Cited by 710Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional DevelopmentFood Security and Health in Diverse PopulationsChild Abuse and Trauma

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The Role of Chaos in Poverty and Children's Socioemotional Adjustment

Evans, Gary W., Gonnella, Carrie, Marcynyszyn, Lyscha A., Gentile, Lauren, Salpekar, Nicholas·2005·Psychological Science

DOI 10.1111/j.0956-7976.2005.01575.x

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Abstract

There are growing levels of chaos in the lives of American children, youth, and families. Increasingly, children grow up in households lacking in structure and routine, inundated by background stimulation from noise and crowding, and forced to contend with the frenetic pace of modern life. Although widespread, chaos does not occur randomly in the population. We document that low-income adolescents face higher levels of chaos than their more affluent counterparts and provide longitudinal evidence that some of the adverse effects of poverty on socioemotional adjustment are mediated by exposure to chaotic living conditions.

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“Further, chaos indicators are increasing more rapidly among lowincome families compared to middle income families, and poverty-related chaos places restraints on upward socioeconomic mobility (Evans et al., 2005).”
Background
Longitudinal relations among household chaos, SES, and effortful control in the prediction of language skills in early childhood.
Lecheile, B., Spinrad, T. L., Xu, X., Lopez, J., & Eisenberg, N. (2020) · Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1037/dev0000896 · Cited by 57
“However, the correlations between SES and measures of household chaos are generally modest (Dumas et al., 2005; Evans et al., 2005; Pike et al., 2006), or sometimes nonexistent (Coldwell, Pike, & Dunn, 2006).”
BackgroundInfluential
Neither antecedent nor consequence: Developmental integration of chronic stress, pubertal timing, and conditionally adapted stress response
Joos, C. M., Wodzinski, A., Wadsworth, M. E., & Dorn, L. D. (2018) · Developmental Review · doi:10.1016/j.dr.2018.05.001 · Cited by 47
Income and children’s behavioral functioning: A sequential mediation analysis.
Shelleby, E. C., Votruba‐Drzal, E., Shaw, D. S., Dishion, T. J., Wilson, M. N., & Gardner, F. E. M. (2014) · Journal of Family Psychology · doi:10.1037/fam0000035 · Cited by 53
Exposure to Childhood Poverty and Mental Health Symptomatology in Adolescence: A Role of Coping Strategies
Kim, P., Neuendorf, C., Bianco, H., & Evans, G. W. (2015) · Stress and Health · doi:10.1002/smi.2646 · Cited by 45
Self-citation
Household instability and self-regulation among poor children
McCoy, D. C., & Raver, C. C. (2014) · Journal of Children and Poverty · doi:10.1080/10796126.2014.976185 · Cited by 45
Rethinking family‐centred care for the child and family in hospital
Tallon, M. M., Kendall, G. E., & Snider, P. D. (2015) · Journal of Clinical Nursing · doi:10.1111/jocn.12799 · Cited by 50
Perinatal Programming of Neurodevelopment
Antonelli, M. C. (2014) · Advances in neurobiology · doi:10.1007/978-1-4939-1372-5 · Cited by 46
Poverty, Parent Stress, and Emerging Executive Functions in Young Children
Finegood, E. D., & Blair, C. (2017) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-55376-4_8 · Cited by 58
The Profundity of the Everyday: Family Routines in Adolescence Predict Development in Young Adulthood
Barton, A. W., Brody, G. H., Yu, T., Kogan, S. M., Chen, E., & Ehrlich, K. B. (2018) · Journal of Adolescent Health · doi:10.1016/j.jadohealth.2018.08.029 · Cited by 48
“Third, minority families and those of low socioeconomic status (SES) appear to be under-represented in this research, despite their elevated risk for experiencing unpredictable and chaotic family environments [16].”
Background
The Role of Childhood Executive Function in Explaining Income Disparities in Long-Term Academic Achievement
Deer, L. K., Hastings, P. D., & Hostinar, C. E. (2020) · Child Development · doi:10.1111/cdev.13383 · Cited by 55
How Adults’ Actions, Outcomes, and Testimony Affect Preschoolers’ Persistence
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Interplay of subjective and objective economic well-being on the mental health of Norwegian adolescents
Bøe, T., Petrie, K. J., Sivertsen, B., & Hysing, M. (2019) · SSM - Population Health · doi:10.1016/j.ssmph.2019.100471 · Cited by 44
“Low income is also associated with more chaotic living conditions (Evans et al., 2005), potentially resulting in less efficient physiological responses to stressful situations (Evans et al.”
Background
Poverty and involuntary engagement stress responses: examining the link to anxiety and aggression within low-income families
Wolff, B. C., Santiago, C. D., & Wadsworth, M. E. (2009) · Anxiety Stress & Coping · doi:10.1080/10615800802430933 · Cited by 50
“Compared with their more affluent peers, poor youth and adults experience a greater prevalence of both chronically stressful living conditions (Evans, Gonnella, Marcynyszyn, Gentile, & Salpekar, 2005 ) and heightened physiological reactivity patterns (Hill, Ross, & Angel, 2005 ).”
Background
Attending, learning, and socioeconomic disadvantage: developmental cognitive and social neuroscience of resilience and vulnerability
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Home sweet home? Home physical environment and inflammation in children
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“Discussion Despite general improvements in living conditions of children in the U.S. over the past 40 years, research suggests that large inequalities in home quality remain (Bradley et al., 2001; Conley, 2001; Evans et al., 2005).”
The Role of Effortful Control in Stuttering Severity in Children: Replication Study
Kraft, S. J., Lowther, E., & Beilby, J. M. (2018) · American Journal of Speech-Language Pathology · doi:10.1044/2018_ajslp-17-0097 · Cited by 45
Extending the toxic stress model into adolescence: Profiles of cortisol reactivity
Joos, C. M., McDonald, A. R., & Wadsworth, M. E. (2019) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2019.05.002 · Cited by 47
From Cradle to Grave: How Childhood and Current Environments Impact Consumers’ Subjective Life Expectancy and Decision-Making
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Individual Differences in Adolescent Coping: Comparing a Community Sample and a Low-SES Sample to Understand Coping in Context
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Lighting up the dark: How the scarcity of childhood resources leads to preferences for bright stimuli
Wang, W., Yi, Y., Li, J., Sun, G., & Zhang, M. (2021) · Journal of Business Research · doi:10.1016/j.jbusres.2021.10.058 · Cited by 41
Assessing unpredictability in caregiver–child relationships: Insights from theoretical and empirical perspectives
Ugarte, E., & Hastings, P. D. (2023) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s0954579423000305 · Cited by 51
Residential Mobility, Inhibitory Control, and Academic Achievement in Preschool
Schmitt, S. A., Finders, J. K., & McClelland, M. M. (2014) · Early Education and Development · doi:10.1080/10409289.2015.975033 · Cited by 42
Prevalence of Developmental Delay and Contributing Factors Among Children With Sickle Cell Disease
Hoyt, C. R., Abel, R., Gabir, M., Farmer, G. W., & King, A. A. (2015) · Pediatric Blood & Cancer · doi:10.1002/pbc.25838 · Cited by 41
Associations between Amygdala-Prefrontal Functional Connectivity and Age Depend on Neighborhood Socioeconomic Status
Ramphal, B., DeSerisy, M., Pagliaccio, D., Raffanello, E., Rauh, V., Tau, G. Z., Posner, J. E., Marsh, R., & Margolis, A. E. (2020) · Cerebral Cortex Communications · doi:10.1093/texcom/tgaa033 · Cited by 47
“2017), household stability (Evans et al. 2005), and exposure to stressful childhood experiences (Goldmann et al.”
Background
Connecting the biology of stress, allostatic load and epigenetics to social structures and processes
McEwen, C. A. (2022) · Neurobiology of Stress · doi:10.1016/j.ynstr.2022.100426 · Cited by 48
How the Poor Deal with Their Own Poverty: A Social Psychological Analysis from the Social Identity Perspective
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Cumulative Effects of Poverty on Children’s Social-Emotional Development: Absolute Poverty and Relative Poverty
Lee, K., & Zhang, L. (2021) · Community Mental Health Journal · doi:10.1007/s10597-021-00901-x · Cited by 41

Authors: Evans, G. W., Gonnella, C., Marcynyszyn, L. A., Gentile, L., & Salpekar, N.
Affiliations: Cornell University (US)
Corresponding author: Evans, Gary W.
ORCID: Evans, Gary W.
Marcynyszyn, Lyscha A.
Venue: Psychological Science
Publisher: SAGE Publications
Published: 2005-07
Volume: 16
Issue: 7
Pages: 560-565
ISSN: 0956-7976 (ISSN-L)
1467-9280
DOI: 10.1111/j.0956-7976.2005.01575.x
OpenAlex: W2056065044
Cited by: 709
References: 42
Citations by year: 2026: 15 · 2025: 51 · 2024: 40 · 2023: 33 · 2022: 60 · 2021: 42 · 2020: 49 · 2019: 40 · 2018: 45 · 2017: 50 · 2016: 57 · 2015: 35 · 2014: 42 · 2013: 34 · 2012: 33
FWCI: 8.87
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: journals.sagepub.com/page/policies/text-and-data-mining-license (tdm)
Locations: Psychological Science (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders: National Institute of Mental Health (F31MH068089, 1F31 MH 68089-01A1)
Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (F33HD008473, 1 F33 HD 08473-01)
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development
Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Food Security and Health in Diverse Populations
Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child Abuse and Trauma
Keywords: chaos, poverty, social-emotional adjustment, low-income youth, living conditions, household composition, crowding, noise, mediation, child development
MeSH terms: Child, Cross-Sectional Studies, Female, Follow-Up Studies, Helplessness, Learned, Humans, Male, Poverty, Social Adjustment, Socioeconomic Factors

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The Role of Chaos in Poverty and Children's Socioemotional Adjustment

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