Predator–prey size relationships in an African large-mammal food web
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1. Size relationships are central in structuring trophic linkages within food webs, leading to suggestions that the dietary niche of smaller carnivores is nested within that of larger species. However, past analyses have not taken into account the differing selection shown by carnivores for specific size ranges of prey, nor the extent to which the greater carcass mass of larger prey outweighs the greater numerical representation of smaller prey species in the predator diet. Furthermore, the top-down impact that predation has on prey abundance cannot be assessed simply in terms of the number of predator species involved. 2. Records of found carcasses and cause of death assembled over 46 years in the Kruger National Park, South Africa, corrected for under-recording of smaller species, enabled a definitive assessment of size relationships between large mammalian carnivores and their ungulate prey. Five carnivore species were considered, including lion (Panthera leo), leopard (Panthera pardus), cheetah (Acinonyx jubatus), African wild dog (Lycaon pictus) and spotted hyena (Crocuta crocuta), and 22 herbivore prey species larger than 10 kg in adult body mass. 3. These carnivores selectively favoured prey species approximately half to twice their mass, within a total prey size range from an order of magnitude below to an order of magnitude above the body mass of the predator. The three smallest carnivores, i.e. leopard, cheetah and wild dog, showed high similarity in prey species favoured. Despite overlap in prey size range, each carnivore showed a distinct dietary preference. 4. Almost all mortality was through the agency of a predator for ungulate species up to the size of a giraffe (800-1200 kg). Ungulates larger than twice the mass of the predator contributed substantially to the dietary intake of lions, despite the low proportional mortality inflicted by predation on these species. Only for megaherbivores substantially exceeding 1000 kg in adult body mass did predation become a negligible cause of mortality. 5. Hence, the relative size of predators and prey had a pervasive structuring influence on biomass fluxes within this large-mammal food web. Nevertheless, the large carnivore assemblage was dominated overwhelmingly by the largest predator, which contributed the major share of animals killed across a wide size range.
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Lions, when present, are responsible for the majority of mammal herbivore mortality and biomass consumed for prey species larger than 10 kg.
“Lions, Panthera leo, are of particular interest in predator-prey studies because, when present, they are responsible for the majority of mammal herbivore mortality and biomass consumed for prey species larger than 10 kg [34].”
From Effects of Vegetation Structure on the Location of Lion Kill Sites in African Thicket (2016) · cites this paper as [34]
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- Authors
- Owen‐Smith, N., & Mills, M. G. L.
- Affiliations
- University of the Witwatersrand (ZA)
- University of Pretoria (ZA)
- Corresponding author
- Owen‐Smith, Norman
- Venue
- Journal of Animal Ecology
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2007-10-26
- Volume
- 77
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 173-183
- ISSN
- 0021-8790 (ISSN-L)
- 1365-2656
- OpenAlex
- W2014229261
- Cited by
- 374
- References
- 52
- Citations by year
- 2026: 16 · 2025: 19 · 2024: 15 · 2023: 28 · 2022: 30 · 2021: 20 · 2020: 19 · 2019: 24 · 2018: 13 · 2017: 22 · 2016: 26 · 2015: 20 · 2014: 17 · 2013: 30 · 2012: 24
- FWCI
- 10.72
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Journal of Animal Ecology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- UpSpace Institutional Repository (University of Pretoria) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Ecology › Wildlife Ecology and Conservation
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Ecology › Animal Ecology and Behavior Studies
- Physical Sciences › Earth and Planetary Sciences › Paleontology › Evolution and Paleontology Studies
- Keywords
- predator-prey size relationship, large carnivores, ungulate prey, carnivore diet, prey selection, causes of death, lion, leopard, cheetah, Lycaon pictus, spotted hyena, top-down control, food web structure, Kruger National Park
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Body Weight, Carnivora, Feeding Behavior, Female, Male, Perissodactyla, Population Dynamics, Predatory Behavior, South Africa, Ecosystem, Biomass, Food Chain, Body Size
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