The DOI matches its Crossref record; 44 of the 44 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
The Influence of News Media on Stereotypic Attitudes Toward Immigrants in a Political Campaign: Influence of News Media on Stereotypes
Open accessAbstract
This study investigates media effects on stereotypic attitudes toward immigrants in a political campaign that dealt with the naturalization of immigrants. By combining a content analysis of the campaign coverage with a 2-wave panel survey, the study found that negative news portrayals of immigrants increased stereotypic attitudes in the public in the course of the campaign. Additionally, the frequent exposure to positive news portrayals of immigrants reduced the activation of negative outgroup attitudes. However, these findings are contingent on people's issue-specific knowledge. Only people with low to moderate knowledge were influenced by negative and positive news stories about immigrants in the campaign. Well-informed people were resistant to the effects of positive and news portrayals of immigrants.
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“Ideological climate, including political narratives and media reporting on immigration issues, and a nation's policies and practices surrounding immigration may all influence prejudice toward immigrants (Messing & Ságvári 2019, Schemer 2012, Wirz et al. 2018).”
From Prejudice and Discrimination Toward Immigrants (2021) · cites this paper as Schemer 2012
Citations
Cites
Psychology of intergroup relations
Austin, W. G., & Worchel, S. (1986) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 10,626
(1999) · Cited by 6,104
Social psychology: handbook of basic principles
Higgins, E., & Kruglanski, A. (2008) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.45-3496 · Cited by 5,535
Social psychology: handbook of basic principles
(1997) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.34-3595 · Cited by 4,970
Social Identity and Intergroup Relations.
Glassner, B., & Tajfel, H. (1985) · Contemporary Sociology A Journal of Reviews · doi:10.2307/2069233 · Cited by 3,232
Hayes, A. F., & Matthes, J. (2009) · Behavior Research Methods · doi:10.3758/brm.41.3.924 · Cited by 2,452
(2000) · Cited by 2,172
Prime Suspects: The Influence of Local Television News on the Viewing Public
Gilliam, F. D., & Iyengar, S. (2000) · American Journal of Political Science · doi:10.2307/2669264 · Cited by 974
The Sage handbook of media processes and effects
(2010) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.47-2995 · Cited by 780
Anti-Immigrant Attitudes in Europe: Outgroup Size and Perceived Ethnic Threat
Schneider, S. L. (2007) · European Sociological Review · doi:10.1093/esr/jcm034 · Cited by 714
Research works printed but not linked: 1
- ter Wal, 2002, Racism and cultural diversity in the mass media: An overview of research and examples of good practice in the EU member states, 1995-2000
Cited by
Sorted by citations
The European media discourse on immigration and its effects: a literature review
Eberl, J., Meltzer, C. E., Heidenreich, T., Herrero, B. B., Theorin, N., Lind, F., Berganza, R., Boomgaarden, H. G., Schemer, C., & Strömbäck, J. (2018) · Annals of the International Communication Association · doi:10.1080/23808985.2018.1497452 · Cited by 596
Self-citationShifting the refugee narrative? An automated frame analysis of Europe’s 2015 refugee crisis
Greussing, E., & Boomgaarden, H. G. (2017) · Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies · doi:10.1080/1369183x.2017.1282813 · Cited by 464
Who are the “illegals”? The social construction of illegality in the United States
Flores, R. D., & Schachter, A. (2018) · American Sociological Review · doi:10.1177/0003122418794635 · Cited by 303
Prejudice and Discrimination Toward Immigrants
Esses, V. M. (2021) · Annual Review of Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev-psych-080520-102803 · Cited by 344
van Klingeren, M., Boomgaarden, H. G., Vliegenthart, R., & de Vreese, C. H. (2014) · European Sociological Review · doi:10.1093/esr/jcu089 · Cited by 196
Matthes, J., & Schmuck, D. (2017) · Communication Research · doi:10.1177/0093650215577859 · Cited by 191
Bos, L., Schemer, C., Corbu, N., Hameleers, M., Andreadis, I., Schulz, A. M., Schmuck, D., Reinemann, C., & Fawzi, N. (2019) · European Journal of Political Research · doi:10.1111/1475-6765.12334 · Cited by 184
Self-citationThe Effects of Right-Wing Populist Communication on Emotions and Cognitions toward Immigrants
Wirz, D. S., Wettstein, M., Schulz, A., Müller, P., Schemer, C., Ernst, N., Esser, F., & Wirth, W. (2018) · The International Journal of Press/Politics · doi:10.1177/1940161218788956 · Cited by 145
Self-citationBeukeboom, C. J., & Burgers, C. (2019) · Review of Communication Research · doi:10.12840/issn.2255-4165.017 · Cited by 126
Schmuck, D., & Matthes, J. (2017) · Political Communication · doi:10.1080/10584609.2017.1316807 · Cited by 124
What’s in a post? How sentiment and issue salience affect users’ emotional reactions on Facebook
Eberl, J., Tolochko, P., Jost, P., Heidenreich, T., & Boomgaarden, H. G. (2020) · Journal of Information Technology & Politics · doi:10.1080/19331681.2019.1710318 · Cited by 125
Balch, A., & Balabanova, E. (2014) · Politics · doi:10.1111/1467-9256.12082 · Cited by 114
Adapting to party lines: the effect of party affiliation on attitudes to immigration
Harteveld, E., Kokkonen, A., & Dahlberg, S. (2017) · West European Politics · doi:10.1080/01402382.2017.1328889 · Cited by 111
Scharkow, M., & Bachl, M. (2016) · Political Communication · doi:10.1080/10584609.2016.1235640 · Cited by 100
Terrorist attacks and Europeans’ attitudes towards immigrants: An experimental approach
Ferrín, M., Mancosu, M., & Cappiali, T. M. (2019) · European Journal of Political Research · doi:10.1111/1475-6765.12362 · Cited by 91
Hughto, J. M. W., Pletta, D. R., Gordon, L. K., Cahill, S., Mimiaga, M. J., & Reisner, S. L. (2020) · LGBT Health · doi:10.1089/lgbt.2020.0279 · Cited by 93
Czymara, C. S., & Dochow-Sondershaus, S. (2018) · European Sociological Review · doi:10.1093/esr/jcy019 · Cited by 90
Schmuck, D., & Matthes, J. (2015) · Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies · doi:10.1080/1369183x.2014.981513 · Cited by 89
von Hermanni, H., & Neumann, R. (2018) · Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies · doi:10.1080/1369183x.2018.1459183 · Cited by 86
It's the frame that matters: Immigrant integration and media framing effects in the Netherlands
Bos, L., Lecheler, S. K., Mewafi, M., & Vliegenthart, R. (2016) · International Journal of Intercultural Relations · doi:10.1016/j.ijintrel.2016.10.002 · Cited by 79
Schmidt-Catran, A. W., & Czymara, C. S. (2022) · Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies · doi:10.1080/1369183x.2022.2132222 · Cited by 73
Collingwood, L., & O’Brien, B. G. (2019) · doi:10.1093/oso/9780190937027.001.0001 · Cited by 72
I Saw You in the News: Mediated and Direct Intergroup Contact Improve Outgroup Attitudes
Wojcieszak, M., & Azrout, R. (2016) · Journal of Communication · doi:10.1111/jcom.12266 · Cited by 69
Heidenreich, T., Eberl, J., Lind, F., & Boomgaarden, H. G. (2019) · Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies · doi:10.1080/1369183x.2019.1665990 · Cited by 81
Media Effects on Racial Attitudes: Evidence from a Three-Wave Panel Survey in a Political Campaign
Schemer, C. (2013) · International Journal of Public Opinion Research · doi:10.1093/ijpor/edt041 · Cited by 64
Self-citationWeber, M., Viehmann, C., Ziegele, M., & Schemer, C. (2019) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2019.106192 · Cited by 66
Self-citationConzo, P., Fuochi, G., Anfossi, L., Spaccatini, F., & Mosso, C. O. (2021) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-021-95800-2 · Cited by 58
Štětka, V., Mihelj, S., & Tóth, F. (2020) · Political Communication · doi:10.1080/10584609.2020.1820647 · Cited by 56
Ahmed, S., Hsueh-Hua, V. C., & Chib, A. (2021) · International journal of public opinion research · doi:10.1093/ijpor/edab014 · Cited by 47
Meeusen, C., & Jacobs, L. (2016) · Mass Communication & Society · doi:10.1080/15205436.2016.1233438 · Cited by 50
Guilty by Association: Using Word Embeddings to Measure Ethnic Stereotypes in News Coverage
Kroon, A. C., Trilling, D., & Raats, T. (2020) · Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly · doi:10.1177/1077699020932304 · Cited by 46
Jacobs, L., Hooghe, M., & de Vroome, T. (2017) · European Societies · doi:10.1080/14616696.2017.1290264 · Cited by 45
Arendt, F. (2023) · Journal of Communication · doi:10.1093/joc/jqad019 · Cited by 43
How Globalisation and Mediatisation Challenge our Democracies
Kübler, D., & Kriesi, H. (2017) · Swiss Political Science Review · doi:10.1111/spsr.12265 · Cited by 42
Populism as Dog-Whistle Politics: Anti-Elite Discourse and Sentiments Toward Minority Groups
Bonikowski, B., & Zhang, Y. (2022) · Social Forces · doi:10.1093/sf/soac147 · Cited by 43
Schumann, S., Boer, D., Hanke, K., & Liu, J. (2021) · Information, Communication & Society · doi:10.1080/1369118x.2019.1668455 · Cited by 38
Toxic Toxteth: Understanding press stigmatization of Toxteth during the 1981 uprising
Butler‐Warke, A. (2019) · Journalism · doi:10.1177/1464884918822666 · Cited by 38
Ekerim-Akbulut, M., Selçuk, B., Slaughter, V. P., Hunter, J. A., & Ruffman, T. (2019) · Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology · doi:10.1177/0022022119883699 · Cited by 36
Kim, Y. (2018) · International Journal of Public Opinion Research · doi:10.1093/ijpor/edy032 · Cited by 44
Framing Refugees: The Impact of Religious Frames on U.S. Partisans and Consumers of Cable News Media
Nassar, R. L. (2020) · Political Communication · doi:10.1080/10584609.2020.1723753 · Cited by 36
Evolution of negative visual frames of immigrants and refugees in the main media of Southern Europe
Amores, J. J., Calderón, C. A., & Blanco‐Herrero, D. (2020) · El Profesional de la Informacion · doi:10.3145/epi.2020.nov.24 · Cited by 34
van der Linden, M., & Jacobs, L. (2016) · Ethnic and Racial Studies · doi:10.1080/01419870.2016.1229492 · Cited by 34
Fuochi, G., Voci, A., Veneziani, C. A., Boin, J., Fell, B. F., & Hewstone, M. (2019) · Group Processes & Intergroup Relations · doi:10.1177/1368430219837347 · Cited by 33
Theorin, N., & Strömbäck, J. (2019) · International Migration Review · doi:10.1177/0197918319893292 · Cited by 36
Stereotype Transmission and Maintenance Through Interpersonal Communication
Burgers, C. F., & Beukeboom, C. J. (2014) · Communication Research · doi:10.1177/0093650214534975 · Cited by 33
Schemer, C. (2013) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-531-18967-3_7 · Cited by 31
Self-citationDomestic migration, home rentals, and crime rates in China
Cheng, J., Liu, J., & Wang, J. (2017) · The Journal of Chinese Sociology · doi:10.1186/s40711-017-0056-3 · Cited by 32
Schmuck, D., & Matthes, J. (2018) · Political Psychology · doi:10.1111/pops.12557 · Cited by 35
Partisan Attitudes toward Sanctuary Cities: The Asymmetrical Effects of Political Knowledge
Oskooii, K. A. R., Dreier, S. K., & Collingwood, L. (2018) · Politics & Policy · doi:10.1111/polp.12278 · Cited by 31
Beckers, K., & Aelst, P. V. (2019) · Mass Communication & Society · doi:10.1080/15205436.2019.1663873 · Cited by 30
Media effects on policy preferences toward free movement: evidence from five EU member states
Meltzer, C. E., Eberl, J., Theorin, N., Heidenreich, T., Strömbäck, J., Boomgaarden, H. G., & Schemer, C. (2020) · Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies · doi:10.1080/1369183x.2020.1778454 · Cited by 30
Self-citationAroused Argumentation: How the News Exacerbates Motivated Reasoning
Boyer, M. M. (2021) · The International Journal of Press/Politics · doi:10.1177/19401612211010577 · Cited by 32
Diverse Effects of Mass Media on Concerns about Immigration: New Evidence from Germany, 2001–2016
Erhard, L., Heiberger, R. H., & Windzio, M. (2021) · European Sociological Review · doi:10.1093/esr/jcab063 · Cited by 35
Gagnon, A. (2022) · Nations and Nationalism · doi:10.1111/nana.12923 · Cited by 29
Liu, J. (2022) · Newspaper Research Journal · doi:10.1177/07395329221077251 · Cited by 31
Framing Refuge: Media, Framing, and Sanctuary Cities
O’Brien, B. G., Hurst, E. H., Reedy, J., & Collingwood, L. (2019) · Mass Communication & Society · doi:10.1080/15205436.2019.1685106 · Cited by 28
Does News Frame Affect Free Movement Attitudes? A Comparative Analysis
Theorin, N., Meltzer, C. E., Galyga, S., Strömbäck, J., Schemer, C., Eberl, J., Lind, F., Heidenreich, T., & Boomgaarden, H. G. (2021) · Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly · doi:10.1177/10776990211006793 · Cited by 27
Self-citationMorrison, J. (2019) · The British Journal of Politics and International Relations · doi:10.1177/1369148119851385 · Cited by 27
Anger, Anxiety, and Selective Exposure to Terrorist Violence
Huddy, L., Smirnov, O. A., Snider, K. L. G., & Perliger, A. (2021) · Journal of Conflict Resolution · doi:10.1177/00220027211014937 · Cited by 27
Hickerson, A., & Dunsmore, K. (2015) · Journalism Practice · doi:10.1080/17512786.2015.1025417 · Cited by 26
Better off without You? How the British Media Portrayed EU Citizens in Brexit News
Walter, S. (2019) · The International Journal of Press/Politics · doi:10.1177/1940161218821509 · Cited by 30
Threat, prejudice and the impact of the riots in England
de Rooij, E. A., Goodwin, M., & Pickup, M. A. (2014) · Social Science Research · doi:10.1016/j.ssresearch.2014.09.003 · Cited by 26
Wright, C. L., Brinklow-Vaughn, R., Johannes, K., & Rodriguez, F. (2020) · Howard Journal of Communications · doi:10.1080/10646175.2020.1810180 · Cited by 25
Calderón, C. A., Blanco‐Herrero, D., Matsiola, M., Alonso, M. O., Saridou, T. A., Splendore, S., & Veglis, A. A. (2021) · Journalism Practice · doi:10.1080/17512786.2021.2014347 · Cited by 25
Kluknavská, A., Bernhard-Harrer, J., & Boomgaarden, H. G. (2019) · Journal of Refugee Studies · doi:10.1093/jrs/fez022 · Cited by 25
Drifting Further Apart? How Exposure to Media Portrayals of Muslims Affects Attitude Polarization
Schmuck, D., Heiss, R., & Matthes, J. (2020) · Political Psychology · doi:10.1111/pops.12664 · Cited by 30
U.S. News Coverage of Transgender Victims of Fatal Violence: An Exploratory Content Analysis
Osborn, M. (2021) · Violence Against Women · doi:10.1177/10778012211025995 · Cited by 30
Schäfer, S., Rebasso, I., Boyer, M. M., & Planitzer, A. M. (2023) · Communication Research · doi:10.1177/00936502231201091 · Cited by 33
News consumption and immigration attitudes: a mixed methods approach
Kondor, K., Mihelj, S., Štětka, V., & Tóth, F. (2022) · Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies · doi:10.1080/1369183x.2022.2054786 · Cited by 23
Ahmed, S., Chen, V. H. H., Jaidka, K., Hooi, R., & Chib, A. I. (2021) · Asian Journal of Communication · doi:10.1080/01292986.2021.1929358 · Cited by 26
Comparing Liberal and Conservative Newspapers: Diverging Narratives in Representing Migrants?
Valente, A., Tudisca, V., Pelliccia, A., Cerbara, L., & Caruso, M. G. (2021) · Journal of Immigrant & Refugee Studies · doi:10.1080/15562948.2021.1985200 · Cited by 21
What Drives Anti-Immigrant Sentiments Online? A Novel Approach Using Twitter
Menshikova, A., & van Tubergen, F. (2022) · European Sociological Review · doi:10.1093/esr/jcac006 · Cited by 21
Auditing the representation of migrants in image web search results
Urman, A., Makhortykh, M., & Ulloa, R. (2022) · Humanities and Social Sciences Communications · doi:10.1057/s41599-022-01144-1 · Cited by 25
Lyu, Z., & Takikawa, H. (2022) · Heliyon · doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e10419 · Cited by 26
Bağci, S. Ç., Çelebi, E. Y., & Karaköse, S. (2017) · Social Justice Research · doi:10.1007/s11211-017-0281-6 · Cited by 21
Poles Apart: The Processing and Consequences of Mixed Media Stereotypes of Older Workers
Kroon, A. C., van Selm, M., ter Hoeven, C. L., & Vliegenthart, R. (2016) · Journal of Communication · doi:10.1111/jcom.12249 · Cited by 20
Effect of Media News on Radicalization of Attitudes to Immigration
Agovino, M., Carillo, M. R., & Spagnolo, N. (2021) · Journal of Economics Race and Policy · doi:10.1007/s41996-021-00091-4 · Cited by 19
Atheism in US and UK Newspapers: Negativity about Non-Belief and Non-Believers
van der Veen, A. M., & Bleich, E. (2021) · Religions · doi:10.3390/rel12050291 · Cited by 20
Benczes, R., & Ságvári, B. (2021) · Journal of Language and Politics · doi:10.1075/jlp.20042.ben · Cited by 18
Schmuck, D., & Tribastone, M. (2020) · Political Communication · doi:10.1080/10584609.2020.1736700 · Cited by 18
A systematic literature review of the representations of migration in Brazil and the United Kingdom
Gonçalves, I. D. S., & David, Y. (2022) · Comunicar · doi:10.3916/c71-2022-04 · Cited by 17
On Migrant Workers’ Social Status in Taiwan: A Critical Analysis of Mainstream News Discourse
Cheng, H. (2016) · International journal of communication · Cited by 17
“Our migrant” and “the other migrant”: migration discourse in the Albanian media, 2015–2018
Dhëmbo, E., Çaro, E., & Hoxha, J. (2021) · Humanities and Social Sciences Communications · doi:10.1057/s41599-021-00981-w · Cited by 17
Promoting Hate Speech by Dehumanizing Metaphors of Immigration
Gonçalves, I. D. S. (2023) · Journalism Practice · doi:10.1080/17512786.2023.2212661 · Cited by 17
The image of Immigration in fiction Broadcast on Prime-time television in Spain.
Perosanz, J. J. I., Barrios, I. M., Mohedano, F. O., & Esteban, F. J. F. (2014) · Palabra Clave · doi:10.5294/pacla.2014.17.3.2 · Cited by 15
How public discourse affects attitudes towards Freedom of Movement and Schengen
Karstens, F. (2019) · European Union Politics · doi:10.1177/1465116519874880 · Cited by 14
Foundational stigma: Place‐based stigma in the age before advanced marginality
Butler‐Warke, A. (2019) · British Journal of Sociology · doi:10.1111/1468-4446.12719 · Cited by 14
Isolated Incidents. Media Reporting on Violence Against Women in the German Press
Meltzer, C. E. (2023) · Journalism Practice · doi:10.1080/17512786.2022.2162952 · Cited by 13
Willnat, L., Ogan, C., & Shi, J. (2023) · Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media · doi:10.1080/08838151.2023.2173196 · Cited by 13
Beyer, A., & Matthes, J. (2015) · Phaidra (Universität Wien) · Cited by 13
Bağci, S. Ç., Stathi, S., Sağlam, D., & Kosegil, E. (2023) · Current Research in Ecological and Social Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.cresp.2023.100133 · Cited by 12
Wright, C. L., DeFrancesco, T., Hamilton, C., & Machado, L. (2019) · Howard Journal of Communications · doi:10.1080/10646175.2019.1649762 · Cited by 12
Migración y medios de comunicación. Perspectiva de los periodistas especializados en España
Alonso, M. O., Blanco‐Herrero, D., Splendore, S., & Calderón, C. A. (2021) · Estudios sobre el Mensaje Periodístico · doi:10.5209/esmp.71450 · Cited by 12
Saleem, M., Hawkins, I., Rains, S. A., Mastro, D. E., & Coles, S. M. (2025) · Media Psychology · doi:10.1080/15213269.2025.2498374 · Cited by 22
Kroon, A. C., van der Meer, T. G. L. A., & Pronk, T. (2022) · Human Communication Research · doi:10.1093/hcr/hqac004 · Cited by 15
Immigration, stereotypes, and social security: The portrayal of migrant groups in public discourse
Domalewska, D. (2016) · Security and Defence Quarterly · doi:10.35467/sdq/103231 · Cited by 11
Woods, J., & Marciniak, A. (2016) · Sociology of Race and Ethnicity · doi:10.1177/2332649216660117 · Cited by 10
News Media Coverage of Refugees in 2016: A GDELT Case Study
Boudemagh, E., & Moise, I. (2017) · Proceedings of the International AAAI Conference on Web and Social Media · doi:10.1609/icwsm.v11i1.14981 · Cited by 10
Yang, A., Jieun, S., Kim, H. M., Zhou, A. Y., Liu, W., Huang-Isherwood, K. M., Jang, E., Sun, J., Lee, E., Yafei, Z., et al. (2022) · Social Science Computer Review · doi:10.1177/08944393221128940 · Cited by 10
Yang, A., & Men, L. R. (2019) · Chinese Journal of Communication · doi:10.1080/17544750.2019.1618354 · Cited by 10
Metadata
- Authors
- Schemer, C.
- Affiliations
- University of Zurich (CH)
- Corresponding author
- Schemer, Christian
- ORCID
- Schemer, Christian
- Venue
- Journal of Communication
- Publisher
- Oxford University Press (OUP)
- Published
- 2012-08-28
- Volume
- 62
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 739-757
- ISSN
- 0021-9916 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W1893084226
- Cited by
- 281
- References
- 44
- Citations by year
- 2026: 10 · 2025: 56 · 2024: 12 · 2023: 19 · 2022: 25 · 2021: 33 · 2020: 18 · 2019: 48 · 2018: 14 · 2017: 14 · 2016: 12 · 2015: 7 · 2014: 9 · 2013: 4
- FWCI
- 20.66
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.zora.uzh.ch
- Licence
- Locations
- Journal of Communication (publishedVersion)
- Zurich Open Repository and Archive (University of Zurich) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Zurich Open Repository and Archive (University of Zurich)
- Funders
- National Science Foundation
- Schweizerischer Nationalfonds zur Förderung der Wissenschaftlichen Forschung
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Communication › News Media Framing and Political Communication
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Social and Intergroup Psychology
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Migration, Refugees, and Integration
- Keywords
- news media influence, stereotypes of immigrants, political campaigns, naturalization, news framing, outgroup attitudes, issue knowledge, media exposure, campaign coverage
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review