Cited by 244Diabetes, Cardiovascular Risks, and LipoproteinsHealth disparities and outcomesDiabetes Management and Education

Symptoms of depression as a risk factor for incident diabetes: findings from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Epidemiologic Follow-up Study, 1971-1992

Carnethon, M. R.·2003·American Journal of Epidemiology

Abstract

Symptoms of depression may predict incident diabetes independently or through established risk factors for diabetes. US men and women aged 25-74 years who were free of diabetes at baseline (n = 6,190) were followed from 1971 to 1992 (mean, 15.6 years; standard deviation, 6) for incident diabetes. Depressive symptoms were measured by using the General Well-Being Depression subscale and were categorized to compare persons with high (9%), intermediate (32%), and low (59%) numbers of symptoms. The incidence of diabetes was highest among participants reporting high numbers of depressive symptoms (7.3 per 1,000 person-years) and did not differ between persons reporting intermediate and low numbers of symptoms (3.4 and 3.6 per 1,000 person-years, respectively) (p < 0.01 for high vs. low). In the subset of participants with less than a high school education (a marker of low socioeconomic status), the risk of developing diabetes was three times higher (95% confidence interval: 2.0, 4.7) for persons reporting high versus low numbers of depressive symptoms. These results persisted following adjustment for established diabetes risk factors. Depressive symptoms had no impact on diabetes incidence among persons with at least a high school education. Results suggest an independent role for depressive symptoms in the development of diabetes in populations with low educational attainment.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1093/aje/kwg172

Cites

47 of 47 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Recomputing p-values needs the paper’s full text.

Claims the paper makes

This paper’s full text isn’t openly available, so its claims and self-check weren’t run. The registry and citation checks still apply.

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

  • Major depressive disorder is a consistent predictor of the subsequent first onset of coronary artery disease, stroke, diabetes, heart attacks, and certain types of cancer, though evidence about major depressive disorder as a cause of physical disorders is spotty.

    “we know from meta-analyses of longitudinal studies that MDD is a consistent predictor of the subsequent first onset of coronary artery disease,97, 98 stroke,99 diabetes,100 heart attacks ,101, 102 and certain types of cancer.103”

    From The Costs of Depression (2012) · cites this paper as [99]

Cites

Flagged first, then by citations

Cited by

Sorted by citations

Authors
Carnethon, M. R.
Affiliations
Stanford Medicine (US)
Corresponding author
Carnethon, M. R.
Venue
American Journal of Epidemiology
Published
2003-09-01
Volume
158
Issue
5
Pages
416-423
ISSN
0002-9262 (ISSN-L)
OpenAlex
W2130239487
Cited by
244
References
46
Citations by year
2026: 1 · 2025: 1 · 2024: 8 · 2023: 2 · 2022: 5 · 2021: 9 · 2020: 6 · 2019: 5 · 2018: 7 · 2017: 9 · 2016: 11 · 2015: 15 · 2014: 11 · 2013: 17 · 2012: 17
FWCI
8.14
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
closed
Locations
  • American Journal of Epidemiology (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders
National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (T32HL007034, 5 T32 HL07034)
Topics
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diabetes, Cardiovascular Risks, and Lipoproteins
  • Social Sciences › Health › Health disparities and outcomes
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diabetes Management and Education
Keywords
depressive symptoms, depression, new-onset diabetes, diabetes risk factors, socioeconomic status, educational attainment, low educational attainment, diabetes incidence, middle-aged adults
MeSH terms
Adolescent, Adult, Aged, Anxiety, Child, Child, Preschool, Cross-Sectional Studies, Depression, Diabetes Mellitus, Female, Follow-Up Studies, Humans, Infant, Male, Middle Aged, Risk Factors, Socioeconomic Factors, United States, Cohort Studies, Comorbidity, Incidence, Multivariate Analysis, Age Distribution, Sex Distribution

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review