Cited by 184Marine and fisheries researchFish Ecology and Management StudiesOceanographic and Atmospheric Processes

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 49 of the 50 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; 2 of the 29 sources its claims cite were checked for support.

Modelling potential spawning habitat of sardine ( Sardina pilchardus ) and anchovy ( Engraulis encrasicolus ) in the Bay of Biscay

Open access

PLANQUE, BENJAMIN, BELLIER, EDWIGE, LAZURE, PASCAL·2007·Fisheries Oceanography

DOI 10.1111/j.1365-2419.2006.00411.x

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Abstract

Abstract Large amplitude variations in recruitment of small pelagic fish result from interactions between a fluctuating environment and population dynamics processes such as spawning. The spatial extent and location of spawning, which is critical to the fate of eggs and larvae, can vary strongly from year to year, as a result of changing population structure and environmental conditions. Spawning habitat can be divided into ‘potential spawning habitat’, defined as habitat where the hydrographic conditions are suitable for spawning, ‘realized spawning habitat’, defined as habitat where spawning actually occurs, and ‘successful spawning habitat’, defined as habitat from where successful recruitment has resulted. Using biological data collected during the period 2000–2004, as well as hydrographic data, we investigate the role of environmental parameters in controlling the potential spawning habitat of anchovy and sardine in the Bay of Biscay. Anchovy potential spawning habitat appears to be primarily related to bottom temperature followed by surface temperature and mixed‐layer depth, whilst surface and bottom salinity appear to play a lesser role. The possible influence of hydrographic factors on the spawning habitat of sardine seems less clear than for anchovy. Modelled relationships between anchovy and sardine spawning are used to predict potential spawning habitat from hydrodynamical simulations. The results show that the seasonal patterns in spawning are well reproduced by the model, indicating that hydrographic changes may explain a large fraction of spawning spatial dynamics. Such models may prove useful in the context of forecasting potential impacts of future environmental changes on sardine and anchovy reproductive strategy in the north‐east Atlantic.

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Written from the paper’s full text.

TL;DR

Using 2000–2004 PELGAS egg and hydrographic data, this study models potential spawning habitat of sardine and anchovy in the Bay of Biscay with generalised additive models. Anchovy habitat is best predicted by bottom temperature, surface temperature and mixed-layer depth, while sardine relationships are weaker and less clear.

Key findings

Anchovy potential spawning habitat was best explained by bottom temperature (35% deviance, GCV 0.508), followed by surface temperature and mixed-layer depth; surface and bottom salinity played lesser roles. Anchovy spawning occurred mostly at 14.5–19°C surface and 12–15°C bottom, with a lower bottom-temperature limit near 12°C and an optimal surface temperature around 17°C; eggs were preferentially in low surface salinity (<34), shallow mixed layers, and either weakly stratified (PED <30 J) or highly stratified (PED >110 J) waters.
Sardine relationships were less clear: all hydrographic predictors had similar deviance and GCV scores, and deviance explained was generally lower than for anchovy. Sardine showed a surface thermal preferendum around 12.5–15°C, a bimodal bottom-temperature response with a first mode near 11.75°C and positive values beyond 12.5°C, and bimodal surface salinity effects (<33.5 and >35.25); eggs occurred across mixing depths, with higher presence for deep or very shallow mixed layers and decreasing presence as stratification increased.
Multiple-predictor GAMs for anchovy improved up to 5 predictors but gained little beyond a 3-predictor model (bottom temperature, surface salinity, surface temperature); the best sardine model included all six hydrographic predictors. Hydrodynamical simulations for 1999 reproduced seasonal spawning patterns, with anchovy potential habitat absent in late winter and extending in spring, while sardine habitat covered larger, more patchy areas and extended northward.
Adult biomass was almost unrelated to mean egg-presence probability for anchovy (r² = 0.02, n = 5); sardine showed a positive relationship (r² = 0.6, n = 4) but it depended on one year (2001), so the study could not conclude that year-to-year realised spawning habitat was directly linked to adult biomass.

Methods

Five spring PELGAS cruises (2000–2004) sampled the Bay of Biscay continental shelf. Eggs were collected with a CUFES pumping seawater at 3 m depth at about 500 L/min, with 20-minute samples corresponding to about 10 m³ filtered seawater over about 3 nautical miles; sardine and anchovy eggs were identified, counted, standardised to eggs per 10 m³, and converted to presence/absence. Hydrographic profiles were taken at fixed stations at night with CTD; six parameters were derived: surface and bottom temperature, surface and bottom salinity, potential energy deficit, and mixed-layer depth; profiles deeper than 100 m were truncated to the first 100 m.
Egg presence and hydrographic parameters were interpolated on the same 1/8° grid by ordinary point kriging. Generalised additive models (GAMs) in R’s mgcv were fitted first with single predictors, ranked by deviance explained, GCV score, and confidence regions, then with multiple predictors (1–6) selected by GCV and deviance. Potential habitat was predicted from MARS3D hydrodynamical simulations (5 km horizontal resolution, 10 vertical sigma layers) for 1999, restricted to areas shallower than 1000 m, with no prediction where modelled predictors fell outside observed ranges.

Limitations

Stated: the field cruises were centred on spawning areas and timing, so they included only a fraction of non-spawning sites and a limited range of hydrographic situations; the description is limited to subsurface (3 m) egg presence, and vertical egg distribution was not modelled; simulations depend heavily on the hydrodynamical model’s realism; predicting potential spawning habitat is not predicting realised spawning or spawning success; and the biomass analysis could not establish a year-to-year link to realised spawning habitat for the period studied.
Evident from the text: individual GAM p-values could not be used because of strong spatial autocorrelation and unknown true degrees of freedom; the study covers only five years (2000–2004) and one simulation year (1999); and sardine relationships were weak and less clear, with all hydrographic predictors performing similarly and lower deviance explained than for anchovy.

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Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1111/j.1365-2419.2006.00411.x

Cites

49 of 49 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Nothing to recompute.

Claims the paper makes

2 of 29 cited sources checked · 2 supported · 0 flagged

The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“This structure is known to be present from southern Brittany, down to the latitude of the Gironde estuary, centred over the 100-m depth zone.”
§ Modelling potential spawning habitat of sardine (Sardina pilchardus) and anchovy (Engraulis encrasicolus) in the Bay of Biscay > DISCUSSION
What the sources say
- Not matched
  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
  cites Vincent andKurc, 1969
- Supported
  Section 2.2 (Thermal variability) explicitly describes the cold pool as extending from southern Brittany to the latitude of the Gironde estuary, centred over the 100-m-deep zone. (LLM, conf=0.95)
  cites Puillat et al., 2004 source
Strength:boosted· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The results show that the seasonal patterns in spawning are well reproduced by the model,”
§ Modelling potential spawning habitat of sardine (Sardina pilchardus) and anchovy (Engraulis encrasicolus) in the Bay of Biscay > Abstract
Load-bearingStrength:boosted· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes
- Rests on an assumption: GAM relationships fitted on 2000-2004 egg presence and hydrographic data can be applied to hydrodynamical simulations to predict potential spawning habitat.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“At the end of April, most of the continental shelf is suitable for sardine spawning.”
§ Modelling potential spawning habitat of sardine (Sardina pilchardus) and anchovy (Engraulis encrasicolus) in the Bay of Biscay > Model simulations
Strength:plain· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes
- The authors state this as an assumption: If eggs are present in the water column, they will be found at 3 m depth where the CUFES operates; the presence/absence index used in the study can be considered a good proxy for presence or absence of eggs in the water column.
- Rests on an assumption: The hydrodynamical model can realistically mimic hydrographic conditions.

Show all 48 claims

It may state two separate claims as one. 32
Probably not a substantial claim. 8

The sources with a verdict support this claim; the rest weren’t checked yet, have no full text we could read, or their verdicts aren’t rated yet.
In the paper
“Previous studies (Coombs et al., 1985, Olivar et al., 2001, Boyra 20 et al., 2003, Coombs et al., 2003) suggest that the vertical distribution of anchovy and sardine eggs is variable but in most cases a fraction of the eggs is always present in the first 5 meters”
§ Modelling potential spawning habitat of sardine (Sardina pilchardus) and anchovy (Engraulis encrasicolus) in the Bay of Biscay > DISCUSSION
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Coombs et al., 1985 source
- Supported
  The Anchovy results report eggs throughout the sampled water column, concentrated in its upper layers. The Pilchard results describe a broader distribution but say later-stage eggs were concentrated in the upper 5 m. Together, these passages support variable vertical distributions with some eggs near the surface in the populations studied. (LLM, conf=0.86)
  cites Olivar et al., 2001 source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Boyra et al., 2003 source
Load-bearingStrength:hedged· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“By early spring the potential spawning habitat has extended over a broader area but preserve a similar geographical structure.”
§ Modelling potential spawning habitat of sardine (Sardina pilchardus) and anchovy (Engraulis encrasicolus) in the Bay of Biscay > Model simulations
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes
It may state two separate claims as one.
- The authors state this as an assumption: If eggs are present in the water column, they will be found at 3 m depth where the CUFES operates; the presence/absence index used in the study can be considered a good proxy for presence or absence of eggs in the water column.
- Rests on an assumption: The hydrodynamical model can realistically mimic hydrographic conditions.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In late winter, most of the coast along northern Spain 5 appears favourable for spawning, as well as the southern part of the Bay of Biscay up to 45N, excluding a narrow coastal strip.”
§ Modelling potential spawning habitat of sardine (Sardina pilchardus) and anchovy (Engraulis encrasicolus) in the Bay of Biscay > Model simulations
Load-bearingStrength:hedged· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes
It may state two separate claims as one.
- The authors state this as an assumption: If eggs are present in the water column, they will be found at 3 m depth where the CUFES operates; the presence/absence index used in the study can be considered a good proxy for presence or absence of eggs in the water column.
- Rests on an assumption: The hydrodynamical model can realistically mimic hydrographic conditions.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The modelled potential spawning habitat of sardine generally covers larger areas and is more patchy than that of anchovy.”
§ Modelling potential spawning habitat of sardine (Sardina pilchardus) and anchovy (Engraulis encrasicolus) in the Bay of Biscay > Model simulations
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes
It may state two separate claims as one.
- The authors state this as an assumption: If eggs are present in the water column, they will be found at 3 m depth where the CUFES operates; the presence/absence index used in the study can be considered a good proxy for presence or absence of eggs in the water column.
- Rests on an assumption: The hydrodynamical model can realistically mimic hydrographic conditions.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Along the coast to the north of the Gironde estuary, the hydrographic conditions are not within the range of the GAMs, so there is no prediction of the potential spawning habitat for this region.”
§ Modelling potential spawning habitat of sardine (Sardina pilchardus) and anchovy (Engraulis encrasicolus) in the Bay of Biscay > Model simulations
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes
It may state two separate claims as one.
- The authors state this as an assumption: If eggs are present in the water column, they will be found at 3 m depth where the CUFES operates; the presence/absence index used in the study can be considered a good proxy for presence or absence of eggs in the water column.
- Rests on an assumption: The hydrodynamical model can realistically mimic hydrographic conditions.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“By late May, 10 potential spawning habitat has restricted towards shallower waters, but also along the shelf break.”
§ Modelling potential spawning habitat of sardine (Sardina pilchardus) and anchovy (Engraulis encrasicolus) in the Bay of Biscay > Model simulations
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes
It may state two separate claims as one.
- The authors state this as an assumption: If eggs are present in the water column, they will be found at 3 m depth where the CUFES operates; the presence/absence index used in the study can be considered a good proxy for presence or absence of eggs in the water column.
- Rests on an assumption: The hydrodynamical model can realistically mimic hydrographic conditions.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“For sardine there is a positive relationship (r 2 =0.6, n=4) but it results from one year of observation only, in 2001, when the estimated biomass was low and the mean probability of egg 10 presence was also low.”
§ Modelling potential spawning habitat of sardine (Sardina pilchardus) and anchovy (Engraulis encrasicolus) in the Bay of Biscay > DISCUSSION
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedSingle case
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: Adult fish biomass can potentially influence the spatial extent of spawning.
In the paper
“Surprisingly, bottom temperature appears to be the best predictor for anchovy potential spawning habitat, followed by surface temperature and mixed-layer depth, whilst surface and bottom salinity appear to play a lesser role (Tables 1 and 2).”
- Also stated in: § DISCUSSION · plain
  “The moderate role of salinity in the Bay of Biscay is consistent with the findings of Reid (1966) at the scale of the global ocean.”
§ Modelling potential spawning habitat of sardine (Sardina pilchardus) and anchovy (Engraulis encrasicolus) in the Bay of Biscay > DISCUSSION
What the sources say
- Not matched
  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
  cites Reid (1966)
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes
It may state two separate claims as one.
- The authors state this as an assumption: If eggs are present in the water column, they will be found at 3 m depth where the CUFES operates; the presence/absence index used in the study can be considered a good proxy for presence or absence of eggs in the water column.
- Rests on an assumption: The hydrodynamical model can realistically mimic hydrographic conditions.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In late May the hydrographic conditions appear favourable over a wide area south of 46°N and more restricted towards the coast in the north.”
§ Modelling potential spawning habitat of sardine (Sardina pilchardus) and anchovy (Engraulis encrasicolus) in the Bay of Biscay > Model simulations
Strength:hedged· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes
It may state two separate claims as one.
- The authors state this as an assumption: If eggs are present in the water column, they will be found at 3 m depth where the CUFES operates; the presence/absence index used in the study can be considered a good proxy for presence or absence of eggs in the water column.
- Rests on an assumption: The hydrodynamical model can realistically mimic hydrographic conditions.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“At the end of April, the southern part of the Bay seems less favourable for spawning whilst to the north of the Gironde the potential habitat extends further towards the middle of the shelf.”
§ Modelling potential spawning habitat of sardine (Sardina pilchardus) and anchovy (Engraulis encrasicolus) in the Bay of Biscay > Model simulations
Strength:hedged· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes
It may state two separate claims as one.
- The authors state this as an assumption: If eggs are present in the water column, they will be found at 3 m depth where the CUFES operates; the presence/absence index used in the study can be considered a good proxy for presence or absence of eggs in the water column.
- Rests on an assumption: The hydrodynamical model can realistically mimic hydrographic conditions.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Aside from temperature effects, high egg abundance seems to prevail in either coastal well mixed areas (i.e.shallow mixed-layer and low stratification energy) or highly stratified river plumes (i.e.shallow mixed-layer depth, high stratification and 5 low surface salinity, Fig. 5).”
§ Modelling potential spawning habitat of sardine (Sardina pilchardus) and anchovy (Engraulis encrasicolus) in the Bay of Biscay > DISCUSSION
Load-bearingStrength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes
It may state two separate claims as one.
- The authors state this as an assumption: If eggs are present in the water column, they will be found at 3 m depth where the CUFES operates; the presence/absence index used in the study can be considered a good proxy for presence or absence of eggs in the water column.
- Rests on an assumption: The hydrodynamical model can realistically mimic hydrographic conditions.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The late spawning at the shelf break north of 45°N is not well reproduced, although there are areas with high probability of egg presence but with very restricted spatial extension.”
§ Modelling potential spawning habitat of sardine (Sardina pilchardus) and anchovy (Engraulis encrasicolus) in the Bay of Biscay > DISCUSSION
Strength:plain· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes
It may state two separate claims as one.
- The authors state this as an assumption: If eggs are present in the water column, they will be found at 3 m depth where the CUFES operates; the presence/absence index used in the study can be considered a good proxy for presence or absence of eggs in the water column.
- Rests on an assumption: The hydrodynamical model can realistically mimic hydrographic conditions.
In the paper
“The modelled succession of spatial patterns for anchovy potential spawning habitat in 1999 is in agreement with field observations, as describe in Motos et al. (1996), with early spawning taking place along the coast in the southern part of the Bay, followed by increasing spawning off the Gironde estuary and a gradual displacement towards northern coastal latitudes to the South of Brittany.”
§ Modelling potential spawning habitat of sardine (Sardina pilchardus) and anchovy (Engraulis encrasicolus) in the Bay of Biscay > DISCUSSION
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Motos et al. (1996)
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes
It may state two separate claims as one.
- The authors state this as an assumption: If eggs are present in the water column, they will be found at 3 m depth where the CUFES operates; the presence/absence index used in the study can be considered a good proxy for presence or absence of eggs in the water column.
- Rests on an assumption: The hydrodynamical model can realistically mimic hydrographic conditions.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Sardine appears to have a greater tolerance than anchovy for low bottom temperature (Fig. 5) although it also appears to avoid cold pool waters.”
§ Modelling potential spawning habitat of sardine (Sardina pilchardus) and anchovy (Engraulis encrasicolus) in the Bay of Biscay > DISCUSSION
Load-bearingStrength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes
It may state two separate claims as one.
- The authors state this as an assumption: If eggs are present in the water column, they will be found at 3 m depth where the CUFES operates; the presence/absence index used in the study can be considered a good proxy for presence or absence of eggs in the water column.
- Rests on an assumption: The hydrodynamical model can realistically mimic hydrographic conditions.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Sardine eggs can be found in coastal waters (i.e.shallow mixing depth and low stratification energy), but contrary to anchovy they are also found in areas of deep mixing and low stratification energy which correspond to thermal rather than haline stratification in early spring.”
§ Modelling potential spawning habitat of sardine (Sardina pilchardus) and anchovy (Engraulis encrasicolus) in the Bay of Biscay > DISCUSSION
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes
It may state two separate claims as one.
- The authors state this as an assumption: If eggs are present in the water column, they will be found at 3 m depth where the CUFES operates; the presence/absence index used in the study can be considered a good proxy for presence or absence of eggs in the water column.
- Rests on an assumption: The hydrodynamical model can realistically mimic hydrographic conditions.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The modelled succession of spatial patterns for sardine is also consistent with existing field observations, with 5 potential spawning habitat showing a more fragmented distribution and covering a larger area than for anchovy and progressively extending northward as the season progresses.”
§ Modelling potential spawning habitat of sardine (Sardina pilchardus) and anchovy (Engraulis encrasicolus) in the Bay of Biscay > DISCUSSION
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes
It may state two separate claims as one.
- The authors state this as an assumption: If eggs are present in the water column, they will be found at 3 m depth where the CUFES operates; the presence/absence index used in the study can be considered a good proxy for presence or absence of eggs in the water column.
- Rests on an assumption: The hydrodynamical model can realistically mimic hydrographic conditions.
In the paper
“Anchovy spawning occurs preferentially close to the coast and sometimes at the shelf break or in oceanic slope water eddies (Motos et al., 1996).”
§ Modelling potential spawning habitat of sardine (Sardina pilchardus) and anchovy (Engraulis encrasicolus) in the Bay of Biscay > Anchovy
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Motos et al., 1996
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Stratification, retention and plankton production have been proposed as other controlling factors for anchovy spawning (or spawning success) in the Bay of Biscay (Motos et al., 1996).”
§ Modelling potential spawning habitat of sardine (Sardina pilchardus) and anchovy (Engraulis encrasicolus) in the Bay of Biscay > Anchovy
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Motos et al., 1996
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:conditional· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passes
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Intensity of spawning appears to be constrained by thermal environment : Arbault and Lacroix (1977) have reported anchovy spawning within a thermal window of 14-20°C, Sola et al. (1990) have found a thermal window of 16.5-19°C whilst according to Motos et al. (1996) the thermal range is between 14 and 18°C.”
§ Modelling potential spawning habitat of sardine (Sardina pilchardus) and anchovy (Engraulis encrasicolus) in the Bay of Biscay > Anchovy
What the sources say
- Not matched
  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
  cites Arbault and Lacroix (1977)
- Not matched
  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
  cites Sola et al. (1990)
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Motos et al. (1996)
Load-bearingStrength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:conditional· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim could be matched to a paper in Crossref, so there is nothing to check it against.
In the paper
“In the Bay of Biscay, sardine spawning occurs within a thermal window of 12.5-15°C according to Sola et al. (1990) and of 10-16°C according to Arbault and 5 Lacroix (1977).”
§ Modelling potential spawning habitat of sardine (Sardina pilchardus) and anchovy (Engraulis encrasicolus) in the Bay of Biscay > Sardine
What the sources say
- Not matched
  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
  cites Sola et al. (1990)
- Not matched
  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
  cites Arbault and Lacroix (1977)
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes
It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The simulations of potential spawning habitat relies heavily on the capability of the hydrodynamical model to mimic realistically hydrographic conditions.”
§ Modelling potential spawning habitat of sardine (Sardina pilchardus) and anchovy (Engraulis encrasicolus) in the Bay of Biscay > DISCUSSION
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✗ Based: fails
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: The hydrodynamical model can realistically mimic hydrographic conditions.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“It is likely that anchovy are not directly dependent on temperature close to the bottom, but since temperature displays little gradient below the thermocline, bottom temperature appears as a good proxy for the conditions between the bottom and 25 the thermocline.”
§ Modelling potential spawning habitat of sardine (Sardina pilchardus) and anchovy (Engraulis encrasicolus) in the Bay of Biscay > DISCUSSION
Load-bearingStrength:hedged· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes
It may state two separate claims as one.
- The authors state this as an assumption: If eggs are present in the water column, they will be found at 3 m depth where the CUFES operates; the presence/absence index used in the study can be considered a good proxy for presence or absence of eggs in the water column.
- Rests on an assumption: The hydrodynamical model can realistically mimic hydrographic conditions.
In the paper
“In his world-wide analysis of anchovy distribution, Reid (1966) argues that the genus Engraulis is found from estuaries to high salinity waters, so that it is associated with coastal areas rather than with water of a given salinity range.”
§ Modelling potential spawning habitat of sardine (Sardina pilchardus) and anchovy (Engraulis encrasicolus) in the Bay of Biscay > Anchovy
What the sources say
- Not matched
  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
  cites Reid (1966)
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passes
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Such conditions can be seen as providing the 'hydrographic envelope' of the spawning species, a notion which can be related to the more general 5 'bioclimate envelope' or 'climate space' (see Pearson and Dawson, 2003 and references therein).”
§ Modelling potential spawning habitat of sardine (Sardina pilchardus) and anchovy (Engraulis encrasicolus) in the Bay of Biscay > CONCLUSION
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Pearson and Dawson, 2003 source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✗ Checkable: fails✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passes
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.

37 of 37

The paper relies on this without support.
Egg presence is a valid indicator of spawning.
“The definition of potential spawning habitat is based on the existence of a relationship between hydrographic factors and the probability of egg presence.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Spatial and seasonal extent of potential spawning habitat is primarily affected by variability in climate and the environment.
“Spatial and seasonal extent of potential 5 spawning habitat will be primarily affected by variability in climate and the environment.”
The paper relies on this without support.
GAM relationships fitted on 2000-2004 egg presence and hydrographic data can be applied to hydrodynamical simulations to predict potential spawning habitat.
“Using the GAMs (constructed from observed egg distributions and hydrographic situations) it is possible to predict the probability of egg presence from a new set of hydrographic predictors.We have made such attempt using hydrographic results for hydrodynamical simulations.”
The authors state this as an assumption.
If eggs are present in the water column, they will be found at 3 m depth where the CUFES operates; the presence/absence index used in the study can be considered a good proxy for presence or absence of eggs in the water column.
“It therefore appears to be a reasonable assumption that if eggs are present in the water column they will be found at 25 3m depth where the CUFES operates, and the presence/absence index used in the present study can be considered as a good proxy for presence or absence of eggs in the water column.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The hydrodynamical model can realistically mimic hydrographic conditions.
“The simulations of potential spawning habitat relies heavily on the capability of the hydrodynamical model to mimic realistically hydrographic conditions.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Adult fish biomass can potentially influence the spatial extent of spawning.
“Another variable which can potentially influence the spatial extent of spawning is the biomass of adult fish spawning.”

6 of 6

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.

Post-spawning effects attributed to realised habitat
Minor
The paper defines realised spawning habitat by where fish actually spawn and attributes its extent primarily to adult population characteristics. It then attributes effects on eggs, larvae and juveniles after spawning to realised habitat, although those effects belong to its definition of successful spawning habitat.

1 of 1

STATISTICS FOR SPATIAL DATA
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Statistics for Spatial Data
Cressie, N. A. C. (1993) · Wiley Series in Probability and Statistics · doi:10.1002/9781119115151 · Cited by 6,507
Predicting the impacts of climate change on the distribution of species: are bioclimate envelope models useful
Pearson, R. G., & Dawson, T. P. (2003) · Global Ecology and Biogeography · doi:10.1046/j.1466-822x.2003.00042.x · Cited by 4,252
Statistics for Spatial Data, Revised Edition.
Cressie, N. (1994) · Biometrics · doi:10.2307/2533238 · Cited by 1,902
Populations in a Seasonal Environment.
Cody, M. L., & Fretwell, S. D. (1973) · Evolution · doi:10.2307/2406975 · Cited by 1,698
GAMs with integrated model selection using penalized regression splines and applications to environmental modelling
Wood, S. N., & Augustin, N. H. (2002) · Ecological Modelling · doi:10.1016/s0304-3800(02)00193-x · Cited by 821
Patterns in the ocean: Ocean processes and marine population dynamics
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Dynamic Geography of Marine Fish Populations
MacCall, A. D. (1990) · Cited by 531

Flagged first, then by citations

Show all 50 references

1 of the 50 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.

Research works printed but not linked: 11

Ahlstrom E.H., 1965, A review of the effects of the environment of the Pacific sardine, ICNAF Spec. Publ., 6, 53
Arbault S., 1967, Oeufs et larves de poissons téléostéens dans le golfe de Gascogne en 1964, Cons. Int. Explor. Mer., 11
Arbault S., 1971, Aires de ponte de la sardine, du sprat et de l'anchois dans le golfe de Gascogne et sur le plateau Celtique. Résultats de 6 années d’études, Rev. Trav. Inst. Pêches Marit., 35, 35
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Method
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Method
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Background
Analysis of the Distribution Characteristics of Jellyfish and Environmental Factors in the Seawater Intake Area of the Haiyang Nuclear Power Plant in China
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Method
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Abdelouahab, H., Berraho, A., Baibai, T., Larissi, J., Charib, S., Agouzouk, A., Makaoui, A., Ettahiri, O., & Errhif, A. (2020) · Oceanologia · doi:10.1016/j.oceano.2020.08.006 · Cited by 11
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“Some fish eggs, such as those of sardines and anchovies, are always present in the first 5 m (Planque et al., 2007).”
Background
Advances in Early Life History Study of Fish
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Background
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Background
Predator biomass affects west–east shifts in Barents Sea capelin ( Mallotus villosus ) spawning ground use
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“Potential spawning habitat refers only to locations where conditions are suitable for spawning, but not necessarily to where spawning actually occurs (Planque et al. 2007).”
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BackgroundInfluential
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Authors: PLANQUE, B., BELLIER, E., & LAZURE, P.
Affiliations: Ifremer (FR)
Corresponding author: PLANQUE, BENJAMIN
Venue: Fisheries Oceanography
Publisher: Wiley
Published: 2006-10-25
Volume: 16
Issue: 1
Pages: 16-30
ISSN: 1054-6006 (ISSN-L)
1365-2419
DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2419.2006.00411.x
OpenAlex: W1989989422
Semantic Scholar: fed6b7a7c0bdb0a57518f9ad49a1723e26462085
Cited by: 184
References: 50
Citations by year: 2026: 8 · 2025: 16 · 2024: 9 · 2023: 4 · 2022: 11 · 2021: 6 · 2020: 12 · 2019: 5 · 2018: 7 · 2017: 14 · 2016: 10 · 2015: 8 · 2014: 17 · 2013: 5 · 2012: 13
FWCI: 7.00
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: bronze
doi.org
Licence: onlinelibrary.wiley.com/termsAndConditions#vor (vor)
Locations: Fisheries Oceanography (publishedVersion)
HAL (Le Centre pour la Communication Scientifique Directe) (submittedVersion)
Institutional Archive of Ifremer (French Research Institute for Exploitation of the Sea) (submittedVersion)
Topics: Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Aquatic Science › Marine and fisheries research
Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Nature and Landscape Conservation › Fish Ecology and Management Studies
Physical Sciences › Earth and Planetary Sciences › Oceanography › Oceanographic and Atmospheric Processes
Keywords: sardine, anchovy, Sardina pilchardus, Engraulis encrasicolus, hydrographic conditions, bottom water temperature, mixed layer depth, salinity, spawning seasonality, Bay of Biscay, Northeast Atlantic

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Modelling potential spawning habitat of sardine ( Sardina pilchardus ) and anchovy ( Engraulis encrasicolus ) in the Bay of Biscay

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