Cited by 214Cannabis and Cannabinoid ResearchSchizophrenia research and treatmentSubstance Abuse Treatment and Outcomes

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Cannabis use predicts future psychotic symptoms, and vice versa

Ferdinand, Robert F., Sondeijker, Frouke, Van Der Ende, Jan, Selten, Jean‐Paul, Huizink, Anja, Verhulst, Frank C.·2005·Addiction

DOI 10.1111/j.1360-0443.2005.01070.x

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Abstract

AIMS: To assess if cannabis use is a risk factor for future psychotic symptoms, and vice versa, in adolescents and young adults from the general population. DESIGN: Cohort study. SETTING/PARTICIPANTS: 'Zuid Holland' study, a 14-year follow-up study of 1580 initially 4-16-year-olds who were drawn randomly from the Dutch general population. Because cannabis use is generally condoned in the Netherlands, false-negative reports of cannabis use may occur less frequently than in countries with stricter drug policies, which supports the value of the present study. MEASUREMENTS: Life-time cannabis use and psychotic symptoms, assessed with the Composite International Diagnostic Interview (CIDI). FINDINGS: Cannabis use, in individuals who did not have psychotic symptoms before they began using cannabis, predicted future psychotic symptoms (hazard ratio = 2.81; 95% confidence interval = 1.79-4.43). However, psychotic symptoms in those who had never used cannabis before the onset of psychotic symptoms also predicted future cannabis use (hazard ratio = 1.70; 95% confidence interval = 1.13-2.57). CONCLUSIONS: The results imply either a common vulnerability with varying order of onset or a bi-directional causal relationship between cannabis use and psychosis. More research on patterns and timings of these relationships is needed to narrow down the possibilities.

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Authors: Ferdinand, R. F., Sondeijker, F., Van Der Ende, J., Selten, J., Huizink, A., & Verhulst, F. C.
Affiliations: Erasmus MC (NL)
University Medical Center Utrecht (NL)
Corresponding author: Ferdinand, Robert F.
ORCID: Ferdinand, Robert F.
Sondeijker, Frouke
Selten, Jean‐Paul
Huizink, Anja
Verhulst, Frank C.
Venue: Addiction
Publisher: Wiley
Published: 2005-04-22
Volume: 100
Issue: 5
Pages: 612-618
ISSN: 0965-2140 (ISSN-L)
1360-0443
DOI: 10.1111/j.1360-0443.2005.01070.x
OpenAlex: W1993562858
Cited by: 212
References: 42
Citations by year: 2026: 1 · 2025: 1 · 2024: 4 · 2023: 7 · 2022: 4 · 2021: 5 · 2020: 10 · 2019: 13 · 2018: 12 · 2017: 10 · 2016: 9 · 2015: 7 · 2014: 10 · 2013: 6 · 2012: 12
FWCI: 8.08
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: onlinelibrary.wiley.com/termsAndConditions#vor (vor)
Locations: Addiction (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
EUR Research Repository (Erasmus University Rotterdam) (submittedVersion)
Radboud Repository (Radboud University) (submittedVersion)
VU Research Portal (submittedVersion)
Data Archiving and Networked Services (DANS) (submittedVersion)
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Pharmacology (medical) › Cannabis and Cannabinoid Research
Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Schizophrenia research and treatment
Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Substance Abuse Treatment and Outcomes
Keywords: cannabis use, psychotic symptoms, psychosis risk, adolescents, young adults, bidirectional causality, onset time, lifetime cannabis use
MeSH terms: Adolescent, Marijuana Abuse, Child, Child, Preschool, Female, Follow-Up Studies, Humans, Male, Netherlands, Psychoses, Substance-Induced, Psychotic Disorders, Risk Factors, Cohort Studies

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Cannabis use predicts future psychotic symptoms, and vice versa

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