Leadership as Relationship

POPPER, MICHA

doi:10.1111/j.0021-8308.2004.00238.x

Cited by 76Leadership and Management in OrganizationsSocial Power and Status DynamicsJob Satisfaction and Organizational Behavior

Leadership as Relationship

POPPER, MICHA·2004·Journal for the Theory of Social Behaviour

DOI 10.1111/j.0021-8308.2004.00238.x

Open this paper in CoChat — free account

Abstract

The article reviews the various ramifications in the discussion on leadership, focusing on the view of leadership as relationships between leaders and followers. Three main types of leader‐follower relations are discussed, and their specific characteristics are described: regressive relations, symbolic relations, and developmental relations. After analyzing the major implications, as well as the conceptual limitations, of these perspectives, the article suggests directions for a more integrative conceptualization of leader‐follower relations.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1111/j.0021-8308.2004.00238.x

Cites

85 of 85 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Recomputing p-values needs the paper’s full text.

Claims the paper makes

We couldn’t retrieve this paper’s full text, so its claims and self-check weren’t run. The registry and citation checks still apply.

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

The present study confirms that conventional transformational leadership is not the only one that suppresses negative crisis-related emotions and enhances positive ones.
“The present study confirms that conventional transformational leadership is not the only one that suppresses negative crisis-related emotions and enhances positive ones (Kim, Jinyoung, & Ho Shin, 2021;Leithwood & Jantzi, 2005;Popper, 2004).”
From Principals' digital transformational leadership, teachers' commitment, and school effectiveness (2025) · cites this paper as Popper, 2004
Virtual interactions with transformational leaders appear to have contributed to providing direction to the staff.
“Virtual interactions with transformational leaders appear to have contributed to providing direction to the staff, as previously reported regarding conventional communication with transformational leaders (Kim, Jinyoung, & Ho Shin, 2021;Leithwood & Jantzi, 2005;Popper, 2004).”
From Principals' digital transformational leadership, teachers' commitment, and school effectiveness (2025) · cites this paper as Popper, 2004

Cultures and Organizations: Software of the Mind.
Triandis, H. C., & Hofstede, G. (1993) · Administrative Science Quarterly · doi:10.2307/2393257 · Cited by 17,696 · see citing works
Leadership and Performance Beyond Expectationsby BassBernard M.. New York: Free Press, 1985, 256 pp., $24.95.
Longshore, J. M., & Bass, B. M. (1987) · Academy of Management Review · doi:10.2307/258081 · Cited by 12,424 · see citing works
The Theory of Social and Economic Organization.
Salomon-Delatour, G., Weber, M., Henderson, A. M., & Parsons, T. (1948) · American Sociological Review · doi:10.2307/2086579 · Cited by 11,302 · see citing works
A Handbook of Child Psychology
(1932) · Nature · doi:10.1038/130331a0 · Cited by 10,133 · see citing works
Organizational Culture and Leadership
Tierney, W. G., & Schein, E. H. (1986) · Academy of Management Review · doi:10.2307/258322 · Cited by 9,614 · see citing works
Attachment and Loss. Vol. 1. Attachment
Rever, G. W. (1972) · Psychosomatic Medicine · doi:10.1097/00006842-197211000-00011 · Cited by 8,446 · see citing works
Feeling and thinking: Preferences need no inferences.
Zajonc, R. B. (1980) · American Psychologist · doi:10.1037/0003-066x.35.2.151 · Cited by 8,094 · see citing works
PSYCHOLOGICAL, EMPOWERMENT IN THE WORKPLACE: DIMENSIONS, MEASUREMENT AND VALIDATION.
Spreitzer, G. M. (1995) · Academy of Management Journal · doi:10.2307/256865 · Cited by 7,424 · see citing works
Relationship-based approach to leadership: Development of leader-member exchange (LMX) theory of leadership over 25 years: Applying a multi-level multi-domain perspective
Graen, G. B., & Uhl-Bien, M. (1995) · The Leadership Quarterly · doi:10.1016/1048-9843(95)90036-5 · Cited by 7,299 · see citing works
The Empowerment Process: Integrating Theory and Practice
Conger, J. A., & KANUNGO, R. N. (1988) · Academy of Management Review · doi:10.5465/amr.1988.4306983 · Cited by 4,367 · see citing works
Self-Efficacy in Changing Societies
(1995) · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511527692 · Cited by 4,190 · see citing works
From Max Weber: Essays in Sociology
Thorne, S. E., Gerth, H. H., & Mills, C. W. (1946) · The Yale Law Journal · doi:10.2307/793261 · Cited by 3,691 · see citing works
The Motivational Effects of Charismatic Leadership: A Self-Concept Based Theory
Shamir, B., House, R. J., & Arthur, M. B. (1993) · Organization Science · doi:10.1287/orsc.4.4.577 · Cited by 3,640 · see citing works
Two decades of research and development in transformational leadership
Bass, B. M. (1999) · European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology · doi:10.1080/135943299398410 · Cited by 3,254 · see citing works
Man's search for meaning; an introduction to logotherapy
FRANKL, V. E. (1971) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 3,182 · see citing works
Toward a cognitive social learning reconceptualization of personality
Mischel, W. (1973) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/h0035002 · Cited by 3,181 · see citing works
A Path Goal Theory of Leader Effectiveness
House, R. J. (1971) · Administrative Science Quarterly · doi:10.2307/2391905 · Cited by 3,055 · see citing works
A vertical dyad linkage approach to leadership within formal organizations
Dansereau, F., Graen, G., & Haga, W. J. (1975) · Organizational Behavior and Human Performance · doi:10.1016/0030-5073(75)90005-7 · Cited by 2,890 · see citing works
Empathy and Moral Development
Hoffman, M. L. (2000) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511805851 · Cited by 2,788 · see citing works
After Virtue; A Study in Moral Theory
Struever, N. S., & MacIntyre, A. (1981) · MLN · doi:10.2307/2906250 · Cited by 2,669 · see citing works
Ethics, character, and authentic transformational leadership behavior
Bass, B. M., & Steidlmeier, P. (1999) · The Leadership Quarterly · doi:10.1016/s1048-9843(99)00016-8 · Cited by 2,528 · see citing works
Sensitivity and attachment: A meta-analysis on parental antecedents of infant attachment
De Wolff, M. S., & van Ijzendoorn, M. H. (1997) · Child Development · doi:10.1111/j.1467-8624.1997.tb04218.x · Cited by 2,526 · see citing works
Symbolic Interactionism: A Social Structural Version
Stryker, S. (1980) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 2,427 · see citing works
A Social Identity Theory of Leadership
Hogg, M. A. (2001) · Personality and Social Psychology Review · doi:10.1207/s15327957pspr0503_1 · Cited by 2,298 · see citing works
Nebraska Symposium on Motivation, 1969.
Schwartz, S. H., Arnold, W. J., & Levine, D. I. (1971) · American Sociological Review · doi:10.2307/2093748 · Cited by 2,185 · see citing works
Leadership Without Easy Answers
Heifetz, R. A. (1994) · doi:10.4159/9780674038479 · Cited by 1,739 · see citing works
Leaders: The strategies for taking charge
Linstone, H. A. (1986) · Technological Forecasting and Social Change · doi:10.1016/0040-1625(86)90067-3 · Cited by 1,449 · see citing works
A test of leadership categorization theory: Internal structure, information processing, and leadership perceptions
Lord, R. G., Foti, R. J., & Vader, C. L. D. (1984) · Organizational Behavior and Human Performance · doi:10.1016/0030-5073(84)90043-6 · Cited by 1,410 · see citing works
Some effects of certain communication patterns on group performance.
LEAVITT, H. J. (1951) · Journal of Abnormal & Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/h0057189 · Cited by 1,340 · see citing works
What we know about leadership: Effectiveness and personality.
Hogan, R. T., Curphy, G. J., & Hogan, J. C. (1994) · American Psychologist · doi:10.1037//0003-066x.49.6.493 · Cited by 1,310 · see citing works
The Romance of Leadership
Meindl, J. R., Ehrlich, S. B., & Dukerich, J. M. (1985) · Administrative Science Quarterly · doi:10.2307/2392813 · Cited by 1,269 · see citing works
Continuity of Adaptation in the Second Year: The Relationship between Quality of Attachment and Later Competence
Matas, L., Arend, R. A., & Sroufe, L. A. (1978) · Child Development · doi:10.2307/1128221 · Cited by 1,143 · see citing works
Parental Disciplinary Patterns and Social Competence in Children
Baumrind, D. (1978) · Youth & Society · doi:10.1177/0044118x7800900302 · Cited by 1,048 · see citing works
The Psycho-Analysis of Children.
(1933) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.1933.02740110057038 · Cited by 1,025 · see citing works
New Directions in Organizational Behavior.
Beyer, J. M., Staw, B. M., & Salancik, G. R. (1978) · Administrative Science Quarterly · doi:10.2307/2392425 · Cited by 912 · see citing works
The romance of leadership as a follower-centric theory: A social constructionist approach
Meindl, J. R. (1995) · The Leadership Quarterly · doi:10.1016/1048-9843(95)90012-8 · Cited by 849 · see citing works
Transformational and Charismatic Leadership: The Road Ahead
Avolio, B. J., & Yammarino, F. J. (2013) · Cited by 783 · see citing works
Personality and charismatic leadership
House, R. J., & Howell, J. M. (1992) · The Leadership Quarterly · doi:10.1016/1048-9843(92)90028-e · Cited by 774 · see citing works
Some consequences of de-individuation in a group.
Festinger, L., Pepitone, A., & Newcomb, T. M. (1952) · Journal of Abnormal & Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/h0057906 · Cited by 727 · see citing works
Organizational and contextual influences on the emergence and effectiveness of charismatic leadership
Shamir, B., & Howell, J. M. (1999) · The Leadership Quarterly · doi:10.1016/s1048-9843(99)00014-4 · Cited by 695 · see citing works
CORRELATES OF CHARISMATIC LEADER BEHAVIOR IN MILITARY UNITS: SUBORDINATES' ATTITUDES, UNIT CHARACTERISTICS, AND SUPERIORS' APPRAISALS OF LEADER PERFORMANCE.
Shamir, B., Zakay, E., Breinin, E., & Popper, M. (1998) · Academy of Management Journal · doi:10.2307/257080 · Cited by 674 · see citing works
Self-citation
Managers and leaders. Are they different? 1977.
Zaleznik, A. (2004) · PubMed · Cited by 643 · see citing works
Implicit leadership theories: Content, structure, and generalizability
Offermann, L. R., Kennedy, J. K., & Wirtz, P. W. (1994) · The Leadership Quarterly · doi:10.1016/1048-9843(94)90005-1 · Cited by 633 · see citing works
On Heroes, Hero-Worship, and the Heroic in History
Carlyle, T. (2019) · University of California Press eBooks · doi:10.1525/9780520911536-006 · Cited by 561 · see citing works
The development of emotion regulation : biological and behavioral considerations
Fox, N. A., & Campos, J. J. (1994) · University of Chicago Press eBooks · Cited by 559 · see citing works
Social distance and charisma: Theoretical notes and an exploratory study
Shamir, B. (1995) · The Leadership Quarterly · doi:10.1016/1048-9843(95)90003-9 · Cited by 552 · see citing works
Social roles, social control, and biases in social-perception processes.
Ross, L. D., Amabile, T. M., & Steinmetz, J. L. (1977) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.35.7.485 · Cited by 541 · see citing works
Charismatic leadership: the elusive factor in organizational effectiveness
(1989) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.26-3946 · Cited by 497 · see citing works
Emerging Leadership Vistas
Kellerman, B., Hunt, J. G., Baliga, B. R., Dachler, H. P., & Schriesheim, C. A. (1989) · Political Psychology · doi:10.2307/3791653 · Cited by 463 · see citing works
On fire: Charismatic leadership and levels of analysis
Klein, K. J., & House, R. J. (1995) · The Leadership Quarterly · doi:10.1016/1048-9843(95)90034-9 · Cited by 448 · see citing works
Charisma, Order, and Status
Shils, E. A. (1965) · American Sociological Review · doi:10.2307/2091564 · Cited by 431 · see citing works
Cross-cultural comparison of leadership prototypes
Gerstner, C. R., & Day, D. V. (1994) · The Leadership Quarterly · doi:10.1016/1048-9843(94)90024-8 · Cited by 406 · see citing works
Leadership and Information Processing: Linking Perceptions and Performance.
Jago, A. G., Lord, R. G., & Maher, K. J. (1994) · Administrative Science Quarterly · doi:10.2307/2393243 · Cited by 374 · see citing works
Ethical Dimensions of Leadership
KANUNGO, R. N., & Mendonça, M. (1996) · Sage eBooks · doi:10.4135/9781452220536 · Cited by 352 · see citing works
The relationship between vision strength, leadership style, and context
Berson, Y., Shamir, B., Avolio, B. J., & Popper, M. (2001) · The Leadership Quarterly · doi:10.1016/s1048-9843(01)00064-9 · Cited by 342 · see citing works
Self-citation
Images in Words: Presidential Rhetoric, Charisma, and Greatness
Emrich, C. G., Brower, H. H., Feldman, J. M., & Garland, H. (2001) · Administrative Science Quarterly · doi:10.2307/3094874 · Cited by 322 · see citing works
Emile Durkheim on Morality and Society
Durkheim, É. (1973) · Cited by 286 · see citing works
Back to basics: applying a parenting perspective to transformational leadership
Popper, M., & Mayseless, O. (2003) · The Leadership Quarterly · doi:10.1016/s1048-9843(02)00183-2 · Cited by 264 · see citing works
Self-citation
The Spellbinders
Willner, A. R. (1984) · Yale University Press eBooks · doi:10.2307/j.ctt1ww3w19 · Cited by 248 · see citing works
Essential papers on narcissism
Morrison, A. P. (1986) · New York University Press eBooks · Cited by 243 · see citing works
Preliminary acceptability and psychometrics of the infant–toddler social and emotional assessment (ITSEA): A new adult-report questionnaire
Briggs‐Gowan, M. J., & Carter, A. S. (1998) · Infant Mental Health Journal · doi:10.1002/(sici)1097-0355(199824)19:4 · Cited by 194 · see citing works
On the generality of leadership style measures across cultures*
Smith, P. B., Misumi, J., Tayeb, M., Peterson, M. F., & Bond, M. H. (1989) · Journal of Occupational Psychology · doi:10.1111/j.2044-8325.1989.tb00481.x · Cited by 182 · see citing works
The charismatic relationship: Alternative explanations and predictions
Shamir, B. (1991) · The Leadership Quarterly · doi:10.1016/1048-9843(91)90024-v · Cited by 181 · see citing works
Dynamics of charismatic leadership: a process theory, simulation model, and tests
Jacobsen, C., & House, R. J. (2001) · The Leadership Quarterly · doi:10.1016/s1048-9843(01)00065-0 · Cited by 138 · see citing works
Crisis and the Emergence of Charismatic Leadership in Groups: An Experimental Investigation1
Pillai, R. (1996) · Journal of Applied Social Psychology · doi:10.1111/j.1559-1816.1996.tb02730.x · Cited by 137 · see citing works
Current Concepts of the Narcissistic Personality: Implications for Political Psychology
Post, J. M. (1993) · Political Psychology · doi:10.2307/3791395 · Cited by 135 · see citing works
Internal working models of caregiving and security of attachment at age six
George, C. C., & Solomon, J. (1989) · Infant Mental Health Journal · doi:10.1002/1097-0355(198923)10:3 · Cited by 131 · see citing works
American presidential proactivity, charismatic leadership, and rated performance
Deluga, R. J. (1998) · The Leadership Quarterly · doi:10.1016/s1048-9843(98)90030-3 · Cited by 129 · see citing works
Classical social theory
Craib, I. (1997) · Cited by 117 · see citing works
Research in Organizational Change and Development
Pasmore, W. A., Shani, A. B., & Woodman, R. W. (2011) · Research in organizational change and development · doi:10.1108/s0897-3016(2011)19 · Cited by 116 · see citing works
Leadership and Social Identification in Military Units: Direct and Indirect Relationships1
Shamir, B., Zakay, E., Brainin, E., & Popper, M. (2000) · Journal of Applied Social Psychology · doi:10.1111/j.1559-1816.2000.tb02499.x · Cited by 111 · see citing works
Self-citation
Facilitation of ego-biased attributions by means of self-serving observer feedback.
Sicoly, F., & Ross, M. (1977) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.35.10.734 · Cited by 99 · see citing works
Narcissism and the Charismatic Leader-Follower Relationship
Post, J. M. (1986) · Political Psychology · doi:10.2307/3791208 · Cited by 92 · see citing works
Narcissism and the Charismatic Leader–Follower Relationship
Post, J. M. (2014) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511920059.007 · Cited by 86 · see citing works
Philosophers and kings : studies in leadership
Rustow, D. A. (1968) · UT Back-in-Print Service eBooks · Cited by 85 · see citing works
Child Development And Personality
Huston, A. C. (1984) · Cited by 69 · see citing works
Leadership and destructive acts: Individual and situational influences
Mumford, M. D., Gessner, T. L., Connelly, M. S., O’Connor, J. A., & Clifton, T. C. (1993) · The Leadership Quarterly · doi:10.1016/1048-9843(93)90008-h · Cited by 66 · see citing works
The Development of Charismatic Leaders
Popper, M. (2000) · Political Psychology · doi:10.1111/0162-895x.00214 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Self-citation
Dictionary of Psycho-analysis
Glover, E. (1950) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.2.4695.1479-a · Cited by 49 · see citing works
Leadership and Organizations
Tausky, C., Bryman, A. E., & Matejko, A. J. (1987) · Contemporary Sociology A Journal of Reviews · doi:10.2307/2071530 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Cultural prototypes? Or leaders’ behaviors? A study on workers’ perceptions of leadership in an electronics industry
Popper, M., & Druyan, N. (2001) · Journal of Managerial Psychology · doi:10.1108/eum0000000006167 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Self-citation
Crises and Dictatorships
Hertzler, J. O. (1940) · American Sociological Review · doi:10.2307/2083629 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Charisma and attachment theory: a crossdisciplinary interpretation.
Aberbach, D. (1995) · PubMed · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Paradigms of Political Psychology
Horowitz, I. L. (1979) · Political Psychology · doi:10.2307/3791112 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Motivation and Personality
(1997) · Naming the Mind: How Psychology Found its Language · doi:10.4135/9781446221815.n7 · Cited by 3 · see citing works

Flagged first, then by citations

2 of the 87 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.

Sorted by citations

Reliance on leaders and social institutions: An attachment perspective
Mayseless, O., & Popper, M. (2007) · Attachment & Human Development · doi:10.1080/14616730601151466 · Cited by 96 · see citing works
Self-citation
Leaders' and subordinates' attachment orientations, emotion regulation capabilities and affect at work: A multilevel analysis
Kafetsios, K. G., Athanasiadou, M., & Dimou, N. (2013) · The Leadership Quarterly · doi:10.1016/j.leaqua.2013.11.010 · Cited by 75 · see citing works
Emotional reframing as a mediator of the relationships between transformational school leadership and teachers’ motivation and commitment
Berkovich, I., & Eyal, O. (2017) · Journal of Educational Administration · doi:10.1108/jea-07-2016-0072 · Cited by 71 · see citing works
Attachment and leader's development via experiences
Popper, M., & Amit, K. (2009) · The Leadership Quarterly · doi:10.1016/j.leaqua.2009.06.005 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
Self-citation
Attachment and Autonomy in the Workplace
Littman‐Ovadia, H., Oren, L., & Lavy, S. (2013) · Journal of Career Assessment · doi:10.1177/1069072712475282 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
Building Emotional Principal–Teacher Relationships in Chinese Schools: Reflecting on Paternalistic Leadership
Qian, H., & Walker, A. D. (2021) · The Asia-Pacific Education Researcher · doi:10.1007/s40299-021-00563-z · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Principals' digital transformational leadership, teachers' commitment, and school effectiveness
Berkovich, I., & Hassan, T. (2025) · Education Inquiry · doi:10.1080/20004508.2023.2173705 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Military Leadership and the Complexity of CombatandCulture
Laurence, J. H. (2011) · Military Psychology · doi:10.1080/08995605.2011.600143 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Blending existentialist and constructionist approaches in leadership studies
Ford, J. M., & Lawler, J. (2007) · Leadership & Organization Development Journal · doi:10.1108/01437730710761724 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Followers' attachment styles and their preference for social or for personal charismatic leaders
Shalit, A., Popper, M., & Zakay, D. (2010) · Leadership & Organization Development Journal · doi:10.1108/01437731011056461 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Self-citation
Psychotherapy Supervision and Attachment Theory: Review, Reflections, and Recommendations
Watkins, C. E., Jr., & Riggs, S. A. (2012) · The Clinical Supervisor · doi:10.1080/07325223.2012.743319 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Distributed leadership in schools
Hill, A. L. (2016) · International Summit on the Teaching Profession · doi:10.1787/9789264252059-graph22-en · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Institutional credibility and leadership: critical challenges for community-based natural resource governance in rural and remote Australia
Pero, L. V., & Smith, T. F. (2008) · Regional Environmental Change · doi:10.1007/s10113-007-0042-4 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Some Ethical and Cultural Implications of the Leadership `Turn' in Education
Strain, M. (2008) · Educational Management Administration & Leadership · doi:10.1177/1741143208099332 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Leadership identity construction practices
Tubin, D. (2017) · Educational Management Administration & Leadership · doi:10.1177/1741143216682503 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Attachment Orientations Guide the Transfer of Leadership Judgments: Culture Matters
Gruda, D., & Kafetsios, K. G. (2019) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/0146167219865514 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Holistic Leadership: A Model for Leader-Member Engagement and Development
Best, K. (2011) · ValpoScholar (Valparaiso University) · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Rural community and leadership in the management of natural resources: Tensions between theory and policy
Gray, I., Williams, R., & Phillips, E. (2005) · Journal of Environmental Policy & Planning · doi:10.1080/15239080500338523 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Attachment theory within clinical supervision: application of the conceptual to the empirical
Wrape, E. R., Callahan, J. L., Rieck, T., & Watkins, C. E. (2017) · Psychoanalytic Psychotherapy · doi:10.1080/02668734.2016.1261927 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Local Leaders in a Global Setting: Dependency and Resistance in Regional New South Wales and Newfoundland
Gray, I., & Sinclair, P. (2005) · Sociologia Ruralis · doi:10.1111/j.1467-9523.2005.00289.x · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Impact of Emotional Intelligence on Employees Performance
Mekhala, R. S. (2024) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-981-99-7727-7_7 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Charismatic leadership in Sri Lankan business organizations
Jayakody, J. A. S. K. (2008) · Journal of Management Development · doi:10.1108/02621710810871808 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Supervisor Security Provision: Correlates and Related Mechanisms
Lavy, S. (2014) · Psychological Reports · doi:10.2466/01.21.pr0.114k30w8 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Individual Differences in Work-Related Well-Being: The Role of Attachment Style
Lanciano, T., & Zammuner, V. (2014) · Europe’s Journal of Psychology · doi:10.5964/ejop.v10i4.814 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
The development and testing of a time‐limited mentoring model for experienced school leaders
Riley, P. (2009) · Mentoring & Tutoring Partnership in Learning · doi:10.1080/13611260903050163 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
“All in the hall” or “sage on the stage”: learning in leadership development programmes
Foster, M. K., Bell-Angus, B., & Rahinel, R. (2008) · Leadership & Organization Development Journal · doi:10.1108/01437730810894168 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
The Practices of Happiness
Steedman, I., Atherton, J., & Graham, E. (2010) · Routledge eBooks · doi:10.4324/9780203846902 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
A Grounded Theory Exploration of Informal Leadership Qualities as Perceived by Employees and Managers in Small Organizations
Stincelli, E. (2012) · ProQuest Demo Repository · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Developing contextualised literature-informed competency frameworks for middle managers in education
Corbett, S. (2021) · Educational Management Administration & Leadership · doi:10.1177/17411432211043873 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Charisma as a cognitive‐affective phenomenon: a follower‐centric approach
Jayakody, J. A. S. K. (2008) · Management Decision · doi:10.1108/00251740810882626 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Leader charisma and affective team climate: the moderating role of the leader's influence and interaction.
Hernández, A., Araya, C., Meneses, J. G., & González‐Romá, V. (2009) · PubMed · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Inductive Supervision as a Scaffolding Mechanism for Improving Employee Performance
Best, K. (2011) · Journal of Leadership & Organizational Studies · doi:10.1177/1548051811407505 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Leadership in Extreme Conditions and Under Severe Stress: Case Study Analysis
Rosinha, A. P., Matias, L. J. S., & de Souza, M. A. (2017) · Advanced sciences and technologies for security applications · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-55059-6_6 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Responding to Injustice: Perception, Anger, and Identification as Drivers of Collective Action
Tee, E. Y. J., Ramis, T., Fernandez, E. F., & Paulsen, N. (2017) · Emerald Group Publishing Limited eBooks · doi:10.1108/s1746-979120170000013004 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Investigating power styles and behavioural compliance for effective hospital administration
Pathania, A., & Rasool, G. (2019) · International Journal of Health Care Quality Assurance · doi:10.1108/ijhcqa-02-2018-0059 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
The relationship between staff nurse perception of nurse manager leadership behavior and staff nurse job satisfaction in a hospital applying for magnet recognition status.
Bormann, L. (2011) · doi:10.18297/etd/129 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
CHANGING THE FRAMEWORK FOR LEADERSHIP IN THE CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY
Newton, S. (2008) · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Mirror up to leadership and Strategic Human Resource Management: An Exploratory AccountPreprint
Abbas, R. Z., Pakistan, L., Ashraf, M., Student, M., Alam, H., & Rafay, A. (2011) · SSRN Electronic Journal · Cited by 6 · see citing works
The influence of school principals' leadership styles on the effectiveness of schools
Allie, F. (2014) · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Familiarity at Work: Awesome or Contempt? Assessing the Interplay among Familiarity, Leadership and Team Identification
Петитта, Л., Castro, I. L., & Guerriero, A. (2023) · Behavioral Sciences · doi:10.3390/bs13120974 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
The development process of an early childhood education leadership programme: A distributed leadership perspective
Ryder, D., Chandra, Y., Dalton, J., Homer, M., & Passingham, D. (2011) · Journal of Educational Leadership Policy and Practice · Cited by 4 · see citing works
God, Ontology and Management: A Philosophical Praxis
Allen, M. R. D. (2018) · Philosophy of Management · doi:10.1007/s40926-018-0101-6 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
A Study of the Reliability and Validity of the Leader-Member Exchange (LMX) Instrument in Arabic
Alshamasi, A., & Aljojo, N. (2016) · International Journal of Computer Science and Information Technology · doi:10.5121/ijcsit.2016.8105 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Learning About Leaders: Exploring and Measuring Leadership Qualities in Grandparents and Other Relatives Raising Children
Littlewood, K., & Strozier, A. L. (2009) · Journal of Intergenerational Relationships · doi:10.1080/15350770903288597 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Addendum: Additional Insights Derived from Associating Attachment theory with Leadership
Popper, M., & Mayseless, O. (2013) · Emerald Group Publishing Limited eBooks · doi:10.1108/s1479-357120130000005020 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Self-citation
Peace Leadership
Amaladas, S. (2024) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781009543828 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Effectiveness of leader-member exchange (LMX) in the Saudi workplace context during times of organisational change : an investigation of LMX roles and their potential to enhance employee outcomes
Alshamasi, A. (2012) · OpenGrey (Institut de l'Information Scientifique et Technique) · Cited by 2 · see citing works
A.T.A.
de Palabras, S. (2016) · Abreviaturas | Enciclopedia Jurídica Online · Cited by 2 · see citing works
LEADERSHIP, COMMUNICATION AND UNION COMMITMENT IN LATVIA: DEVELOPMENT PERSPECTIVES OF STRATEGIC MANAGEMENT
Line, A., & Lasmane, A. (2014) · European Integration Studies · doi:10.5755/j01.eis.0.8.6990 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
A Multi-Level Investigation of Leadership from an Attachment Theory Perspective
Sanctis, M. D. (2012) · Cited by 1 · see citing works
MEASURING, EXPLORING AND CHARACTERIZING PSYCHOLOGICAL ATTACHMENTS WITHIN WORK ORGANIZATIONS AND THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN ATTACHMENT AND PERCEIVED LEADERSHIP STYLE
Ghazal, L. N. (2010) · OhioLink ETD Center (Ohio Library and Information Network) · Cited by 1 · see citing works
More than a capable mariner: Meeting the challenges of command at sea---Views from the bridge
Brown, D. K. (2012) · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Leadership Competencies at Concordia University System Institutions
Seefeld, S. J. (2020) · Digital Scholarship - UNLV (University of Nevada Reno) · doi:10.34917/9112180 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Kailua Canoe Club: A Values-based Holistic Approach to Leadership
Peattie, P., Padilla, C., & Villablanca, M. (2022) · Journal of Values-Based Leadership · doi:10.22543/1948-0733.1432 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Literature review: Learning leaders matter
Riley, P. (2013) · Cited by 1 · see citing works
The Prisoner’s Dilemma as a Conceptual Framework for Understanding Value-Related and Behavioral Changes in Western Societies in the Second Decade of the 21st Century: The Case of Israel
Zysberg, L. (2020) · Advances in Politics and Economics · doi:10.22158/ape.v3n1p39 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
PRINCIPAL LEADERSHIP TO KEEP TEACHERS MOTIVATED IN VIRTUAL TEACHING THROUGH PANDEMIC DISRUPTION
Priharta, A., Gani, N. A., Maulianza, M., Jaharuddin, & Utama, R. E. (2022) · The Social Perspective Journal · doi:10.53947/tspj.v1i2.70 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Customer retention and leadership in the nonprofit healthcare organization
O'Connell, A. M. (2008) · ProQuest Demo Repository · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Leadership at public hospitals: a case study of the Matlala District Hospital
Mafora, P. P. (2020) · Unisa Institutional Repository (University of South Africa) · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Understanding your leader: the art of followership
Dietner, I. (2006) · Swinburne figshare (Swinburne University of Technology) · doi:10.25916/sut.26275951
Liderlik özellik ve davranışlarının belirlenmesi ve konuyla ilgili olarak yapılan bir araştırma
Alkın, M. (2006) · Trakya University's Institutional Open Access System (Trakya University)
Dynamic fields of leadership: a study of underlying social, cultural and collective influences
Congram, S. (2013) · ORCA Online Research @Cardiff (Cardiff University)
An exploration of how nurses construct their leadership role during the provision of health care
Osborne, Y. (2006) · Research Bank (Australian Catholic University) · doi:10.4226/66/5a94b9e15e4d7
Under One Roof: Authentic Leadership As A Way of Retaining G2 Leaders in an Intergenerational Church
Edwards, M. R. (2016) · Digital Commons - George Fox University (George Fox University)
the Distinction between Performance and Performativity Some Ethical and Cultural Implications of the LeadershipTurn' in Education: On
Strain, M. R. (2013)
Supervisor-student relationship : a leadership model for enhancing postgraduate research at a university of technology
der Linde, V., & Sophia, A. (2012)
The role of attachment styles in team functioning
Pheiffer, G. (2016) · London Met Repository (London Metropolitan University)
The Relationships between Clergy Attachment Style, Leadership Style, and Clergy Professional Longevity
Nelesen, M. (2016) · ScholarWorks - WMU (Western Michigan University)
Winter/Spring 2023
(2022) · Journal of Values-Based Leadership · doi:10.22543/1948-0733.1449 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
The Social Construction of Leadership Through Parenting
Burnham, B. (2021) · International Journal of Servant-Leadership · doi:10.33972/ijsl.16
The reality of authentic leadership: the rugby football league challenge
McCarroll, A. S. (2024) · Managing Sport and Leisure · doi:10.1080/23750472.2024.2428643
Tracing the Developmental Precursors of Leadership During Childhood and Adolescence
Ber, M. J. L., LaValley, J., Devnew, L. E., Austin, A. M. B., Elbert, C. D., Sulpizio, L. L., & Tremaine, M. (2017) · Emerald Group Publishing Limited eBooks · doi:10.1108/978-1-68123-684-120251017
Attachment in Leader– Follower Interaction
Kafetsios, K. G., & Gruda, D. (2024) · Emerald Group Publishing Limited eBooks · doi:10.1108/book-979-8-88730-802-920251007
Relationship capital and the dark side of change management
Buss, R. J. (2009) · Cross Connect (Southern Cross University)
Children's implicit leadership theories in middle childhood
Oliveira, K. A. C. (2014) · doi:10.63201/4r57-gpxp
References
Pelin, K., & Urick, M. J. (2025) · Emerald Group Publishing Limited eBooks · doi:10.1108/978-1-83797-557-020251015

Authors: POPPER, M.
Affiliations: University of Haifa (IL)
Corresponding author: POPPER, MICHA
ORCID: POPPER, MICHA
Venue: Journal for the Theory of Social Behaviour
Publisher: Wiley
Published: 2004-05-20
Volume: 34
Issue: 2
Pages: 107-125
ISSN: 0021-8308 (ISSN-L)
1468-5914
DOI: 10.1111/j.0021-8308.2004.00238.x
OpenAlex: W2004672476
Cited by: 76
References: 87
Citations by year: 2025: 1 · 2024: 4 · 2023: 2 · 2022: 3 · 2021: 3 · 2020: 3 · 2019: 2 · 2018: 1 · 2017: 6 · 2016: 6 · 2014: 5 · 2013: 6 · 2012: 6
FWCI: 8.73
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: onlinelibrary.wiley.com/termsAndConditions#vor (vor)
Locations: Journal for the Theory of Social Behaviour (publishedVersion)
Topics: Social Sciences › Business, Management and Accounting › Strategy and Management › Leadership and Management in Organizations
Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Social Power and Status Dynamics
Social Sciences › Business, Management and Accounting › Organizational Behavior and Human Resource Management › Job Satisfaction and Organizational Behavior
Keywords: leadership, leader-follower relationships, symbolic relations

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review

Leadership as Relationship

Abstract

Integrity signals

Claims the paper makes

Claims other papers make about this one

Cites

Cited by

Related

Record

About these checks