Effect of nicotine on cerebellar granule neuron development
Open accessAbstract
To assess the role of nicotinic cholinergic receptors (nAChR) on neuronal maturation, nAChR expression and the direct effects of nAChR activation were examined in cerebellar external granular layer (EGL) precursors isolated in vitro. Treatment of EGL neuroblasts with nicotine elicited a concentration-dependent increase in DNA content and synthesis, implying an increase in cell numbers. Pretreatment of cultures with the nAChR antagonist dihydro-beta-erythroidine (DHBE) attenuated nicotine-induced changes in DNA abundance and synthesis. Furthermore, chronic nicotine treatment for 4-7 days promoted EGL cell survival. Epibatidine but not cytisine stimulated granule neuroblast DNA synthesis and survival. Survival effects mediated by nicotine and epibatidine were attenuated by pretreating cultures with DHBE. Immunocytochemical analysis revealed that EGL neurons possessed alpha3, but not alpha4, nAChR immunoreactivity. Quantitative autoradiography was used to determine which nAChRs are present during the period of granule cell neurogenesis in vivo. On postnatal day 5, the EGL was intensely labelled by [3H]-epibatidine but virtually devoid of [3H]-A85380 binding, suggesting that a high concentration of alpha3 AChRs is present in granule neuroblasts. The pharmacology of [3H]-epibatidine displacement from EGL neurons also suggested an interaction with the alpha3-nAChR subunits. Together these data provide novel evidence that the activation of nAChRs directly affect the development of primary cerebellar neuroblasts and further suggest that the effects are mediated through the alpha3-nAChR subtype.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
Wada, E., Wada, K., Boulter, J., Deneris, E. S., Heinemann, S., Patrick, J., & Swanson, L. W. (1989) · The Journal of Comparative Neurology · doi:10.1002/cne.902840212 · Cited by 1,044 · see citing works
An autoradiographic analysis of histogenesis in the mouse cerebellum
Miale, I. L., & Sidman, R. L. (1961) · Experimental Neurology · doi:10.1016/0014-4886(61)90055-3 · Cited by 1,015 · see citing works
Bayer, S. A., Altman, J., Russo, R. J., & Zhang, X. (1993) · PubMed · Cited by 912 · see citing works
Altman, J. (1972) · The Journal of Comparative Neurology · doi:10.1002/cne.901450305 · Cited by 912 · see citing works
Nicotinic Receptors in the Development and Modulation of CNS Synapses
Role, L. W., & Berg, D. K. (1996) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/s0896-6273(00)80134-8 · Cited by 762 · see citing works
Neurotransmitter regulation of neuronal outgrowth, plasticity and survival
Lipton, S. A., & Kater, S. B. (1989) · Trends in Neurosciences · doi:10.1016/0166-2236(89)90026-x · Cited by 724 · see citing works
Fetal Nicotine or Cocaine Exposure: Which One is Worse?
Slotkin, T. A. (1998) · The Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics · doi:10.1016/s0022-3565(24)37495-6 · Cited by 676 · see citing works
Altman, J. (1972) · The Journal of Comparative Neurology · doi:10.1002/cne.901450403 · Cited by 624 · see citing works
Neuronal regulation of astroglial morphology and proliferation in vitro.
Hatten, M. E. (1985) · The Journal of cell biology · doi:10.1083/jcb.100.2.384 · Cited by 592 · see citing works
Nicotinic Cholinergic Receptor Binding Sites in the Brain: Regulation in Vivo
Schwartz, R. D., & Kellar, K. J. (1983) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.6828889 · Cited by 479 · see citing works
Choline is a Selective Agonist of α7 Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptors in the Rat Brain Neurons
Alkondon, M., Pereira, E. F. R., Cartes, W. S., Maelicke, A., & Albuquerque, E. X. (1997) · European Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1111/j.1460-9568.1997.tb01702.x · Cited by 441 · see citing works
Albuquerque, E. X., Alkondon, M., Pereira, E. F. R., Castro, N. G., Schrattenholz, A. S., Barbosa, C. T. F., Bonfante-Cabarcas, R. A., Aracava, Y., Eisenberg, H. M., & Maelicke, A. (1997) · Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics · doi:10.1016/s0022-3565(24)36503-6 · Cited by 436 · see citing works
Altman, J., & Bayer, S. A. (1978) · The Journal of Comparative Neurology · doi:10.1002/cne.901790104 · Cited by 408 · see citing works
Wood, K. A., Dipasquale, B., & Youle, R. J. (1993) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/0896-6273(93)90074-2 · Cited by 340 · see citing works
Zoli, M., Novère, N. G. L., Hill, J. A., & Changeux, J. (1995) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.15-03-01912.1995 · Cited by 338 · see citing works
Brain nicotinic receptors: structure and regulation, role in learning and reinforcement
Changeux, J.-P., Bertrand, D., Corringer, P.-J., Dehaene, S., Edelstein, S., Léna, C., Le Novère, N., Marubio, L., Picciotto, M., & Zoli, M. (1998) · Brain Research Reviews · doi:10.1016/s0165-0173(97)00040-4 · Cited by 322 · see citing works
Opioid and nicotine receptors affect growth regulation of human lung cancer cell lines.
Maneckjee, R., & Minna, J. D. (1990) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.87.9.3294 · Cited by 287 · see citing works
Generation of Cerebellar Interneurons from Dividing Progenitors in White Matter
Zhang, L., & Goldman, J. E. (1996) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/s0896-6273(00)80022-7 · Cited by 265 · see citing works
Cerebellar granule cell neurogenesis is regulated by cell-cell interactions in vitro
Gao, W., Heintz, N., & Hatten, M. E. (1991) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/0896-6273(91)90168-y · Cited by 258 · see citing works
Nicotinic Receptor-Induced Apoptotic Cell Death of Hippocampal Progenitor Cells
Berger, F. R., Gage, F. H., & Vijayaraghavan, S. (1998) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.18-17-06871.1998 · Cited by 233 · see citing works
Nicotine stimulates DNA synthesis and proliferation in vascular endothelial cells in vitro
Villablanca, A. C. (1998) · Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1152/jappl.1998.84.6.2089 · Cited by 227 · see citing works
NT-3 stimulates sympathetic neuroblast proliferation by promoting precursor survival
DiCicco-Bloom, E. M., Friedman, W., & Black, I. B. (1993) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/0896-6273(93)90223-e · Cited by 215 · see citing works
Signalling pathways involved in nicotine regulation of apoptosis of human lung cancer cells
Heusch, W. L. (1998) · Carcinogenesis · doi:10.1093/carcin/19.4.551 · Cited by 203 · see citing works
Navarro, H. A., Seidler, F. J., Eylers, J. P., Baker, F. E., Dobbins, S. S., Lappi, S. E., & Ta, S. (1989) · Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics · doi:10.1016/s0022-3565(25)21095-3 · Cited by 198 · see citing works
Neonatal lesions of the basal forebrain cholinergic neurons result in abnormal cortical development
Höhmann, C. F., Brooks, A. R., & Coyle, J. T. (1988) · Developmental Brain Research · doi:10.1016/0165-3806(88)90244-1 · Cited by 193 · see citing works
Peng, X.-D., Gerzanich, V., Anand, R., Wang, F., & Lindstrom, J. M. (1997) · Molecular Pharmacology · doi:10.1124/mol.51.5.776 · Cited by 191 · see citing works
Opioids induce while nicotine suppresses apoptosis in human lung cancer cells.
Maneckjee, R., & Minna, J. D. (1994) · PubMed · Cited by 186 · see citing works
Flores, C. M., DeCamp, R. M., Kilo, S., Rogers, S. W., & Hargreaves, K. (1996) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.16-24-07892.1996 · Cited by 177 · see citing works
Olale, F., Gerzanich, V., Kuryatov, A., Wang, F., & Lindstrom, J. M. (1997) · Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics · doi:10.1016/s0022-3565(24)37064-8 · Cited by 174 · see citing works
Olale, F., Gerzanich, V., Kuryatov, A., Wang, F., & Lindstrom, J. M. (1997) · PubMed · Cited by 172 · see citing works
Navarro, H. A., Seidler, F. J., Schwartz, R. D., Baker, F. E., Dobbins, S. S., & Slotkin, T. A. (1989) · Brain Research Bulletin · doi:10.1016/0361-9230(89)90146-9 · Cited by 171 · see citing works
Chapter 5 Cholinergic innervation and receptors in the cerebellum
Jaarsma, D., Ruigrok, T. J. H., Caffé, R., Cozzari, C., Levey, A. I., Mugnaini, E., & Voogd, J. (1997) · Progress in brain research · doi:10.1016/s0079-6123(08)63359-2 · Cited by 169 · see citing works
[3H]epibatidine labels nicotinic receptors in rat brain: an autoradiographic study.
Perry, D. C., & Kellar, K. J. (1995) · Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics · doi:10.1016/s0022-3565(25)12091-0 · Cited by 163 · see citing works
Pauly, J. R., Marks, M. J., Gross, S. D., & Collins, A. C. (1991) · The Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics · doi:10.1016/s0022-3565(25)20464-5 · Cited by 152 · see citing works
Self-citationNicotine Evokes Cell Death in Embryonic Rat Brain during Neurulation
Roy, T. S., Andrews, J. E., Seidler, F. J., & Slotkin, T. A. (1998) · The Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics · doi:10.1016/s0022-3565(24)37911-x · Cited by 147 · see citing works
Flores, C. M., Dávila‐García, M. I., Ulrich‐Lai, Y. M., & Kellar, K. J. (1997) · Journal of Neurochemistry · doi:10.1046/j.1471-4159.1997.69052216.x · Cited by 142 · see citing works
Differential Agonist Inhibition Identifies Multiple Epibatidine Binding Sites in Mouse Brain
Marks, M. J., Smith, K. W., & Collins, A. C. (1998) · Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics · doi:10.1016/s0022-3565(24)37384-7 · Cited by 140 · see citing works
CARTY, C., Soloway, P. D., Kayastha, S., Bauer, J., Marsan, B. U., Ricotta, J. J., & Dryjski, M. L. (1996) · Journal of Vascular Surgery · doi:10.1016/s0741-5214(96)70038-1 · Cited by 125 · see citing works
Early developmental changes in [3H]nicotine binding in the human brainstem
Kinney, H. C., O'Donnell, T. J., Kriger, P., & White, W. F. (1993) · Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/0306-4522(93)90326-b · Cited by 122 · see citing works
Boegman, R. J., Parent, A., & Hawkes, R. B. (1988) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/0006-8993(88)91261-9 · Cited by 106 · see citing works
Yan, G. M., Lin, S., Irwin, R. P., & Paul, S. M. (1995) · Molecular Pharmacology · doi:10.1016/s0026-895x(25)08535-9 · Cited by 104 · see citing works
Hauser, K. F., Houdi, A. A., Turbek, C. S., Elde, R. P., & Maxson, W. T. (2000) · European Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1046/j.1460-9568.2000.01015.x · Cited by 103 · see citing works
Self-citationActivation of α 7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor promotes survival of spinal cord motoneurons
Messi, M. L., Renganathan, M., Grigorenko, E. V., & Delbono, O. (1997) · FEBS Letters · doi:10.1016/s0014-5793(97)00600-5 · Cited by 101 · see citing works
Inhibition of DNA synthesis in neonatal rat brain regions caused by acute nicotine administration
McFarland, B. J., Seidler, F. J., & Slotkin, T. A. (1991) · Developmental Brain Research · doi:10.1016/0165-3806(91)90008-7 · Cited by 100 · see citing works
Neurotransmitters as Neurotrophic Factors: a New Set of Functions
Schwartz, J. P. (1992) · International review of neurobiology · doi:10.1016/s0074-7742(08)60096-3 · Cited by 98 · see citing works
Quik, M., Chan, J., & Patrick, J. (1994) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/0006-8993(94)91610-1 · Cited by 92 · see citing works
Distribution of muscarinic receptor subtypes in rat brain from postnatal to old age
Tice, M. A. B., Hashemi, T., Taylor, L. A., & McQuade, R. D. (1996) · Developmental Brain Research · doi:10.1016/0165-3806(95)01515-9 · Cited by 87 · see citing works
Robertson, R. (1998) · Cerebral Cortex · doi:10.1093/cercor/8.2.142 · Cited by 81 · see citing works
Cucina, A., Corvino, V., Sapienza, P., Borrelli, V., Lucarelli, M., Scarpa, S., Ström, R., Santoro-D'Angelo, L., & Cavallaro, A. (1999) · Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications · doi:10.1006/bbrc.1999.0478 · Cited by 80 · see citing works
Nicotine prolongs neutrophil survival by suppressing apoptosis
Aoshiba, K., Nagai, A., Yasui, S., & Konno, K. (1996) · Journal of Laboratory and Clinical Medicine · doi:10.1016/s0022-2143(96)90077-3 · Cited by 77 · see citing works
Regional patterns of cholinergic and glutamate activity in the developing and aging human brain
COURT, J. A., Perry, E. K., Johnson, M. H., Piggott, M. A., Kerwin, J. A., Perry, R. H., & Ince, P. G. (1993) · Developmental Brain Research · doi:10.1016/0165-3806(93)90085-o · Cited by 77 · see citing works
Cell cycle: Regulatory events in G1 → S transition of mammalian cells
Reddy, G. P. V. (1994) · Journal of Cellular Biochemistry · doi:10.1002/jcb.240540404 · Cited by 75 · see citing works
Slotkin, T. A., Lappi, S. E., & Seidler, F. J. (1993) · Brain Research Bulletin · doi:10.1016/0361-9230(93)90224-y · Cited by 72 · see citing works
Calcium, calmodulin and cell proliferation
Means, A. R., & Rasmussen, C. D. (1988) · Cell Calcium · doi:10.1016/0143-4160(88)90012-7 · Cited by 68 · see citing works
Albuquerque, E. X., Pereira, E. F. R., Alkondon, M., Schrattenholz, A. S., & Maelicke, A. (1997) · Journal of Receptors and Signal Transduction · doi:10.3109/10799899709036607 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
Cholinergic regulation of [Ca2+]i during cell division and differentiation in the mammalian retina
Wong, R. (1995) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.15-04-02696.1995 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
The role of the cholinergic system in the development of the human cerebellum
COURT, J. A., Perry, E. K., Spurden, D., Griffiths, M., Kerwin, J. M., Morris, C. M., Johnson, M., Oakley, A. E., Birdsall, N. J. M., Clementi, F., et al. (1995) · Developmental Brain Research · doi:10.1016/0165-3806(96)83496-1 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
Gozes, I., Bachar, M., Bardea, A., Davidson, A., Rubinraut, S., Fridkin, M., & Giladi, E. (1997) · Journal of Neurobiology · doi:10.1002/(sici)1097-4695(199709)33:3 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
Waggoner, S. E., & Wang, X. (1994) · Gynecologic Oncology · doi:10.1006/gyno.1994.1254 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
Hauser, K. F., & Mangoura, D. A. (1998) · PubMed · Cited by 55 · see citing works
Self-citationDidier, M., Berman, S. A., Lindstrom, J. M., & Bursztajn, S. (1995) · Molecular Brain Research · doi:10.1016/0169-328x(94)00266-h · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Expression of α 7 neuronal nicotinic receptors during postnatal development of the rat cerebellum
del Toro, E. D., Juiz, J. M., Smillie, F. I., Lindstrom, J. M., & Criado, M. (1997) · Developmental Brain Research · doi:10.1016/s0165-3806(96)00185-x · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Biochemical Development of the Human Brain
Brooksbank, B. W. L., Martinez, M., Atkinson, D. J., et al. (2007) · Developmental Neuroscience · doi:10.1159/000112580 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Mattson, M. P., & Furukawa, K. (1998) · PubMed · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Biochemical Development of the Human Brain
Brooksbank, B. W. L., Atkinson, D. J., & Balázs, R. (2007) · Developmental Neuroscience · doi:10.1159/000112756 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Subcellular localization of the α7 nicotinic receptor in rat cerebellar granule cell layer
Caruncho, H. J., Guidotti, A., Lindstrom, J. M., Costa, E., & Pesold, C. (1997) · Neuroreport · doi:10.1097/00001756-199704140-00021 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Gould, E., & Butcher, L. L. (1987) · Developmental Brain Research · doi:10.1016/0165-3806(87)90218-5 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Opanashuk, L. A., & Hauser, K. F. (1998) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/s0006-8993(98)00647-7 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Self-citationStrohschneider, T., Oberhoff, M., Hanke, H., et al. (1994) · Journal of Molecular Medicine · doi:10.1007/bf00190750 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Clos, J., Ghandour, S., Eberhart, R., Vincendon, G., & Gombos, G. (2007) · Developmental Neuroscience · doi:10.1159/000111898 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Growth factor-mediated mechanisms of nicotine-dependent carcinogenesis
Rakowicz‐Szulczyńska, E. M., McIntosh, D. G., & Smith, M. I. (1994) · Carcinogenesis · doi:10.1093/carcin/15.9.1839 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Alonso, R., Didier, M., & Soubrié, P. (1990) · Journal of Neurochemistry · doi:10.1111/j.1471-4159.1990.tb08856.x · Cited by 20 · see citing works
The embryonic and post-natal expression of the nicotinic receptor α3-subunit in rat lower brainstem
Morley, B. J. (1997) · Molecular Brain Research · doi:10.1016/s0169-328x(97)00159-9 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Tominaga, K., Kinoshita, Y., Hato, F., et al. (1989) · PubMed · Cited by 12 · see citing works
PDGF AA as mediator in nicotine-dependent carcinogenesis
Rakowicz-Szulczynska, E. M., McIntosh, D. G., Perry, M., et al. (1996) · Carcinogenesis · doi:10.1093/carcin/17.9.1813 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Determinants of nicotine self-administration
Shoaib, M. C. (1996) · Drug Development Research · doi:10.1002/(sici)1098-2299(199607/08)38:3/4 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Research works printed but not linked: 3
- Collins AC, Marks MJ. Are nicotinic receptors activated or inhibited following chronic nicotine treatment? Drug Dev Res. 1996;38:231–242. [Google Scholar]
- Pauly JR, Anderson DJ, Sullivan JP. Autoradiographic comparison of [3H]-A85380, [3H]-epibatidine and [3H]-cytisine binding in rat and mouse brain. Soc Neurosci Abst. 1996;22:1264. [Google Scholar]
- Tao Y, Black IB, DiCicco-Bloom E. In vivo neurogenesis is inhibited by neutralizing antibodies to basic fibroblast growth factor. J Neurobiol. 1997;33:289–296. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
Cited by
Sorted by citations
The dynamic effects of nicotine on the developing brain
Dwyer, J. B., McQuown, S. C., & Leslie, F. M. (2009) · Pharmacology & Therapeutics · doi:10.1016/j.pharmthera.2009.02.003 · Cited by 559 · see citing works
Slotkin, T. A. (2004) · Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.taap.2003.06.001 · Cited by 544 · see citing works
Nicotine and brain development
Dwyer, J. B., Broide, R. S., & Leslie, F. M. (2008) · Birth Defects Research Part C: Embryo Today: Reviews · doi:10.1002/bdrc.20118 · Cited by 256 · see citing works
England, L. J., Aagaard, K., Bloch, M., Conway, K., Cosgrove, K., Grana, R., Gould, T. J., Hatsukami, D., Jensen, F., Kandel, D., et al. (2017) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2016.11.013 · Cited by 181 · see citing works
Self-citationPaul, R., Grieve, S., Niaura, R., David, S., Laidlaw, D., Cohen, R., Sweet, L., Taylor, G., Clark, R., Pogun, S., et al. (2008) · Nicotine & Tobacco Research · doi:10.1080/14622200701767829 · Cited by 129 · see citing works
Hampton, W. H., Hanik, I. M., & Olson, I. R. (2019) · Drug and Alcohol Dependence · doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2019.02.005 · Cited by 95 · see citing works
Cigarette smoking and white matter microstructure
Hudkins, M., O’Neill, J., Tobias, M. C., Bartzokis, G., & London, E. D. (2012) · Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1007/s00213-011-2621-9 · Cited by 95 · see citing works
Gogliettino, A. R., Potenza, M. N., & Yip, S. W. (2016) · Drug and Alcohol Dependence · doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2016.02.015 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
O'Leary, K. T., & Leslie, F. M. (2003) · Journal of Neurochemistry · doi:10.1046/j.1471-4159.2003.01575.x · Cited by 42 · see citing works
- Authors
- Opanashuk, L. A., Pauly, J. R., & Hauser, K. F.
- Affiliations
- University of Kentucky (US)
- ORCID
- Hauser, Kurt F.
- Venue
- European Journal of Neuroscience
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2001-01
- Volume
- 13
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 48-56
- ISSN
- 0953-816X (ISSN-L)
- 1460-9568
- PMC
- PMC4823140
- OpenAlex
- W2026940418
- Cited by
- 51
- References
- 77
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 1 · 2024: 2 · 2023: 1 · 2021: 1 · 2020: 1 · 2019: 1 · 2017: 2 · 2016: 4 · 2015: 1 · 2014: 3 · 2012: 1
- FWCI
- 2.21
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- European Journal of Neuroscience (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health (5r29da008443-06)
- National Institute on Drug Abuse (R01DA006204, DA 08443, DA06204)
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (F32NS010007, NS 10007)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptors Study
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Developmental Neuroscience › Neurogenesis and neuroplasticity mechanisms
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neuroscience and Neuropharmacology Research
- Keywords
- nicotine, nicotinic acetylcholine receptors, cerebellar granule cells, external granular layer, DNA synthesis, cell survival, epibatidine, dihydro-beta-erythroidine, receptor subtypes, neurogenesis
- MeSH terms
- Quinolizidine Alkaloids, Alkaloids, Animals, Azocines, Cell Survival, Cells, Cultured, Cerebellum, DNA, Mice, Inbred ICR, Neurons, Nicotine, Pyridines, Quinolizines, Receptors, Cholinergic, Stem Cells, Cellular Senescence, Nicotinic Agonists, Bridged Bicyclo Compounds, Heterocyclic, Protein Isoforms, Mice
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
