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Cited by 215Diabetes, Cardiovascular Risks, and LipoproteinsDiabetes Management and EducationDiabetes Management and Research

Psychological distress and risk of pre‐diabetes and Type 2 diabetes in a prospective study of Swedish middle‐aged men and women

Eriksson, A.‐K., Ekbom, A., Granath, F., Hilding, A., Efendic, S., Östenson, C.‐G.·2008·Diabetic Medicine
DOI 10.1111/j.1464-5491.2008.02463.x
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Abstract

Aims To determine the role of psychological distress as a predictor of pre‐diabetes and Type 2 diabetes. Methods This cohort study comprised 2127 Swedish middle‐aged men and 3100 women with baseline normal glucose tolerance measured by oral glucose tolerance test. At follow‐up 8–10 years later, 245 men and 177 women had pre‐diabetes [impaired fasting glucose (IFG), impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) and IFG + IGT] and Type 2 diabetes was detected in 103 men and 57 women. Baseline psychological distress was measured by an index of five questions concerning anxiety, apathy, depression, fatigue and insomnia. Odds ratios (ORs) were estimated for pre‐diabetes and Type 2 diabetes in association with total psychological distress. In addition, ORs of the single‐item questions were calculated. Results In men, adjusted ORs (95% confidence interval) in the highest index group of psychological distress compared with the lowest group were 1.9 (1.2–2.8) and 2.2 (1.2–4.1) for pre‐diabetes and Type 2 diabetes, respectively. Corresponding estimates in women were 1.2 (0.7–2.1) and 0.5 (0.2–1.2). In the middle symptoms groups, adjusted ORs in men were 1.1 (0.8–1.4) for pre‐diabetes and 1.2 (0.7–2.0) for Type 2 diabetes and in women 1.8 (1.1–3.0) and 0.7 (0.3–1.4). When analysed separately, the associations with each of the five single factors were similar. Conclusions The results indicate that psychological distress, including symptoms of anxiety, apathy, depression, fatigue and insomnia, increases the risk of pre‐diabetes and Type 2 diabetes in Swedish middle‐aged men. Increased risks were not present in women, except for pre‐diabetes in the middle index group.

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  • A third study reported that psychological distress predicted new onset T2DM in men but not in women.

    “a third reported a sex difference in the association, with psychological distress predicting new onset T2DM in men but not in women 77”

    From Type 2 diabetes mellitus and psychological stress — a modifiable risk factor (2017) · cites this paper as [77]

  • In Swedish adults (n=5,227; 8-10 year follow-up), psychological distress measured by an index of five questions on anxiety, apathy, depression, fatigue and insomnia was associated with incident diabetes mellitus only in males (OR 2.2, 95% CI 1.2-4.1).

    “Swedish adults ( n = 5,227; 8-10 year follow-up) | Psychological distress using an index of five questions on anxiety, apathy, depression, fatigue and insomnia | ‡ Association only in males OR 2.2 (95% CI 1.2- 4.1).”

    From Type 2 diabetes mellitus and psychological stress — a modifiable risk factor (2017) · cites this paper as Eriksson (2008) 71

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Authors
Eriksson, A. ‐., Ekbom, A., Granath, F., Hilding, A., Efendic, S., & Östenson, C. ‐.
Affiliations
Karolinska Institutet (SE)
ORCID
Venue
Diabetic Medicine
Publisher
Wiley
Published
2008-07
Volume
25
Issue
7
Pages
834-842
ISSN
  • 0742-3071 (ISSN-L)
  • 1464-5491
DOI
10.1111/j.1464-5491.2008.02463.x
OpenAlex
W2134233512
Cited by
215
References
6
Citations by year
2026: 3 · 2025: 1 · 2024: 10 · 2023: 11 · 2022: 15 · 2021: 10 · 2020: 6 · 2019: 6 · 2018: 11 · 2017: 15 · 2016: 17 · 2015: 17 · 2014: 18 · 2013: 22 · 2012: 17
FWCI
8.54
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
closed
Licence
onlinelibrary.wiley.com/termsAndConditions#vor (vor)
Locations
  • Diabetic Medicine (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders
Stockholms Läns Landsting
Topics
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diabetes, Cardiovascular Risks, and Lipoproteins
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diabetes Management and Education
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diabetes Management and Research
Keywords
psychological distress, prediabetes, type 2 diabetes, impaired fasting glucose, impaired glucose tolerance, anxiety, depression, apathy, fatigue, insomnia, middle-aged adults, sex differences, diabetes risk factors
MeSH terms
Adult, Blood Glucose, Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2, Epidemiologic Methods, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Prediabetic State, Stress, Psychological, Sweden

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