Cited by 710Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional DevelopmentFood Security and Health in Diverse PopulationsChild Abuse and Trauma

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 44 of the 44 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

The Role of Chaos in Poverty and Children's Socioemotional Adjustment

Evans, Gary W., Gonnella, Carrie, Marcynyszyn, Lyscha A., Gentile, Lauren, Salpekar, Nicholas·2005·Psychological Science

DOI 10.1111/j.0956-7976.2005.01575.x

Open this paper in CoChat — free account

Abstract

There are growing levels of chaos in the lives of American children, youth, and families. Increasingly, children grow up in households lacking in structure and routine, inundated by background stimulation from noise and crowding, and forced to contend with the frenetic pace of modern life. Although widespread, chaos does not occur randomly in the population. We document that low-income adolescents face higher levels of chaos than their more affluent counterparts and provide longitudinal evidence that some of the adverse effects of poverty on socioemotional adjustment are mediated by exposure to chaotic living conditions.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1111/j.0956-7976.2005.01575.x

Cites

44 of 44 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Recomputing p-values needs the paper’s full text.

Claims the paper makes

This paper’s full text isn’t openly available, so its claims and self-check weren’t run. The registry and citation checks still apply.

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

A Handbook of Child Psychology
(1932) · Nature · doi:10.1038/130331a0 · Cited by 10,133
Motivation reconsidered: The concept of competence.
White, R. W. (1959) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/h0040934 · Cited by 5,681
Socioeconomic status and child development
Bradley, R. H., & Corwyn, R. F. (2002) · Annual Review of Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev.psych.53.100901.135233 · Cited by 5,484
Motivation reconsidered: The concept of competence.
White, R. W. (1963) · Scott, Foresman eBooks · doi:10.1037/14156-005 · Cited by 4,835
Socioeconomic disadvantage and child development
McLoyd, V. C. (1998) · American Psychologist · doi:10.1037/0003-066x.53.2.185 · Cited by 3,763
Education, health, and behaviour
Rutter, M. E. (1970) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 3,236
Risky families: Family social environments and the mental and physical health of offspring
Repetti, R. L., Taylor, S. E., & Seeman, T. E. (2002) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.128.2.330 · Cited by 2,884
The environment of childhood poverty
Evans, G. W. (2004) · American Psychologist · doi:10.1037/0003-066x.59.2.77 · Cited by 2,396
Self-citation
Self-Efficacy Beliefs as Shapers of Children's Aspirations and Career Trajectories
Bandura, A., Barbaranelli, C., Caprara, G. V., & Pastorelli, C. (2001) · Child Development · doi:10.1111/1467-8624.00273 · Cited by 2,137
Consequences of growing up poor
Frasch, K. M. (1999) · Children and Youth Services Review · doi:10.1016/s0190-7409(99)00059-6 · Cited by 1,604

Show all 42 references

Research works printed but not linked: 5

Achenbach T.C., 1991, Manual for the Youth Self Report Instrument
Glass D.C., 1972, Urban stress
Kohn M.L., 1977, Social class and conformity
Rutter M., 1970, Education, health, and behavior
Sherman A., 1994, Wasting America's future

Sorted by citations

Items 201–300 of 710

Towards a better future: the trans-generational impact of the Troubles on mental health.
O’Neill, S. M., Armour, C., Bolton, D., Bunting, B., Corry, C., Devine, B., Ennis, E., Ferry, F. R., McKenna, Á. E., McLafferty, M., et al. (2015) · Cited by 40
Parental Depressive Symptoms and Children’s School-Readiness: The Indirect Effect of Household Chaos
Hur, E. H., Buettner, C. K., & Jeon, L. (2015) · Journal of Child and Family Studies · doi:10.1007/s10826-015-0147-1 · Cited by 40
“As Evans et al. (2005) suggested, unpredictable home environments and a lack of routine and structure in the home environment may impede children’s self-regulatory development, which requires consistent structure and clear rules in the home (i.e., Hughes and Ensor 2009; Lengua et al. 2007; Neitzel…”
Influential
Household Chaos Moderates the Link between Maternal Attribution Bias and Parenting
Wang, Z., Deater-Deckard, K. D., & Bell, M. A. (2013) · Parenting · doi:10.1080/15295192.2013.832569 · Cited by 40
Children's adjustment following Hurricane Katrina: The role of primary caregivers.
Gil‐Rivas, V., & Kilmer, R. P. (2013) · American Journal of Orthopsychiatry · doi:10.1111/ajop.12016 · Cited by 40
The Value of Family Routines for the Academic Success of Vulnerable Adolescents
Roche, K. M., & Ghazarian, S. R. (2011) · Journal of Family Issues · doi:10.1177/0192513x11428569 · Cited by 40
Does Anhedonia Presage Increased Risk of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder?
Risbrough, V. B., Glynn, L. M., Davis, E. P., Sandman, C. A., Obenaus, A., Stern, H. S., Keator, D. B., Yassa, M. A., Baram, T. Z., & Baker, D. G. (2018) · Current topics in behavioral neurosciences · doi:10.1007/7854_2018_51 · Cited by 38
Wealth and Child Development: Differences in Associations by Family Income and Developmental Stage
Miller, P., Podvysotska, T., Betancur, L., & Votruba‐Drzal, E. (2021) · RSF The Russell Sage Foundation Journal of the Social Sciences · doi:10.7758/rsf.2021.7.3.07 · Cited by 44
“…economic uncertainty or income loss, which would weaken negative links between volatility and children’s self-regulatory and attentional abilities and, in turn, academic and behavioral development (Blair and Raver 2016; Evans et al. 2005; Palacios-Barrios and Hanson 2019; Wadsworth et al. 2016).”
Does executive function mediate the path from mothers’ depressive symptoms to young children’s problem behaviors?
Roman, G. D., Ensor, R., & Hughes, C. H. (2015) · Journal of Experimental Child Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jecp.2015.09.022 · Cited by 42
Disrupted Relationships, Chaos, and Altered Family Meals in Food-Insecure Households: Experiences of Caregivers and Children
Rosemond, T. N., Blake, C. E., Shapiro, C. J., Burke, M. P., Bernal, J., Adams, E., & Frongillo, E. A. (2019) · Journal of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics · doi:10.1016/j.jand.2019.05.005 · Cited by 38
Family mealtime dynamics and food consumption: An experimental approach to understanding distractions.
Fiese, B. H., Jones, B. L., & Metcalfe, J. J. (2015) · Couple and Family Psychology Research and Practice · doi:10.1037/cfp0000047 · Cited by 38
Order in the home: Family routines moderate the impact of financial hardship
Budescu, M., & Taylor, R. D. (2013) · Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.appdev.2012.11.006 · Cited by 41
Neuro-, Cardio-, and Immunoplasticity: Effects of Early Adversity
Pakulak, E., Stevens, C., & Neville, H. (2018) · Annual Review of Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev-psych-010416-044115 · Cited by 37
Prevalence and predictors of benevolent childhood experiences among a representative sample of young people
Redican, E., McBride, O., Bunting, L., Murphy, J., & Shevlin, M. E. (2022) · British Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1111/bjop.12607 · Cited by 43
“Prior research has shown shows how children living in households without both biological parents are at increased risk of poverty (Manning & Brown, 2006; Rothwell & McEwen, 2017), with some young people living in ‘non-traditional’ households more negatively impacted by poverty and/or often experiencing more chaotic an…”
BackgroundMethod
The mediating role of parenting in the associations between household chaos and children’s representations of family dysfunction
Zvara, B. J., Mills-Koonce, R., Garrett-Peters, P., Wagner, N. J., Vernon‐Feagans, L., Cox, M. J., & the Family Life Project Key Contributors (2014) · Attachment & Human Development · doi:10.1080/14616734.2014.966124 · Cited by 43
“In the current study, disorganization was important even in the presence of poverty, suggesting that it is somewhat independent of poverty in predicting child representation of family dysfunction in this sample of mostly poor families (Bronfenbrenner & Evans, 2000; Evans et al., 2005).”
Background
Organized Chaos: Daily Routines Link Household Chaos and Child Behavior Problems
Larsen, K. L., & Jordan, S. S. (2019) · Journal of Child and Family Studies · doi:10.1007/s10826-019-01645-9 · Cited by 37
Disorder, turbulence, and resources in children's homes and neighborhoods.
Jeanne Brooks-gunn, B., Johnson, A. D., & Leventhal, T. (2010) · American Psychological Association eBooks · doi:10.1037/12057-010 · Cited by 35
Variable- and person-centered approaches to examining temperament vulnerability and resilience to the effects of contextual risk
Moran, L. R., Lengua, L. J., Zalewski, M., Ruberry, E. J., Klein, M. R., Thompson, S. F., & Kiff, C. J. (2016) · Journal of Research in Personality · doi:10.1016/j.jrp.2016.03.003 · Cited by 40
Daily Routine: Associations With Health Status and Urgent Health Care Utilization Among Older Adults
O’Conor, R. M., Benavente, J. Y., Kwasny, M., Eldeirawi, K. M., Hasnain‐Wynia, R., Federman, A. D., Hebert‐Beirne, J., & Wolf, M. S. (2018) · The Gerontologist · doi:10.1093/geront/gny117 · Cited by 35
Determinants of Food Insecurity in Rural Households: The Case of the Paute River Basin of Azuay Province, Ecuador
Cordero-Ahiman, O. V., Vanegas, J. L., Romero, P. A. B., & Quinde-Lituma, M. E. (2020) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su12030946 · Cited by 35
Early experience unpredictability in child development as a model for understanding the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic: A translational neuroscience perspective
Liu, S., & Fisher, P. A. (2022) · Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.dcn.2022.101091 · Cited by 40
“The research by Evans and Wachs (2010) has inspired numerous empirical studies to model the independent effects of chaos/instability (Evans et al., 2005; Raver et al., 2015) or include chaos/instability (e.”
Interparental aggression, attention skills, and early childhood behavior problems
Towe‐Goodman, N. R., Stifter, C. A., Coccia, M., Cox, M. J., & The Family Life Project Key Investigators (2011) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s0954579411000216 · Cited by 38
“Such chaotic living conditions are thought to tax critical resources necessary for effective regulation of attention and behavior, placing children’s adjustment at risk (Evans & English, 2002; Evans et al., 2005).”
Background
Patterns of Income Instability Among Low‐ and Middle‐Income Households with Children
Wolf, S., Gennetian, L. A., Morris, P., & Hill, H. D. (2014) · Family Relations · doi:10.1111/fare.12067 · Cited by 34
The application of neuroimaging to social inequity and language disparity: A cautionary examination
Ellwood-Lowe, M. E., Sacchet, M. D., & Gotlib, I. H. (2016) · Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.dcn.2016.10.001 · Cited by 35
Family Stress Processes and Children's Self-Regulation
Kaihoi, C. A., Cottone, E. A., Ruzek, E. A., Mashburn, A. J., & Grissmer, D. W. (2018) · Child Development · doi:10.1111/cdev.13202 · Cited by 34
Is family sense of coherence a protective factor against the obesogenic environment?
Speirs, K. E., Hayes, J. T., Musaad, S. M. A., VanBrackle, A., & Sigman‐Grant, M. (2016) · Appetite · doi:10.1016/j.appet.2016.01.025 · Cited by 34
Children Living in Rural Poverty: The Role of Chaos in Early Development
Vernon‐Feagans, L., Garrett-Peters, P., Marco, A. D., & Bratsch‐Hines, M. (2012) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199769100.013.0025 · Cited by 33
Conducting Intervention Research Among Underserved Populations: Lessons Learned and Recommendations for Researchers
Pyatak, E. A., Blanche, E. I., Garber, S. L., Díaz, J., Blanchard, J., Floríndez, L. I., & Clark, F. A. (2012) · Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation · doi:10.1016/j.apmr.2012.12.009 · Cited by 33
Income, Family Context, and Self-Regulation in 5-Year-Old Children
Li, M., Riis, J. L., Ghazarian, S. R., & Johnson, S. B. (2017) · Journal of Developmental & Behavioral Pediatrics · doi:10.1097/dbp.0000000000000380 · Cited by 40
“Previously, Evans et al.(15) found that physical and psychological chaos in daily living was associated with poorer effortful control.”
Early Childhood Health and the Life Course: The State of the Science and Proposed Research Priorities
Boyce, W. T., & Hertzman, C. (2017) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-47143-3_4 · Cited by 34
“Low-SES children live with significantly more family chaos (Evans et al. 2005), sustain more frequent and severe psychological stressors (Evans 2004; Evans and Kim 67 2007), and experience fewer supportive parentchild communications (Hart and Risley 1995), relative to their higher SES peers.”
Background
Deprived, but not depraved: Prosocial behavior is an adaptive response to lower socioeconomic status
Robinson, A. R., & Piff, P. K. (2017) · Behavioral and Brain Sciences · doi:10.1017/s0140525x17001108 · Cited by 35
Temporal effects of distressed housing on early childhood risk factors and kindergarten readiness
Coulton, C. J., Richter, F., Kim, S.-J., Fischer, R., & Cho, Y. (2016) · Children and Youth Services Review · doi:10.1016/j.childyouth.2016.06.017 · Cited by 34
“Hypothesized relationships between hous impact on parent's stress levels and mental health (Klebanov, BrooksGunn, & Duncan, 1994) and the everyday chaos that occurs in difficult housing circumstances (Evans et al., 2005).”
Background
Childhood socioeconomic hardship, family conflict, and young adult hypertension: The Santiago Longitudinal Study
East, P. L., Doom, J. R., Delker, E., Blanco, E., Burrows, R. A., Correa‐Burrows, P., Lozoff, B., & Gahagan, S. (2020) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2020.112962 · Cited by 36
“A chaotic home environment, or household disorganization and unpredictability which are more likely to occur in lowincome families, also has been highlighted as mediating the link between poverty and children’s poor health (Brown et al., 2019; Evans et al., 2005; Schreier et al., 2014).”
Background
Chaos during the COVID ‐19 outbreak: Predictors of household chaos among low‐income families during a pandemic
Johnson, A. D., Martin, A., Partika, A. C., Phillips, D. A., Castle, S. L., & The Tulsa SEED Study Team* (2021) · Family Relations · doi:10.1111/fare.12597 · Cited by 31
“Chaos, a widely recognized threat to positive child development (Evans et al., 2005; Evans & Wachs, 2010; Fiese & Winter, 2010; Hardaway et al., 2012; Hughes & Ensor, 2009; Wachs & Corapci, 2003), captures the extent of disorganization, instability, noise, and crowding in the home—features that likely characterize COV…”
Background
The impact of health-promoting behaviors on low-income children's health: a risk and resilience perspective
Yoo, J., Slack, K. S., & Holl, J. L. (2010) · Health & Social Work · doi:10.1093/hsw/35.2.133 · Cited by 31
The Effects of Family Socioeconomic Status on Psychological and Neural Mechanisms as Well as Their Sex Differences
Takeuchi, H., Taki, Y., Nouchi, R., Yokoyama, R., Kotozaki, Y., Nakagawa, S., Sekiguchi, A., Iizuka, K., Yamamoto, Y., Hanawa, S., et al. (2019) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2018.00543 · Cited by 31
Socio-affective and cognitive predictors of social adaptation in vulnerable contexts
Neely‐Prado, A., Navarrete, G., & Huepe, D. (2019) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0218236 · Cited by 35
Mindful Family Routines and the Cultivation of Executive Function Skills in Childhood
Semenov, A. D., & Zelazo, P. D. (2019) · Human Development · doi:10.1159/000503822 · Cited by 37
Parental emotion coaching moderates the effects of family stress on internalizing symptoms in middle childhood and adolescence
Lobo, F. M., Lunkenheimer, E. S., Lucas‐Thompson, R. G., & Seiter, N. S. (2021) · Social Development · doi:10.1111/sode.12519 · Cited by 31
Longitudinal correlates of sleep duration in young children
Zhang, Z., Adamo, K. B., Ogden, N., Goldfield, G. S., Okely, A. D., Kuzik, N., Crozier, M., Hunter, S., Predy, M., & Carson, V. (2020) · Sleep Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.sleep.2020.12.023 · Cited by 30
Family Ecologies and Child Risk for Obesity: Focus on Regulatory Processes
Fiese, B. H., & Bost, K. K. (2016) · Family Relations · doi:10.1111/fare.12170 · Cited by 41
Nighttime waking in children with asthma: An exploratory study of daily fluctuations in family climate.
Fiese, B. H., Winter, M. A., Sliwinski, M., & Anbar, R. D. (2007) · Journal of Family Psychology · doi:10.1037/0893-3200.21.1.95 · Cited by 47
Understanding Mechanisms Driving Family Homeless Shelter Use and Child Mental Health
Marçal, K. E., Fowler, P. J., Hovmand, P. S., & Cohen, J. (2020) · Journal of Social Service Research · doi:10.1080/01488376.2020.1831681 · Cited by 29
“A large body of research indicates a cumulative effect, whereby greater exposure to adversity translates to greater risk for mental disorder (Evans et al., 2005; Evans & Kim, 2007).”
Background
Longitudinal Risk and Protective Factors Associated with Internalizing and Externalizing Symptoms Among Male and Female Adolescents
Cotter, K. L., Wu, Q., & Smokowski, P. R. (2015) · Child Psychiatry & Human Development · doi:10.1007/s10578-015-0580-9 · Cited by 33
HIV-Related Stress and Life Chaos Mediate the Association Between Poverty and Medication Adherence Among People Living with HIV/AIDS
Kalichman, S. C., & Kalichman, M. O. (2016) · Journal of Clinical Psychology in Medical Settings · doi:10.1007/s10880-016-9481-8 · Cited by 29
Subjective social status and physical health: The role of negative affect and reappraisal
O’Leary, D., Uysal, A., Rehkopf, D. H., & Gross, J. J. (2021) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2021.114272 · Cited by 31
“, income and education) tend to experience more negative life events (McLeod & Kessler, 1990), such as job loss, and tend to live in more chaotic and unpredictable environments (Evans et al., 2005) than individuals with higher SES.”
Background
Parental income and the fruits of labor: Variability in homework efficacy in secondary school
Daw, J. (2012) · Research in Social Stratification and Mobility · doi:10.1016/j.rssm.2012.01.004 · Cited by 27
Socioeconomic Adversity and Women's Sleep: Stress and Chaos as Mediators
El‐Sheikh, M., Keiley, M. K., Bagley, E. J., & Chen, E. (2014) · Behavioral Sleep Medicine · doi:10.1080/15402002.2014.940110 · Cited by 28
The Association Between Socioeconomic Status and Cognitive Development in Children Is Partly Mediated by a Chaotic Home Atmosphere
Seidler, A. L., & Ritchie, S. J. (2018) · Journal of Cognition and Development · doi:10.1080/15248372.2018.1515077 · Cited by 32
“In a previous study with 339 9-year-old children, there was a medium-sized correlation (r = .30, p .001) between households’ income-to-needs ratios and a chaotic home atmosphere (Evans et al., 2005).”
Background
Household chaos during infancy and infant weight status at 12 months
Khatiwada, A., Shoaibi, A., Neelon, B., Emond, J. A., & Benjamin‐Neelon, S. E. (2018) · Pediatric Obesity · doi:10.1111/ijpo.12395 · Cited by 26
“For example, household chaos has been associated with poverty (16) and social and economic vulnerability within families (17).”
The Hidden Talents Framework
Ellis, B. J., Abrams, L. S., Masten, A. S., Sternberg, R. J., Tottenham, N., & Frankenhuis, W. E. (2023) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781009350051 · Cited by 33
Associations between maternal stress and infant resting brain activity among families residing in poverty in the U.S.
Troller‐Renfree, S. V., Sperber, J. F., Hart, E. R., Costanzo, M. A., Gennetian, L. A., Meyer, J. S., Fox, N. A., & Noble, K. G. (2023) · Biological Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.biopsycho.2023.108683 · Cited by 30
“Consistent with past work (e.g., Evans et al., 2005), we added items to increase coverage of routines and rituals in the home such as, “ We have a regular morning routine at home, ” and “ We eat together as a family once a day.”
ResultInfluential
What’s Next? Advances and Challenges in Understanding How Environmental Predictability Shapes the Development of Cognitive Control
Munakata, Y., Placido, D., & Zhuang, W. (2023) · Current Directions in Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/09637214231199102 · Cited by 27
“Moreover, in human studies, lower socioeconomic status is sometimes treated as a proxy for stress and is correlated with household unpredictability (Evans et al., 2005).”
Background
Adolescent adjustment in the context of life change: The supportive role of parental structure provision
Flamm, E. S., & Grolnick, W. S. (2013) · Journal of Adolescence · doi:10.1016/j.adolescence.2013.07.006 · Cited by 36
Chaos, Hubbub, and Order Scale and Health Risk Behaviors in Adolescents in Los Angeles
Chatterjee, A., Gillman, M. W., & Wong, M. D. (2015) · The Journal of Pediatrics · doi:10.1016/j.jpeds.2015.08.043 · Cited by 27
“After adjustment, compared with students with CHAOS score 0, those students with the greatest scores (5-14) had ORs of 3.”
Result
Poverty and Internalizing Symptoms: The Indirect Effect of Middle Childhood Poverty on Internalizing Symptoms via an Emotional Response Inhibition Pathway
Capistrano, C. G., Bianco, H., & Kim, P. (2016) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2016.01242 · Cited by 27
“…daily hassles and stressful life events (e.g., family turmoil/chaos, inadequate housing, diminished resources, interparental aggression) that negatively impact child neurocognitive and socio-emotional development (Evans and English, 2002; Evans et al., 2005; Hanson et al., 2013; Luby et al., 2013).”
BackgroundMethod
Income Health Inequalities Among Older Persons
Evans, G. W., Wethington, E., Coleman, M., Worms, M., & Frongillo, E. A. (2007) · Journal of Aging and Health · doi:10.1177/0898264307309938 · Cited by 27
“Furthermore, income disparities in physiological stress and socioemotional outcomes among children’s development were largely mediated by exposure to multiple risk factors (Evans & English, 2002; Evans et al., 2005).”
BackgroundSelf-citation
Research Review: Assessment of early‐life adversity and trauma – cumulative risk and dimensional approaches
Machlin, L., Sheridan, M. A., Tsai, A., & McLaughlin, K. A. (2025) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/jcpp.14170 · Cited by 30
RCT of a reading aloud intervention in Brazil: Do impacts differ depending on parent literacy?
Mendelsohn, A. L., Piccolo, L. D. R., Oliveira, J. B. A. E., Mazzuchelli, D. S. R., Lopez, A. S., Cates, C. B., & Weisleder, A. (2020) · Early Childhood Research Quarterly · doi:10.1016/j.ecresq.2020.07.004 · Cited by 31
Preschoolers’ dynamic respiratory sinus arrhythmia (RSA) change during a challenging parent‐child interactive task: Relations with preschoolers’ socioemotional health
West, K. B., Shaffer, A. E., Wickrama, K. A. S., Han, Z. R., & Suveg, C. M. (2020) · Developmental Psychobiology · doi:10.1002/dev.22054 · Cited by 25
Sticks and Stones May Break My Bones: The Effects of Emotional Abuse
Gavin, H. (2011) · Journal of Aggression Maltreatment & Trauma · doi:10.1080/10926771.2011.592179 · Cited by 26
“Ferraro and Nuriddin (2006) found a sex difference in poor health outcomes due to emotional distress and attributed it to the possibility that men and women might experience different forms of disadvantage through the life course.”
Background
The Relationship Between Family Stress and Behavioral Health Among African American Adolescents
Voisin, D. R., Elsaesser, C. M., Kim, D. H., Patel, S. Y., & Cantara, A. (2016) · Journal of Child and Family Studies · doi:10.1007/s10826-016-0402-0 · Cited by 26
“Low-income families are more likely than higher income families to live in environments characterized by crowding, substandard housing, and violence (Evans et al. 2005).”
Background
Daily Poverty‐Related Stress and Coping: Associations with Child Learned Helplessness
Brown, E. D., Seyler, M. D., Knorr, A. M., Garnett, M. L., & Laurenceau, J. (2016) · Family Relations · doi:10.1111/fare.12217 · Cited by 28
How children remember the Strange Situation: The role of attachment
Chae, Y., Goodman, M., Goodman, G. S., Troxel, N. R., McWilliams, K., Thompson, R. A., Shaver, P. R., & Widaman, K. F. (2017) · Journal of Experimental Child Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jecp.2017.09.001 · Cited by 26
Cognitive, emotional, and social factors promoting psychosocial adaptation: a study of latent profiles in people living in socially vulnerable contexts
Carriedo, N., Rodríguez‐Villagra, O. A., Moguilner, S., Morales, J.-P., Huepe-Artigas, D., Soto, V., Franco-O’Byrne, D., Ibáñez, A. M., Bekinschtein, T. A., & Huepe, D. (2024) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2024.1321242 · Cited by 36
“At the larger social level, impoverished environments are associated with higher crime rates, drug dealing, substance abuse, disease rates, and limited access to social security, education, housing, or jobs (Chaudhuri, 2003; Evans et al., 2005).”
Background
Testing the Effects of Classroom Supports on Children's Social and Behavioral Skills at Key Transition Points Using Latent Growth Modeling
Bub, K. L. (2009) · Applied Developmental Science · doi:10.1080/10888690903041527 · Cited by 29
“These disruptions interfere with a child’s sense of mastery, ability to self-regulate and manage emotions, and subsequently lead to poor developmental outcomes later in life (Bronfenbrenner & Evans, 2000; Evans et al., 2005).”
Background
Supporting Children's Early Development by Building Caregivers' Capacities and Skills: A Theoretical Approach Informed by New Neuroscience Research
Magnuson, K., & Schindler, H. S. (2019) · Journal of Family Theory & Review · doi:10.1111/jftr.12319 · Cited by 18
Chaos, danger, and maternal parenting in families: Links with adolescent adjustment in low‐ and middle‐income countries
Deater-Deckard, K. D., Godwin, J. W., Lansford, J. E., Tirado, L. M. U., Yotanyamaneewong, S., Alampay, L. P., Al‐Hassan, S. M., Bacchini, D., Bornstein, M. H., Chang, L., et al. (2019) · Developmental Science · doi:10.1111/desc.12855 · Cited by 28
“A review (Devenish, Hooley, & Mellor, 2017) of mediators of the link between lower SES and adolescent maladjustment identified only one study that reported on household chaos (Evans et al., 2005); its effects were like those reported in childhood.”
Background
Does living in a chaotic home predict adolescent delinquency? A moderated mediation model of impulsivity and school connectedness
Joo, Y. S., & Lee, W. K. (2020) · Children and Youth Services Review · doi:10.1016/j.childyouth.2020.105617 · Cited by 26
The impact of comprehensive student support on teachers: Knowledge of the whole child, classroom practice, and Teacher Support
Sibley, E., Theodorakakis, M. D., Walsh, M. E., Foley, C., Petrie, J., & Raczek, A. E. (2017) · Teaching and Teacher Education · doi:10.1016/j.tate.2017.02.012 · Cited by 25
Household Chaos, Hostile Parenting, and Adolescents’ Well-Being Two Years Later
Tucker, C. J., Sharp, E. H., Gundy, K. T. V., & Rebellon, C. J. (2018) · Journal of Child and Family Studies · doi:10.1007/s10826-018-1198-x · Cited by 24
“As discussed, household chaos creates stress that impacts an individual’s ability to self-regulate affect and behaviors (Chatterjee et al. 2015; Deater-Deckard et al. 2012; Evans et al. 2005).”
BackgroundMethodInfluential
The Relationship Between Adverse Childhood Experiences and Weight-Related Health Behaviors in a National Sample of Children
Harada, M., Guerrero, A. D., Iyer, S. N., Slusser, W. M., Szilagyi, M. A., & Koolwijk, I. (2021) · Academic Pediatrics · doi:10.1016/j.acap.2021.05.024 · Cited by 24
Does school mobility place elementary school children at risk for lower math achievement? The mediating role of cognitive dysregulation.
Friedman‐Krauss, A. H., & Raver, C. C. (2015) · Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0039795 · Cited by 29
Neighbourhood chaos moderates the association of socioeconomic status and child executive functioning
John, A. M. S., & Tarullo, A. R. (2019) · Infant and Child Development · doi:10.1002/icd.2153 · Cited by 24
“Higher household chaos has been related to poorer child behaviour regulation (Evans et al., 2005; Martin, Razza, & Brooks-Gunn, 2012; Vernon-Feagans, Willoughby, & Garrett-Peters, 2016) and receptive language (Martin et al., 2012).”
Background
Relation of home chaos to cognitive performance and behavioral adjustment of Pakistani primary school children
Shamama-tus-Sabah, S., Gilani, N., & Wachs, T. D. (2011) · International Journal of Behavioral Development · doi:10.1177/0165025411406852 · Cited by 31
Terrorism as altruism: an evolutionary model for understanding terrorist psychology
O’Gorman, R., & Silke, A. (2015) · UEL Research Repository (University of East London) · doi:10.4324/9781315772424-13 · Cited by 23
Executive Summary: Healthier Students Are Better Learners
Basch, C. E. (2011) · Journal of School Health · doi:10.1111/j.1746-1561.2011.00631.x · Cited by 27
Behavioral, cognitive, and socioemotional pathways from early childhood adversity to BMI: Evidence from two prospective, longitudinal studies
Doom, J. R., Young, E. S., Farrell, A. K., Roisman, G. I., & Simpson, J. A. (2022) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s0954579421001887 · Cited by 25
“Moreover, at least some of the effects of poverty on socioemotional functioning appear to be attributable to chaotic early living conditions (Evans et al., 2005), with chaos/unpredictability at home predicting greater negative emotionality in infants (Bridgett et al., 2013).”
An Ecological Systems Perspective on Individual Differences in Children’s Performance on Measures of Executive Function
Holochwost, S. J., Winebrake, D., Brown, E. D., Happaney, K. R., Wagner, N. J., & Mills-Koonce, R. (2022) · Journal of Cognition and Development · doi:10.1080/15248372.2022.2160721 · Cited by 30
Chaos and commitment in the early childhood education classroom: Direct and indirect associations through teaching efficacy
Grant, A. A., Jeon, L., & Buettner, C. K. (2019) · Teaching and Teacher Education · doi:10.1016/j.tate.2019.02.010 · Cited by 28
Exploring the Factor Structure of the Revised-Parent as a Social Context Questionnaire
Egeli, N. A., Rogers, W. T., Rinaldi, C. M., & Cui, Y. D. (2015) · Parenting · doi:10.1080/15295192.2015.1053334 · Cited by 22
Household Food Insecurity: Serious Concerns for Child Development and commentaries
Fiese, B. H., Gundersen, C., Koester, B. D., & Washington, L. (2011) · Child Policy Nexus · doi:10.1002/j.2379-3988.2011.tb00068.x · Cited by 22
Conceptualizing and Measuring Safe, Stable, Nurturing Relationships and Environments in Educational Settings
Robinson, L. R., Leeb, R. T., Merrick, M. T., & Forbes, L. W. (2015) · Journal of Child and Family Studies · doi:10.1007/s10826-015-0332-2 · Cited by 23
“…school ecology and other social ecologies is warranted to understand ways in which the school ecology is impacted by indicators of the larger cultural/social context such as poverty (Evans et al. 2005; Perkins 2012) and neighborhood conditions (Attar et al. 1994; Kirk 2009; Thompson et al. 2006).”
Genetics, parenting, and family functioning—What drives the development of self‐control from adolescence to adulthood?
Mueller, I. M., Spinath, F. M., Friese, M., & Hahn, E. (2022) · Journal of Personality · doi:10.1111/jopy.12723 · Cited by 28
The McMaster Family Assessment Device ( FAD ) dimensions involved in the prediction of adolescent depressive symptoms and their mediating role in regard to socioeconomic status
González, A. C., & Rodriguez-Naranjo, C. (2023) · Family Process · doi:10.1111/famp.12867 · Cited by 21
Family Unpredictability and Psychological Distress in Early Adulthood: The Role of Family Closeness and Coping Mechanisms
Kolak, A. M., Wade, C. L. V., & Ross, L. T. (2018) · Journal of Child and Family Studies · doi:10.1007/s10826-018-1211-4 · Cited by 21
Examining income dynamics and externalizing and internalizing trajectories through a developmental psychopathology lens: A nationally representative study
Miller, P. L., Betancur, L., Whitfield, K., & Votruba‐Drzal, E. (2020) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s0954579419001494 · Cited by 26
“, 2009; Larsson, Chang, D’Onofrio, & Lichtenstein, 2014; Lefebvre & Merrigan, 1998) and have negative links to children’s selfregulatory and attentional abilities (Brody et al., 1999; Evans & English, 2002; Evans et al., 2005; Palacios-Barrios & Hanson, 2019).”
The role of socio-economic disadvantage in the development of comorbid emotional and conduct problems in children with ADHD
Flouri, E., Midouhas, E., Ruddy, A., & Moulton, V. (2017) · European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1007/s00787-017-0940-z · Cited by 21
The Child's Environment
Bradley, R. H. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108866040 · Cited by 20
Household chaos, parental responses to emotion, and child emotion regulation in middle childhood
Hong, Y., McCormick, S. A., Deater-Deckard, K. D., Calkins, S. D., & Bell, M. A. (2020) · Social Development · doi:10.1111/sode.12500 · Cited by 23
The role of executive functions, social cognition and intelligence in predicting social adaptation of vulnerable populations
Schulte, M., Trujillo, N., Rodríguez‐Villagra, O. A., Salas, N., Ibáñez, A. M., Carriedo, N., & Huepe, D. (2022) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-022-21985-9 · Cited by 27
Out of harm's way: Secure versus insecure–disorganized attachment predicts less adolescent risk taking related to childhood poverty
Delker, B. C., Bernstein, R. E., & Laurent, H. K. (2017) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s0954579417000621 · Cited by 22
Control under times of uncertainty: the relationship between hospital competition and physician-patient disputes
Yang, Q., & Pan, J. (2017) · International Journal for Equity in Health · doi:10.1186/s12939-017-0701-0 · Cited by 20
“Perceptions of chaos can arise during times of economic uncertainty [64, 65].”
Background
Peer pressure and home environment as predictors of disruptive and risky sexual behaviours of secondary school adolescents
Adimora, D. E., Akaneme, I. N., & Aye, E. N. (2018) · African Health Sciences · doi:10.4314/ahs.v18i2.4 · Cited by 20
Early student (dis)engagement: Contributions of household chaos, parenting, and self-regulatory skills.
Garrett-Peters, P. T., The Family Life Project Key Investigators, Mokrova, I. L., Carr, R. C., & Vernon‐Feagans, L. (2019) · Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1037/dev0000720 · Cited by 21
“Children living in poverty are more likely to live in chaotic homes (Evans et al., 2005; Garrett-Peters et al., 2016) and likely have fewer opportunities to practice self-regulatory skills because they experience excessive, uncontrollable, negative environmental stimuli.”
Background
Demographic and Socioeconomic Predictors of Behavioral Trajectories from Age 3 to 15: A Longitudinal Mixed Effects Approach
Marçal, K. E. (2020) · Journal of Child and Family Studies · doi:10.1007/s10826-020-01710-8 · Cited by 20
Mentoring At-Risk Youth: an Examination of Strain and Mentor Response Strategies
Wesely, J. K., Dzoba, N., Miller, H. V., & Rasche, C. E. (2016) · American Journal of Criminal Justice · doi:10.1007/s12103-016-9353-7 · Cited by 27
A Theory of Mental Health and Optimal Service Delivery for Homeless Children
Marçal, K. E. (2016) · Child and Adolescent Social Work Journal · doi:10.1007/s10560-016-0464-2 · Cited by 27
“Similarly, the Rutter Children’s Behavior Questionnaire (Rutter, Tizard, & Whitmore, 1970) has been used in a variety of samples to assess emotional and behavioral symptoms that indicate psychiatric disorder in children (Evans et al., 2005; Fombonne, 1989).”
Influential
The Mediating Effect of Self-Regulation in the Association Between Poverty and Child Weight: A Systematic Review
Hails, K. A., Zhou, Y., & Shaw, D. S. (2019) · Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review · doi:10.1007/s10567-019-00279-z · Cited by 24
Belief Updating, Childhood Maltreatment, and Paranoia in Schizophrenia-Spectrum Disorders
Sloan, A. F., Kittleson, A. R., Torregrossa, L., Feola, B., Rossi-Goldthorpe, R. A., Corlett, P. R., & Sheffield, J. M. (2024) · Schizophrenia Bulletin · doi:10.1093/schbul/sbae057 · Cited by 20
Early Environmental Unpredictability: Implications for Youth’s Perceptions and Social Functioning
Dickerson, K. L., Milojevich, H. M., & Quas, J. A. (2019) · Journal of Youth and Adolescence · doi:10.1007/s10964-019-01052-9 · Cited by 25
“…status (SES), given that children growing up in lower SES environments tend to experience a greater number of residential changes, more unpredictable routines, and more inconsistent caregiving than children growing up in higher SES environments (Evans et al. 2005; Leventhal and Brooks-Gunn 2000).”
Background

Authors: Evans, G. W., Gonnella, C., Marcynyszyn, L. A., Gentile, L., & Salpekar, N.
Affiliations: Cornell University (US)
Corresponding author: Evans, Gary W.
ORCID: Evans, Gary W.
Marcynyszyn, Lyscha A.
Venue: Psychological Science
Publisher: SAGE Publications
Published: 2005-07
Volume: 16
Issue: 7
Pages: 560-565
ISSN: 0956-7976 (ISSN-L)
1467-9280
DOI: 10.1111/j.0956-7976.2005.01575.x
OpenAlex: W2056065044
Cited by: 709
References: 42
Citations by year: 2026: 15 · 2025: 51 · 2024: 40 · 2023: 33 · 2022: 60 · 2021: 42 · 2020: 49 · 2019: 40 · 2018: 45 · 2017: 50 · 2016: 57 · 2015: 35 · 2014: 42 · 2013: 34 · 2012: 33
FWCI: 8.87
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: journals.sagepub.com/page/policies/text-and-data-mining-license (tdm)
Locations: Psychological Science (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders: National Institute of Mental Health (F31MH068089, 1F31 MH 68089-01A1)
Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (F33HD008473, 1 F33 HD 08473-01)
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development
Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Food Security and Health in Diverse Populations
Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child Abuse and Trauma
Keywords: chaos, poverty, social-emotional adjustment, low-income youth, living conditions, household composition, crowding, noise, mediation, child development
MeSH terms: Child, Cross-Sectional Studies, Female, Follow-Up Studies, Helplessness, Learned, Humans, Male, Poverty, Social Adjustment, Socioeconomic Factors

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review

The Role of Chaos in Poverty and Children's Socioemotional Adjustment

Abstract

Overview

Integrity signals

Verification

Claims the paper makes

Claims other papers make about this one

Citations

Cites

Cited by

Related

Metadata

Record

About these checks