV-2 Aerosol and Surface Detections in COVID-19 Testing Centers and Implications for Transmission Risk in Public Facing Workers
Stein, S. J., Ravnholdt, A. R., Herrera, V. L., Rivera, D. N., Williams, P. T., & Santarpia, J. L. (2023) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph20020976 · Cited by 6
Effect of room size, shape, AC placement, and air leakage on indoor airborne viral transmission
Choudhary, K., Krishnaprasad, K. A., Zgheib, N., Ha, M. Y., & Balachandar, S. (2023) · Building and Environment · doi:10.1016/j.buildenv.2023.110834 · Cited by 5
‘The petri dish and Russian roulette’: working in UK contact centres during the COVID-19 pandemic
Taylor, P. (2021) · Work in the Global Economy · doi:10.1332/273241721x16275572536921 · Cited by 5
Asymptomatic infection is the pandemic’s dark matter
Fisman, D. N., & Tuite, A. R. (2021) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.2114054118 · Cited by 5
Characterization of the indoor far-field aerosol transmission in a model commercial office building
Chien, C.-H., Cheng, M., Im, P., Nawaz, K., Fricke, B. A., & Armstrong, A. (2021) · International Communications in Heat and Mass Transfer · doi:10.1016/j.icheatmasstransfer.2021.105744 · Cited by 5
How airborne transmission of SARS-CoV-2 confirmed the need for new ways of proper ventilation
Bluyssen, P. M. (2022) · Routledge eBooks · doi:10.4324/9781003244929-41 · Cited by 5
GIS-based classroom management system to support COVID-19 social distance planning
Lokhande, T., Yang, X., Xie, Y., Cook, K., Liang, J., LaBelle, S., & Meyers, C. (2022) · Computational Urban Science · doi:10.1007/s43762-022-00040-3 · Cited by 5
Quantifying protocols for safe school activities
Genari, J., Goedert, G. T., Lira, S. H. A., Oliveira, K., Barbosa, A., de Lima, A. R. B., Silva, J. A., Oliveira, H., Maciel, M., Ledoino, I., et al. (2022) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0273425 · Cited by 5
A novel prediction framework for long-term aerosol dynamics and infection risk assessment in high-speed train cabins
Xu, R., Wu, F., Pan, X., Shen, L., Huang, Z., Yu, J., & Huang, Y. (2025) · Building and Environment · doi:10.1016/j.buildenv.2025.114010 · Cited by 4
A Sanitation Argument for Clean Indoor Air: Meeting a Requisite for Safe Public Spaces
Leonardi, A. J., & Mishra, A. K. (2022) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2022.805780 · Cited by 4
Rethinking Motivation in Choir Participation: Proposing a Contextual Model of Motivation
Eiksund, Ø. J. (2022) · doi:10.23865/noasp.162.ch8 · Cited by 4
Respiratory Virus Deposition and Resuspension from Indoor Surfaces
Rawat, M. S., & Ferro, A. R. (2022) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-981-19-1356-3_7 · Cited by 4
Outbreaks of COVID-19 in indoor places of worship: a systematic review
Bert, F., Moro, G. L., Peano, A., Previti, C., & Siliquini, R. (2022) · Perspectives in Public Health · doi:10.1177/17579139221118218 · Cited by 4
Experimental studies of particle removal and probability of COVID-19 infection in passenger railcars
Das, D., Babik, K. R., Moynihan, E. E., & Ramachandran, G. (2022) · Journal of Occupational and Environmental Hygiene · doi:10.1080/15459624.2022.2137298 · Cited by 4
Exhaled aerosols among PCR-confirmed SARS-CoV-2-infected children
Schuchmann, P., Scheuch, G., Naumann, R., Keute, M., Lücke, T., Zielen, S., & Brinkmann, F. (2023) · Frontiers in Pediatrics · doi:10.3389/fped.2023.1156366 · Cited by 5
Use of air curtains for creating safe areas in bodybuilding salons for controlling the spread of SARS-CoV-2-carrying respiratory droplets
Karami, S., Lakzian, E., & Ahmadi, G. (2024) · The European Physical Journal Plus · doi:10.1140/epjp/s13360-024-04899-5 · Cited by 4
Reducing direct exposure to exhaled aerosol through a portable desktop fan
Rasam, H., Gentile, V., Tronville, P. M., & Simonetti, M. (2024) · Atmospheric Environment X · doi:10.1016/j.aeaoa.2024.100263 · Cited by 4
Monitoring the ventilation of living spaces to assess the risk of airborne transmission of infection using a novel Pocket CO2 Logger to track carbon dioxide concentrations in Tokyo
Ishigaki, Y., & Yokogawa, S. (2024) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0303790 · Cited by 4
SARS-CoV-2 Detection in Heating, Ventilation, and Air Conditioning Filters of University Lecture Rooms
Wang, Z., Guzman, H. P., Zou, Y., Xagoraraki, I., & Lin, K. (2025) · ACS ES&T Air · doi:10.1021/acsestair.5c00056 · Cited by 4
Early-life indoor environmental exposures and COVID-19 outcomes in Chinese preschool children: A secondary analysis of a multicenter study
Lu, C., Ma, J., Qiao, Z., Yu, Y., Xu, W., Liu, W., & Wang, F. (2025) · Journal of Hazardous Materials · doi:10.1016/j.jhazmat.2025.139445 · Cited by 4
Sheet, Surveillance, Strategy, Salvage and Shield in global biodefense system to protect the public health and tackle the incoming pandemics
Wang, X., Wu, T., Oliveira, L. F. S., & Zhang, D. (2022) · The Science of The Total Environment · doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.153469 · Cited by 4
Ventilation time recommendation system incorporating local meteorological data
Muñuzuri, A. P., Otero-Cacho, A., & Mira, J. (2022) · Indoor and Built Environment · doi:10.1177/1420326x221081738 · Cited by 4
Existence of a Nonzero Worst‐Case ACH for Short‐Term Exposure in Ventilated Indoor Spaces
Krishnaprasad, K. A., Zgheib, N., Choudhary, K., Ha, M. Y., Choi, C., Bang, K. S., Jang, S., & Balachandar, S. (2024) · Indoor Air · doi:10.1155/2024/6642205 · Cited by 4
Risk assessment of infection of COVID‐19 contacts based on scenario simulation
Zhang, W., Huang, Y., Wang, Y., Lu, Z.-X., Sun, J., & Jing, M. (2024) · Risk Analysis · doi:10.1111/risa.15103 · Cited by 4
Sensitivity analysis of SARS-CoV-2 aerosol exposure
Redder, C., & Fieberg, C. (2021) · PubMed Central · doi:10.3205/dgkh000399 · Cited by 4
Decision analysis support for evaluating transmission risk of COVID-19 in places where people gather
Hongoh, V., Maybury, D. W., Levesque, J., Fazil, A., Otten, A., Turgeon, P., Waddell, L. A., & Ogden, N. H. (2021) · Canada Communicable Disease Report · doi:10.14745/ccdr.v47i11a02 · Cited by 4
SARS-CoV-2 Remained Airborne for a Prolonged Time in a Lockdown Confined Space
Li, X., Qi, X., Ma, J., Pan, Y., Tian, T., Zhang, Y., Li, Z., Li, W., Sun, L., Zhang, L., et al. (2022) · Aerosol and Air Quality Research · doi:10.4209/aaqr.210131 · Cited by 4
Modes de transmission du SARS-CoV-2 : que sait-on actuellement ?
Birgand, G., Kernéis, S., & Lucet, J. (2022) · Médecine et Maladies Infectieuses Formation · doi:10.1016/j.mmifmc.2021.11.001 · Cited by 4
Modeling optimal reopening strategies for COVID-19 and its variants by keeping infections low and fixing testing capacity
Dalton, M., Dougall, P., Darko, F. L. A., Annan, W. E., Asante-Asamani, E. O., Bailey, S., Greene, J. M., & White, D. (2022) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0274407 · Cited by 4
High SARS-CoV-2 attack rates following exposure during five singing events in the Netherlands, September-October 2020Preprint
Shah, A. A., Dusseldorp, F., Veldhuijzen, I. K., Wierik, M. J. M. T., Bartels, A. A., Schijven, J. F., Vermeulen, L. C., & Knol, M. J. (2021) · medRxiv · doi:10.1101/2021.03.30.21253126 · Cited by 6
Room-Level Ventilation in Schools and UniversitiesPreprint
McNeill, V. F., Corsi, R. L., Huffman, J. A., Maeng, D. Y., King, C., Klein, R. C., Lamore, M., Miller, S. L., Ng, N. L., Olsiewski, P. J., et al. (2022) · doi:10.33774/chemrxiv-2021-srffp-v3 · Cited by 4
Self-citation
Could hybrid work schedules offer infection risk reductions? Insights from a CO2 sensor and modeling study
Jung, Y., Wilson, A. M., & Wilson, A. M. (2025) · Building and Environment · doi:10.1016/j.buildenv.2025.112878 · Cited by 3
Indoor Transmission of Respiratory Diseases and Influencing Factors—A Critical Review
Arumuru, V., & Yadav, H. (2025) · Transactions of Indian National Academy of Engineering · doi:10.1007/s41403-025-00530-w · Cited by 3
Evaluation of Airborne Infection Risk in a School Using Multizone Simulation: Pathogen Transmission Between Students in Different Classrooms Through Corridors
Park, S. J., Park, J., & Hwang, J. (2025) · Aerosol and Air Quality Research · doi:10.1007/s44408-025-00024-y · Cited by 3
Modelling indoor airborne transmission combining architectural design and people movement using the VIRIS simulator and web app
Xue, Y., Jabi, W., Woolley, T. E., & Kaouri, K. (2024) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-024-79525-6 · Cited by 3
A Retrospective Evaluation of Pandemic Policy Impact on University Campus: An Agent-based Modeling Approach for Mobility, Disease Propagation, and Testing During COVID-19
Chen, Y., Islam, M. T., Jain, S., Chowdhury, B. D. B., & Son, Y. (2024) · Expert Systems with Applications · doi:10.1016/j.eswa.2024.126124 · Cited by 3
Impact of room heat load on ventilation effectiveness and probability of transmission of airborne diseases on the example of chosen scenarios
Cepiński, W., Szałański, P., Orłowska, M., Janta-Lipińska, S., & Ratajczak, K. (2024) · Journal of Building Engineering · doi:10.1016/j.jobe.2024.111606 · Cited by 4
Airborne pathogen monitoring and dispersion modelling on passenger ships: A review
Kumar, P., Hama, S. M. L., Cheung, H. Y. W., Hadjichristodoulou, C. S., Mouchtouri, V. Α., Anagnostopoulos, L., Kourentis, L., Wang, Z., Galea, E. R., Ewer, J., et al. (2025) · The Science of The Total Environment · doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2025.179571 · Cited by 3
Linking airflow dynamics to infection risk reduction and predictive strategies
Elsarraj, M., Mahmoudi, Y., & Keshmiri, A. (2025) · Journal of Building Engineering · doi:10.1016/j.jobe.2025.113027 · Cited by 3
Transmission of SARS-CoV-2 via larger respiratory droplets in A restaurant environment
Wang, Z., Jia, F., Galea, E. R., Ewer, J., & Grandison, A. (2025) · Safety Science · doi:10.1016/j.ssci.2025.106938 · Cited by 3
Viable viruses in airborne particles detected during cough by participants with acute respiratory viral infections
Tay, G., Niazi, S., He, C., Morawska, L., Bell, S. C., Spann, K. M., & Ristovski, Z. (2025) · Journal of Hospital Infection · doi:10.1016/j.jhin.2025.07.005 · Cited by 3
Self-citation
The Susceptibility of Airborne SARS-CoV-2 to Far-UVC Irradiation
Angel, D. M., Luhung, I., de Sá, K. S. G., & Peccia, J. (2025) · Environmental Science & Technology · doi:10.1021/acs.est.5c09275 · Cited by 3
Modelação da Contribuição de Fatores Influenciadores do Risco de Infeção por SARS-CoV-2 em Ambientes Interiores
Almeida, S. M., & Sousa, J. (2021) · Acta Médica Portuguesa · doi:10.20344/amp.15982 · Cited by 3
A Multi-Aspect Agent-Based Model of COVID-19: Disease Dynamics, Contact Tracing Interventions and Shared Space-Driven Contagions
Lanzarotti, E., Santi, L., Castro, R., Roslan, F., & Groisman, L. (2021) · Winter Simulation Conference · doi:10.1109/wsc52266.2021.9715445 · Cited by 3
An Exhaled Breath Sampler Based on Condensational Growth and Cyclone Centrifugation (BSCC)
Wang, L., Deng, J., Wang, D., Chen, M., Li, X., Lu, Y., & Jiang, J. (2022) · Aerosol and Air Quality Research · doi:10.4209/aaqr.220049 · Cited by 3
Exhaled Aerosols in SARS-CoV-2 Polymerase Chain Reaction-Positive Children and Age-Matched-Negative Controls
Gutmann, D., Donath, H., Herrlich, L., Lehmkühler, T., Landeis, A., Ume, E. R., Hutter, M., Goßmann, A., Weis, F., Weiß, M., et al. (2022) · Frontiers in Pediatrics · doi:10.3389/fped.2022.941785 · Cited by 3
Capacity Models and Transmission Risk Mitigation: An Engineering Framework to Predict the Effect of Air Disinfection by Germicidal Ultraviolet Radiation
Sarcia, S. R. (2022) · Journal of Research of the National Institute of Standards and Technology · doi:10.6028/jres.126.057 · Cited by 3
Airborne infections related to virus aerosol contamination at indoor cultural venues: Recommendations on how to minimize
Salthammer, T., & Moriske, H. (2023) · Public Health Challenges · doi:10.1002/puh2.59 · Cited by 3
COVID-19 cleaning protocol changes, experiences, and respiratory symptom prevalence among cleaning services personnel
Wilson, A. M., Jung, Y., Mooneyham, S., Klymko, I., Eck, J., Romo, C., Vaidyula, V. R., Sneed, S. J., Gerald, L. B., & Beamer, P. I. (2023) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2023.1181047 · Cited by 3
Exposing the Chasms in Voice Pedagogy
Cox, D. (2024) · Routledge eBooks · doi:10.4324/9781003332572 · Cited by 3
Estimating indoor airborne concentrations of SARS-CoV-2 RNA using quantitative filter forensics
Hoskin, Z., Siegel, J. A., & Haines, S. R. (2024) · Building and Environment · doi:10.1016/j.buildenv.2024.111632 · Cited by 5
Superspreading of SARS-CoV-2 at a choir rehearsal in Finland—A computational fluid dynamics view on aerosol transmission and patient interviews
Matvejeff, A. T., Laitinen, A., Korhonen, M., Oksanen, L., Geneid, A., Sanmark, E., & Vuorinen, V. (2024) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0302250 · Cited by 3
Investigation of SARS-CoV-2 Contamination of Indoor Air and Highly Touched Surfaces On-Campus Buildings
Khanal, N., Brazell, L. R., Juel, M. A. I., Gibas, C., Schlueter, J. A., & Munir, M. (2024) · Applied Microbiology · doi:10.3390/applmicrobiol4030095 · Cited by 3
Carbon Dioxide Levels as a Key Indicator for Managing SARS-CoV-2 Airborne Transmission Risks Across 10 Indoor Scenarios
Iwamura, N., Tsutsumi, K., Hamashoji, T., Arita, Y., & Deguchi, T. (2024) · Cureus · doi:10.7759/cureus.74429 · Cited by 3
A risk-risk tradeoff approach for incorporating the public’s risk perceptions into quantitative microbial risk assessment
Wilson, A. M., Mussio, I., Verhougstraete, M. P., Jung, Y., Ashraf, A., Chilton, S., & Hamilton, K. A. (2025) · Journal of Occupational and Environmental Hygiene · doi:10.1080/15459624.2024.2423756 · Cited by 3
The relative effectiveness of personal protective equipment and environmental controls in protecting healthcare workers from Covid-19
Cherrie, M. P. C., Loh, M. M., & Cherrie, J. W. (2025) · Annals of Work Exposures and Health · doi:10.1093/annweh/wxaf040 · Cited by 3
Challenges in Predicting the Filtration Performance of a Novel Sewn Mask: Scale-up from Filter Holder to Mannequin Measurements
Dang, A. J., Kumfer, B. M., Bertroche, J. T., Glidden, J. O., Oxford, C. R., Jammalamadaka, U. M., Ruppert-Stroescu, M., Scott, A. R., Morris, J. A., Gan, C. Y., et al. (2021) · Aerosol and Air Quality Research · doi:10.4209/aaqr.200629 · Cited by 3
Modelling COVID-19 Hotspot Using Bipartite Network Approach
Hong, B. H., Labadin, J., Tiong, W. K., Lim, T., & Chung, M. H. L. (2021) · Acta Informatica Pragensia · doi:10.18267/j.aip.151 · Cited by 3
30+ years of knowledge creation: Indoor Air 1991–2021
Nazaroff, W. W. (2022) · Indoor Air · doi:10.1111/ina.13074 · Cited by 3
Self-citation
Impact of mechanical ventilation control strategies based on non-steady-state and steady-state Wells-Riley models on airborne transmission and building energy consumption
Sha, H., Zhang, X., & Qi, D. (2022) · Journal of Central South University · doi:10.1007/s11771-022-5072-z · Cited by 3
The Skagit County choir COVID-19 outbreak – have we got it wrong?
Axon, C. J., Dingwall, R. W. J., Evans, S., & Cassell, J. (2022) · Public Health · doi:10.1016/j.puhe.2022.11.007 · Cited by 3
Computational fluid dynamics simulation of airborne COVID transmission in urban bus with different HVAC configurations
Ramajo, D. E., & Corzo, S. F. (2023) · SIMULATION · doi:10.1177/00375497221151168 · Cited by 3

Authors: Miller, S. L., Nazaroff, W. W., Jimenez, J. L., Boerstra, A., Buonanno, G., Dancer, S. J., Kurnitski, J., Marr, L. C., Morawska, L., & Noakes, C.
Affiliations: University of Colorado Boulder (US)
University of California, Berkeley (US)
Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences (US)
REHVA (Federation of European Heating, Ventilation and Air Conditioning Associations) BBA Binnenmilieu Den Haag The Netherlands
Università degli studi di Cassino e del Lazio Meridionale (IT)
Edinburgh Napier University (GB)
Tallinn University of Technology (EE)
Virginia Tech (US)
International Laboratory for Air Quality and Heath (ILAQH) WHO Collaborating Centre for Air Quality and Health School of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences Queensland University of Technology Brisbane Queensland Australia
University of Leeds (GB)
Corresponding author: Miller, Shelly L.
ORCID: Miller, Shelly L.
Nazaroff, William W
Jimenez, Jose L.
Boerstra, Atze
Buonanno, Giorgio
Dancer, Stephanie J.
Kurnitski, Jarek
Marr, Linsey C.
Morawska, Lidia
Noakes, Catherine
Venue: Indoor Air
Publisher: Wiley
Published: 2020-10-13
Volume: 31
Issue: 2
Pages: 314-323
ISSN: 0905-6947 (ISSN-L)
1600-0668
DOI: 10.1111/ina.12751
PMC: PMC7537089
OpenAlex: W3089975294
Cited by: 734
References: 73
Citations by year: 2026: 31 · 2025: 58 · 2024: 79 · 2023: 101 · 2022: 182 · 2021: 229 · 2020: 52
FWCI: 79.48
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: bronze
doi.org
Licence: onlinelibrary.wiley.com/termsAndConditions#vor (vor)
doi.wiley.com/10.1002/tdm_license_1.1 (tdm)
Locations: Indoor Air (publishedVersion)
medRxiv (acceptedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
White Rose Research Online (University of Leeds, The University of Sheffield, University of York) (acceptedVersion)
QUT ePrints (Queensland University of Technology) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc)
Edinburgh Napier Research Repository (Edinburgh Napier University) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
CU Scholar (University of Colorado Boulder) (submittedVersion)
eScholarship (California Digital Library) (submittedVersion)
Archivio Istituzionale della Ricerca - Università degli Studi di Cassino (submittedVersion)
Edinburgh Napier Research Repository (Edinburgh Napier University) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
VTechWorks (Virginia Tech) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Pulmonary and Respiratory Medicine › Infection Control and Ventilation
Physical Sciences › Mathematics › Modeling and Simulation › COVID-19 epidemiological studies
Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Global and Planetary Change › COVID-19 impact on air quality
Keywords: SARS-CoV-2, COVID-19 pandemic, superspreading events, aerosol deposition, ventilation rate, infection risk, choral rehearsal, indoor air quality
MeSH terms: COVID-19, SARS-CoV-2, Humans, Time Factors, Ventilation, Washington, Fomites, Singing

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review

Transmission of SARS-CoV-2 by inhalation of respiratory aerosol in the Skagit Valley Chorale superspreading event

Abstract

Overview

Integrity signals

Verification

Claims the paper makes

Claims other papers make about this one

Self-check

Citations

Cites

Cited by

Related

Metadata

Record

About these checks