Activity patterns of reintroduced lion Panthera leo and spotted hyaena Crocuta crocuta in the Addo Elephant National Park, South Africa
Abstract
Abstract Africa's large predator guild competes for a limited food resource base. To minimize the degree of competition, we hypothesized that the two largest members of this guild and its fiercest competitors, the lion and the spotted hyaena, would partition their activity patterns to avoid interacting. We used 96‐h continuous follows of focal animal(s) to determine when the six radio‐collared lions and eight radio‐collared spotted hyaenas, reintroduced into Addo Elephant National Park in 2003/2004, were active using a binomial measure of activity which was defined as movements >100 m during each hourly period. Contrary to our predictions, lions and hyaenas did not partition their activity times, probably because of their current low population densities. Both species exhibited a crepuscular activity pattern although hyaenas were far less active during daylight. A sub‐adult lioness minimized competitive interactions by becoming diurnal. This is likely to be a common strategy for lions that have been expelled from their natal pride to become nomadic, as it allows them to minimize kleptoparasitic and agonistic interactions from competitively dominant conspecifics and competitors. The increase in testosterone that occurs in males upon reaching sexual maturity, darkens their pelage and causes them to be more directly impacted by the heat, and thereby affords females an opportunity to escape from males during hot temperatures. Similarly, the longer pelage of young hyaenas restricts their activity to the cooler night‐time.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Scavenging in Addo is relatively rare, even for spotted hyenas.
“Scavenging in Addo is relatively rare, even for spotted hyenas, Crocuta crocuta, [49] and so carcasses found were assumed to have been killed by lions and not scavenged (from either hyenas or other lions).”
From Effects of Vegetation Structure on the Location of Lion Kill Sites in African Thicket (2016) · cites this paper as [49]
Cites
Hamilton, W. D. (1971) · Journal of Theoretical Biology · doi:10.1016/0022-5193(71)90189-5 · Cited by 3,506 · see citing works
Survival in small intestinal adenocarcinoma
Zar, N., Holmberg, L., Wilander, E., & Rastad, J. (1996) · European Journal of Cancer · doi:10.1016/s0959-8049(96)00244-4 · Cited by 1,243 · see citing works
The Serengeti Lion The Serengeti Lion. A Study of Predator-Prey Relations George B. Schaller
Gelder, R. G. V. (1973) · BioScience · doi:10.2307/1296618 · Cited by 1,017 · see citing works
Infanticide: Comparative and Evolutionary Perspectives
Flinn, M. V., Hausfater, G., & Hrdy, S. B. (1985) · Anthropological Quarterly · doi:10.2307/3317919 · Cited by 910 · see citing works
Why Lions Form Groups: Food is Not Enough
Packer, C., Scheel, D., & Pusey, A. E. (1990) · The American Naturalist · doi:10.1086/285079 · Cited by 651 · see citing works
The Evolution of Cooperative Hunting
Packer, C., & Ruttan, L. M. (1988) · The American Naturalist · doi:10.1086/284844 · Cited by 540 · see citing works
Prey preferences of the lion (<i>Panthera leo</i>)
Hayward, M. W., & Kerley, G. I. H. (2005) · Journal of Zoology · doi:10.1017/s0952836905007508 · Cited by 449 · see citing works
Self-citationSexual Selection, Temperature, and the Lion's Mane
West, P. M., & Packer, C. (2002) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1073257 · Cited by 327 · see citing works
Adaptations of Female Lions to Infanticide by Incoming Males
Packer, C., & Pusey, A. E. (1983) · The American Naturalist · doi:10.1086/284097 · Cited by 304 · see citing works
Hayward, M. W. (2006) · Journal of Zoology · doi:10.1111/j.1469-7998.2006.00183.x · Cited by 231 · see citing works
Self-citationKalahari Hyaenas: Comparative Behavioural Ecology of Two Species
Mills, M. G. L. (1990) · Cited by 215 · see citing works
Mills, M. G. L. (1990) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-94-015-1101-8 · Cited by 205 · see citing works
Vlok, J., Euston‐Brown, D., & Cowling, R. M. (2003) · South African Journal of Botany · doi:10.1016/s0254-6299(15)30358-6 · Cited by 187 · see citing works
Optimal hunting group size: the need for lions to defend their kills against loss to spotted hyaenas
Cooper, S. M. (1991) · African Journal of Ecology · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2028.1991.tb00993.x · Cited by 187 · see citing works
Mills, M. G. L., & Biggs, H. C. (1993) · doi:10.1093/oso/9780198540670.003.0013 · Cited by 155 · see citing works
Gough, K. F., & Kerley, G. I. H. (2006) · Oryx · doi:10.1017/s0030605306001189 · Cited by 125 · see citing works
A Comparison of Methods Used to Study Food Habits of Large African Carnivores
Mills, M. G. L. (1992) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-94-011-2868-1_85 · Cited by 102 · see citing works
Field Guide to the Larger Mammals of Africa
Stuart, C., & Stuart, T. (1997) · Cited by 92 · see citing works
Atmospheric Controls On Elephant Communication
Garstang, M., Larom, D., Raspet, R., et al. (1995) · Journal of Experimental Biology · doi:10.1242/jeb.198.4.939 · Cited by 91 · see citing works
Intrasexual Cooperation and the Sex Ratio in African Lions
Packer, C., & Pusey, A. E. (1987) · The American Naturalist · doi:10.1086/284735 · Cited by 81 · see citing works
Roaring and social communication in African lions: the limitations imposed by listeners
Grinnell, J., & McComb, K. (2001) · Animal Behaviour · doi:10.1006/anbe.2001.1735 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
Bothma, J. D. P., & Walker, C. (1999) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-662-03766-9_7 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
Johnson, C. F., Cowling, R. M., & Phillipson, P. B. (1999) · Biodiversity and Conservation · doi:10.1023/a:1008980120379 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
Food acquisition by spotted hyaenas in Etosha National Park, Namibia: predation versus scavenging
Gasaway, W. C., MOSSESTAD, K. T., & STANDERS, P. E. (1991) · African Journal of Ecology · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2028.1991.tb00821.x · Cited by 52 · see citing works
Field guide to the larger mammals of Africa
(1999) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.36-4491 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Hayward, M. W., de Tores, P. J., Augee, M. L., et al. (2005) · Wildlife Research · doi:10.1071/wr04111 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Self-citationCharacteristics of Lion roars in Etosha National Park
Stander, J., & Stander, P. E. (1988) · Madoqua · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Kruger, J. E. (1988) · UpSpace Institutional Repository (University of Pretoria) · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Effects of Vegetation Structure on the Location of Lion Kill Sites in African Thicket
Davies, A. B., Tambling, C. J., Kerley, G. I. H., & Asner, G. P. (2016) · PLOS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0149098 · Cited by 97 · see citing works
Tambling, C. J., Druce, D. J., Hayward, M. W., Castley, J. G., Adendorff, J., & Kerley, G. I. H. (2012) · Ecology · doi:10.1890/11-1770.1 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
Self-citationElephants facilitate impact of large predators on small ungulate prey species
Tambling, C. J., Minnie, L., Adendorff, J., & Kerley, G. I. H. (2013) · Basic and Applied Ecology · doi:10.1016/j.baae.2013.09.010 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
- Authors
- Hayward, M. W., & Hayward, G. J.
- Affiliations
- Nelson Mandela University (ZA)
- Corresponding author
- Hayward, Matt W.
- ORCID
- Hayward, Matt W.
- Venue
- African Journal of Ecology
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2006-11-09
- Volume
- 45
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 135-141
- ISSN
- 0141-6707 (ISSN-L)
- 1365-2028
- OpenAlex
- W2127256434
- Cited by
- 90
- References
- 30
- Citations by year
- 2026: 6 · 2025: 6 · 2024: 7 · 2023: 6 · 2022: 7 · 2021: 5 · 2020: 5 · 2018: 5 · 2017: 4 · 2016: 3 · 2015: 7 · 2014: 3 · 2013: 3 · 2012: 6
- FWCI
- 1.68
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- African Journal of Ecology (publishedVersion)
- Nelson Mandela University Research Repository (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Nelson Mandela University
- National Park Service
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Ecology › Wildlife Ecology and Conservation
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Ecology › Animal Ecology and Behavior Studies
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Ecology › Rangeland and Wildlife Management
- Keywords
- lion, spotted hyena, activity patterns, interspecific competition, reintroduction, Addo Elephant National Park, crepuscular activity, diurnal activity, coat color, testosterone, heat stress
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
