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Cited by 214Cannabis and Cannabinoid ResearchSchizophrenia research and treatmentSubstance Abuse Treatment and Outcomes

Cannabis use predicts future psychotic symptoms, and vice versa

Ferdinand, Robert F., Sondeijker, Frouke, Van Der Ende, Jan, Selten, Jean‐Paul, Huizink, Anja, Verhulst, Frank C.·2005·Addiction
DOI 10.1111/j.1360-0443.2005.01070.x
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Abstract

AIMS: To assess if cannabis use is a risk factor for future psychotic symptoms, and vice versa, in adolescents and young adults from the general population. DESIGN: Cohort study. SETTING/PARTICIPANTS: 'Zuid Holland' study, a 14-year follow-up study of 1580 initially 4-16-year-olds who were drawn randomly from the Dutch general population. Because cannabis use is generally condoned in the Netherlands, false-negative reports of cannabis use may occur less frequently than in countries with stricter drug policies, which supports the value of the present study. MEASUREMENTS: Life-time cannabis use and psychotic symptoms, assessed with the Composite International Diagnostic Interview (CIDI). FINDINGS: Cannabis use, in individuals who did not have psychotic symptoms before they began using cannabis, predicted future psychotic symptoms (hazard ratio = 2.81; 95% confidence interval = 1.79-4.43). However, psychotic symptoms in those who had never used cannabis before the onset of psychotic symptoms also predicted future cannabis use (hazard ratio = 1.70; 95% confidence interval = 1.13-2.57). CONCLUSIONS: The results imply either a common vulnerability with varying order of onset or a bi-directional causal relationship between cannabis use and psychosis. More research on patterns and timings of these relationships is needed to narrow down the possibilities.

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  • Evidence from most case-control and cross-sectional studies supports an association between cannabis use and psychotic symptoms.

    “Evidence from most case-control and cross-sectional studies support an association between cannabis use and schizophrenia (4-6) and psychotic symptoms (7)(8)(9).”

    From Association Between Cannabis and Psychosis: Epidemiologic Evidence (2016) · cites this paper as [7]

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Authors
Ferdinand, R. F., Sondeijker, F., Van Der Ende, J., Selten, J., Huizink, A., & Verhulst, F. C.
Affiliations
  • Erasmus MC (NL)
  • University Medical Center Utrecht (NL)
Corresponding author
Ferdinand, Robert F.
ORCID
Venue
Addiction
Publisher
Wiley
Published
2005-04-22
Volume
100
Issue
5
Pages
612-618
ISSN
  • 0965-2140 (ISSN-L)
  • 1360-0443
DOI
10.1111/j.1360-0443.2005.01070.x
OpenAlex
W1993562858
Cited by
212
References
42
Citations by year
2026: 1 · 2025: 1 · 2024: 4 · 2023: 7 · 2022: 4 · 2021: 5 · 2020: 10 · 2019: 13 · 2018: 12 · 2017: 10 · 2016: 9 · 2015: 7 · 2014: 10 · 2013: 6 · 2012: 12
FWCI
8.08
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
closed
Licence
onlinelibrary.wiley.com/termsAndConditions#vor (vor)
Locations
  • Addiction (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • EUR Research Repository (Erasmus University Rotterdam) (submittedVersion)
  • Radboud Repository (Radboud University) (submittedVersion)
  • VU Research Portal (submittedVersion)
  • Data Archiving and Networked Services (DANS) (submittedVersion)
Topics
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Pharmacology › Cannabis and Cannabinoid Research
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Schizophrenia research and treatment
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Substance Abuse Treatment and Outcomes
Keywords
cannabis use, psychotic symptoms, psychosis risk, adolescents, young adults, bidirectional causality, onset time, lifetime cannabis use
MeSH terms
Adolescent, Marijuana Abuse, Child, Child, Preschool, Female, Follow-Up Studies, Humans, Male, Netherlands, Psychoses, Substance-Induced, Psychotic Disorders, Risk Factors, Cohort Studies

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