Hormonally controlled expression of the Arabidopsis MAX4 shoot branching regulatory gene
Open accessAbstract
Summary: The Arabidopsis MORE AXILLARY BRANCHING 4 (MAX4) gene is required for the production of a long‐range, graft‐transmissible signal that inhibits shoot branching. Buds of max4 mutant plants are resistant to the inhibitory effects of apically applied auxin, indicating that MAX4 is required for auxin‐mediated bud inhibition. The RAMOSUS 1 (RMS1) and DECREASED APICAL DOMINANCE 1 (DAD1) genes of pea and petunia, respectively, are orthologous to MAX4 and function in a similar way. Here we show that, despite the similarities between these three genes, there are significant differences in the regulation of their expression. RMS1 is known to be upregulated by auxin in the shoot, suggesting a straightforward link between the RMS1‐dependent branch‐inhibiting signal and auxin, whereas we find that MAX4 is only upregulated by auxin in the root and hypocotyl, and this is not required for the inhibition of shoot branching. Furthermore, both RMS1 and DAD1 are subject to feedback regulation, for which there is no evidence for MAX4. Instead, overexpression studies and reciprocal grafting experiments demonstrate that the most functionally significant point of interaction between auxin and MAX4 is post‐transcriptional and indeed post‐synthesis of the MAX4‐dependent graft‐transmissible signal.
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The primary mechanism of strigolactone function is expected to be conserved across plant species.
“One would expect the primary mechanism of strigolactone function to be conserved across plant species, especially due to high conservation of the biosynthetic pathway and its regulation by auxin (Fig. 6; Sorefan et al., 2003;Bainbridge et al., 2005;Foo et al., 2005;Zou et al., 2006;Arite et al., 2007;Gomez-Roldan et al., 2008;Umehara et al., 2008).”
From Strigolactone Acts Downstream of Auxin to Regulate Bud Outgrowth in Pea and Arabidopsis (2009) · cites this paper as Bainbridge et al., 2005
The Introduction and Conclusions (pages unavailable) describe MAX gene function and shoot-branching control as conserved across species, supporting the expectation of a shared core function. But the Conclusions explicitly say that auxin regulation of MAX4 expression is not conserved between Arabidopsis and pea, so this source does not support the sentence’s stated rationale that regulation by auxin is highly conserved. (LLM, conf=0.88)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredAuxin regulation of the expression of the SMS synthesis gene CCD8 is AXR1 dependent in Arabidopsis.
“Auxin regulation of the expression of the SMS synthesis gene CCD8 was demonstrated to be AXR1 dependent in Arabidopsis (Bainbridge et al., 2005).”
From Strigolactone Acts Downstream of Auxin to Regulate Bud Outgrowth in Pea and Arabidopsis (2009) · cites this paper as Bainbridge et al., 2005
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Cites
<i>MAX1</i> and <i>MAX2</i> control shoot lateral branching in <i>Arabidopsis</i>
Stirnberg, P., van de Sande, K., & Leyser, H. M. O. (2002) · Development · doi:10.1242/dev.129.5.1131 · Cited by 692 · see citing works
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Self-citationGreb, T., Clarenz, O., Schäfer, E., Müller, D., Herrero, R., Schmitz, G., & Theres, K. (2003) · Genes & Development · doi:10.1101/gad.260703 · Cited by 541 · see citing works
The hormonal regulation of axillary bud growth in <i>Arabidopsis</i>
Chatfield, S. P., Stirnberg, P., Forde, B. G., & Leyser, O. (2000) · The Plant Journal · doi:10.1046/j.1365-313x.2000.00862.x · Cited by 284 · see citing works
Self-citationMorris, S. E., Turnbull, C. G. N., Murfet, I. C., & Beveridge, C. A. (2001) · Plant Physiology · doi:10.1104/pp.126.3.1205 · Cited by 208 · see citing works
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<i>AXR1</i> Acts after Lateral Bud Formation to Inhibit Lateral Bud Growth in Arabidopsis
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Research works printed but not linked: 3
- Kepinski, S. and Leyser, O. (2004) Auxin-induced SCF TIR1 -Aux/IAA interaction involves stable modification of the SCF TIR1 complex. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA, 101, 12381-12386.
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Strigolactones affect lateral root formation and root-hair elongation in Arabidopsis
Kapulnik, Y., Delaux, P.-M., Resnick, N., Mayzlish-Gati, E., Wininger, S., Bhattacharya, C., Séjalon-Delmas, N., Combier, J.-P., Bécard, G., Belausov, E., et al. (2011) · Planta · doi:10.1007/s00425-010-1310-y · Cited by 502 · see citing works
Strigolactone Acts Downstream of Auxin to Regulate Bud Outgrowth in Pea and Arabidopsis
Brewer, P. B., Dun, E. A., Ferguson, B. J., Rameau, C., & Beveridge, C. A. (2009) · PLANT PHYSIOLOGY · doi:10.1104/pp.108.134783 · Cited by 418 · see citing works
“6; Sorefan et al., 2003; Bainbridge et al., 2005; Foo et al., 2005; Zou et al., 2006; Arite et al., 2007; Gomez-Roldan et al., 2008; Umehara et al., 2008).”
BackgroundInfluentialStrigolactones enhance competition between shoot branches by dampening auxin transport
Crawford, S., Shinohara, N., Sieberer, T., Williamson, L., George, G., Hepworth, J., Müller, D., Domagalska, M. A., & Leyser, O. (2010) · Development · doi:10.1242/dev.051987 · Cited by 384 · see citing works
Self-citationHormonal control of shoot branching
Ongaro, V., & Leyser, O. (2007) · Journal of Experimental Botany · doi:10.1093/jxb/erm134 · Cited by 373 · see citing works
Self-citationJohnson, X., Brcich, T., Dun, E. A., Goussot, M., Haurogné, K., Beveridge, C. A., & Rameau, C. (2006) · Plant Physiology · doi:10.1104/pp.106.087676 · Cited by 319 · see citing works
Strigolactones and the control of plant development: lessons from shoot branching
Waldie, T., McCulloch, H., & Leyser, O. (2014) · The Plant Journal · doi:10.1111/tpj.12488 · Cited by 242 · see citing works
Self-citationApical Dominance and Shoot Branching. Divergent Opinions or Divergent Mechanisms?
Dun, E. A., Ferguson, B. J., & Beveridge, C. A. (2006) · Plant Physiology · doi:10.1104/pp.106.086868 · Cited by 227 · see citing works
Hormonal regulation of branching in grasses
McSteen, P. (2009) · Plant Physiology · doi:10.1104/pp.108.129056 · Cited by 193 · see citing works
Axillary bud outgrowth: sending a message
Beveridge, C. A. (2006) · Current Opinion in Plant Biology · doi:10.1016/j.pbi.2005.11.006 · Cited by 168 · see citing works
Feedback regulation of xylem cytokinin content is conserved in pea and Arabidopsis
Foo, E., Morris, S. E., Parmenter, K., Young, N., Wang, H., Jones, A., Rameau, C., Turnbull, C. G. N., & Beveridge, C. A. (2007) · Plant Physiology · doi:10.1104/pp.106.093708 · Cited by 107 · see citing works
- Authors
- Bainbridge, K., Sorefan, K., Ward, S., & Leyser, O.
- Affiliations
- University of York (GB)
- John Innes Centre (GB)
- University of Bern (CH)
- Corresponding author
- Leyser, Ottoline
- Venue
- The Plant Journal
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2005-10-14
- Volume
- 44
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 569-580
- ISSN
- 0960-7412 (ISSN-L)
- 1365-313X
- OpenAlex
- W2125710769
- Cited by
- 143
- References
- 7
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 2 · 2024: 6 · 2023: 3 · 2022: 4 · 2021: 9 · 2020: 2 · 2019: 4 · 2018: 4 · 2017: 6 · 2016: 12 · 2015: 9 · 2014: 9 · 2013: 6 · 2012: 9
- FWCI
- 8.82
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- The Plant Journal (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Directorate for Biological Sciences
- Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council (BB/C518057/1)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Plant Science › Plant Molecular Biology Research
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Plant Science › Plant Parasitism and Resistance
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Plant Science › Light effects on plants
- Keywords
- shoot branching, apical dominance, auxin signaling, DAD1, gene expression regulation, feedback regulation, post-transcriptional regulation, Arabidopsis thaliana, pea, petunia
- MeSH terms
- Base Sequence, Cytokinins, Feedback, Indoleacetic Acids, Oxygenases, Plant Growth Regulators, Genes, Plant, Arabidopsis, Gene Expression Regulation, Plant, Plant Roots, Hypocotyl, DNA, Plant, Arabidopsis Proteins, Plants, Genetically Modified
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