Impact of fetal nicotine exposure on development of rat brain regions: critical sensitive periods or effects of withdrawal?
Abstract
Fetal nicotine exposure evokes alterations in central nervous system structural, neurochemical, and behavioral development. In the current study, the relative importance of critical developmental exposure periods and withdrawal were examined by infusing nicotine to pregnant rats using osmotic minipumps beginning on the fourth day of gestation. Infusions were confined to either the first 8 days (withdrawal on gestational day 13), to nearly all of gestation (withdrawal on gestational day 21), or throughout gestation and continued into the first 2 postnatal weeks. Maternal weight gain was retarded by nicotine, with a hierarchy corresponding to the duration of nicotine exposure. Similarly, fetal and neonatal body weights were unaffected in the group receiving the shortest duration of nicotine exposure, and were less affected by the intermediate infusion regimen than by the longest regimen; brain region weights were reduced significantly only with the longest regimen. Using ODC activity, a sensitive marker for altered brain cell development, we found little change in animals exposed to nicotine in early gestation and undergoing withdrawal on day 13. However, in the groups receiving nicotine through the end of gestation or through gestation and into the postnatal period, ODC activity was significantly elevated. These results indicate that withdrawal from nicotine contributes little, if any, effect either to the growth deficits or to abnormalities of brain cell development. Instead, the most important factor appears to be exposure within the developmental period corresponding to the proliferation of nicotinic receptors and the timing of receptor control of cell replication and differentiation.
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Animal models show that prenatal nicotine exposure reproduces the brain and behavior effects seen with maternal smoking in pregnancy.
“Animal models of prenatal nicotine exposure have successfully recapitulated the neurodevelopmental and behavioral phenotypes associated with maternal cigarette smoking during pregnancy,(55-57, 64, 306)”
From Developmental toxicity of nicotine: A transdisciplinary synthesis and implications for emerging tobacco products (2017) · cites this paper as [306]
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- Authors
- Slotkin, T. A., Lappi, S. E., & Seidler, F. J.
- Affiliations
- Duke Medical Center (US)
- Corresponding author
- Slotkin, T.A.
- ORCID
- Slotkin, T.A.
- Venue
- Brain Research Bulletin
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 1993
- Volume
- 31
- Issue
- 3-4
- Pages
- 319-328
- ISSN
- 0361-9230 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W1969965832
- Cited by
- 72
- References
- 49
- Citations by year
- 2025: 1 · 2022: 1 · 2019: 1 · 2018: 1 · 2017: 1 · 2016: 1 · 2015: 1 · 2014: 3 · 2012: 3
- FWCI
- 2.35
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Brain Research Bulletin (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pediatrics, Perinatology and Child Health › Prenatal Substance Exposure Effects
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptors Study
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Smoking Behavior and Cessation
- Keywords
- prenatal nicotine exposure, nicotine withdrawal, critical developmental periods, brain development, brain cell proliferation, nicotinic acetylcholine receptors, gestational weight gain, fetal growth, rat brain
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Animals, Newborn, Birth Weight, Body Weight, Brain, Cell Differentiation, Cell Division, Dendrites, Female, Membranes, Nicotine, Organ Size, Ornithine Decarboxylase, Pregnancy, Receptors, Nicotinic, Substance Withdrawal Syndrome, Rats, Sprague-Dawley, Rats
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