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Cited by 119Exercise and Physiological ResponsesSports Performance and TrainingMuscle metabolism and nutrition

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 64 of the 64 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

Modification of immune responses to exercise by carbohydrate, glutamine and anti‐oxidant supplements

Gleeson, Michael, Bishop, Nicolette C·2000·Immunology & Cell Biology
DOI 10.1111/j.1440-1711.2000.t01-6-.x
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Abstract

Immunosuppression in athletes involved in heavy training is undoubtedly multifactorial in origin. Training and competitive surroundings may increase the athlete's exposure to pathogens and provide optimal conditions for pathogen transmission. Heavy prolonged exertion is associated with numerous hormonal and biochemical changes, many of which potentially have detrimental effects on immune function. Furthermore, improper nutrition can compound the negative influence of heavy exertion on immunocompetence. An athlete exercising in a carbohydrate‐depleted state experiences larger increases in circulating stress hormones and a greater perturbation of several immune function indices. The poor nutritional status of some athletes may predispose them to immunosuppression. For example, dietary deficiencies of protein and specific micronutrients have long been associated with immune dysfunction. Although it is impossible to counter the effects of all of the factors that contribute to exercise‐induced immunosuppression, it has been shown to be possible to minimize the effects of many factors. Athletes can help themselves by eating a well‐balanced diet that includes adequate protein and carbohydrate, sufficient to meet their energy requirements. This will ensure a more than adequate intake of trace elements without the need for special supplements. Consuming carbohydrate (but not glutamine or other amino acids) during exercise attenuates rises in stress hormones, such as cortisol, and appears to limit the degree of exercise‐induced immunosuppression, at least for non‐fatiguing bouts of exercise. Evidence that high doses of anti‐oxidant vitamins can prevent exercise‐induced immunosuppression is also lacking.

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Citations

Cites

Research works printed but not linked: 11

  1. Peters EM, 1983, Ultramarathon running and URTI: An epidemiological survey, S. Afr. Med. J., 64, 582
  2. Blannin AK, 1998, Rates of glutamine and glucose utilisation by quiescent and stimulated human neutrophils in vitro, J. Physiol., 506, P121
  3. Bishop NC, 1999, Effects of carbohydrate and fluid intake on the blood leucocyte responses to prolonged cycling, J. Sports Sci., 17, 26
  4. Bishop NC, 2000, The effects of carbohydrate supplementation on neutrophil degranulation responses to prolonged cycling, Int. J. Sports Med., 21, S78
  5. Ford J, 1997, The effect of fluid replacement and heat on salivary flow rate and optical density at 280 nm in response to exercise, J. Sports Sci., 15, 44
  6. Bishop NC, 2000, Effect of carbohydrate and fluid intake during prolonged exercise on saliva flow and IgA secretion, Med. Sci. Sports Exerc.
  7. Bishop NC, 2000, Effect of carbohydrate supplementation on human neutrophil degranulation responses following cycling to fatigue, J. Physiol., 523, 225P
  8. Lemon PWR, 1992, Foods, Nutrition and Sports Performance, 65
  9. Krzykowski K, 2000, Effects of glutamine and protein supplementation on exercise‐induced decrease in lymphocyte function and salivary IgA, Int. J. Sports Med.
  10. Clarkson PM, 1992, Foods, Nutrition and Sports Performance, 113
  11. Peters EM, 1992, Vitamin A fails to increase resistance to upper respiratory infection in distance runners, S. Afr. J. Sports Med., 7, 3

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Metadata

Authors
Gleeson, M., & Bishop, N. C.
Affiliations
University of Birmingham (GB)
ORCID
Venue
Immunology & Cell Biology
Publisher
Wiley
Published
2000-10
Volume
78
Issue
5
Pages
554-561
ISSN
  • 0004-945X (ISSN-L)
  • 0818-9641
  • 1440-1711
DOI
10.1111/j.1440-1711.2000.t01-6-.x
OpenAlex
W2092498283
Cited by
119
References
64
Citations by year
2026: 1 · 2025: 4 · 2024: 5 · 2023: 5 · 2022: 5 · 2021: 4 · 2020: 3 · 2019: 4 · 2018: 3 · 2017: 5 · 2016: 6 · 2015: 6 · 2014: 5 · 2013: 3 · 2012: 6
FWCI
5.93
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
closed
Licence
onlinelibrary.wiley.com/termsAndConditions#vor (vor)
Locations
  • Immunology and Cell Biology (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology (medical) › Exercise and Physiological Responses
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Orthopedics and Sports Medicine › Sports Performance and Training
  • Health Sciences › Nursing › Nutrition and Dietetics › Muscle metabolism and nutrition
Keywords
exercise-induced immunosuppression, athletes, carbohydrate supplementation, glutamine, antioxidant supplements, stress hormones, cortisol, carbohydrate depletion, immune function, nutritional status, protein intake, micronutrient deficiency
MeSH terms
Antioxidants, Dietary Carbohydrates, Dietary Proteins, Glutamine, Humans, Immune System, Immune Tolerance, Lymphocytes, Neutrophils, Nutritional Physiological Phenomena, Physical Education and Training, Physical Fitness, Sports, Stress, Physiological, Exercise, Micronutrients, Dietary Supplements

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