The DOI matches its Crossref record; 5 of the 5 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
On the Measurement of Affective Variables in Second Language Learning
Open accessAbstract
This study focuses on four issues concerning aspects of the validity of the Attitude/Motivation Test Battery. Data were obtained from 92 students of university‐level French. The first issue deals with whether the various subtests assess the attributes they are presumed to measure. A multitrait/multimethod analysis of three methods indicated that they did. The second issue focuses on the relationship of the subtests to higher order constructs. A factor analysis provided empirical support for the higher order constructs of Integrativeness, Attitudes Toward the Learning Situation, Language Anxiety, and Motivation. The third issue is concerned with whether the strategy used to measure affective variables influences their correlations with measures of achievement. The correlations obtained suggested that they did; moreover, some measures of achievement were less related to all affective measures than were others. The fourth issue directs attention to measures of integrative and instrumental orientation, their relationship to each other and to achievement. The results demonstrated more communality among integrative orientation items and measures than among instrumental orientation measures. Neither correlated that highly with achievement, but the correlations were slightly higher for measures of integrative orientation.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
Convergent and discriminant validation by the multitrait-multimethod matrix.
Campbell, D. T., & Fiske, D. W. (1959) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/h0046016 · Cited by 17,116
Foreign Language Classroom Anxiety
HORWITZ, E. K., HORWITZ, M. B., & COPE, J. (1986) · The Modern Language Journal · doi:10.1111/j.1540-4781.1986.tb05256.x · Cited by 5,697
Behavioral Development and Construct Validity: The Principle of Aggregation
Rushton, J. P., Brainerd, C. J., & Pressley, M. (1983) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.94.1.18 · Cited by 940 · cited 2×
“By calculating aggtegate scores, one can obtain more reliable scores, and through the principle ofaggregation ( Rushton, Brainerd, & Pressley, 1983 ) more stable levels of correlation will be obtained, provided, of course, that a true correlation exists.”
BackgroundAnxiety and Second‐Language Learning: Toward a Theoretical Clarification*
MacIntyre, P. D., & Gardner, R. C. (1989) · Language Learning · doi:10.1111/j.1467-1770.1989.tb00423.x · Cited by 930 · cited 1×
“This test has been used in other stuilies (see Lalonde & Gardner, 1984; Maclntyre & Gardner, 1989, 1991 ).”
MethodSelf-citationAn Instrumental Motivation In Language Study: Who Says It Isn't Effective?
Gardner, R. C., & MacIntyre, P. D. (1991) · Studies in Second Language Acquisition · doi:10.1017/s0272263100009724 · Cited by 472
Self-citation
Cited by
Language anxiety and achievement
Horwitz, E. (2001) · Annual Review of Applied Linguistics · doi:10.1017/s0267190501000071 · Cited by 1,573
The Subtle Effects of Language Anxiety on Cognitive Processing in the Second Language
MacIntyre, P. D., & Gardner, R. C. (1994) · Language Learning · doi:10.1111/j.1467-1770.1994.tb01103.x · Cited by 1,823
Self-citationAIDA, Y. (1994) · The Modern Language Journal · doi:10.1111/j.1540-4781.1994.tb02026.x · Cited by 1,109
Yashima, T., Zenuk‐Nishide, L., & Shimizu, K. (2004) · Language Learning · doi:10.1111/j.1467-9922.2004.00250.x · Cited by 684
Listening Comprehension and Anxiety in the Arabic Language Classroom
ELKHAFAIFI, H. (2005) · The Modern Language Journal · doi:10.1111/j.1540-4781.2005.00275.x · Cited by 646
Teacher Motivation Strategies, Student Perceptions, Student Motivation, and English Achievement
BERNAUS, M., & GARDNER, R. C. (2008) · The Modern Language Journal · doi:10.1111/j.1540-4781.2008.00753.x · Cited by 366
Self-citationForeign Language Anxiety and Foreign Language Performance: A Meta‐Analysis
ZHANG, X. (2019) · The Modern Language Journal · doi:10.1111/modl.12590 · Cited by 346
Masgoret, A. –., & Gardner, R. C. (2003) · Language Learning · doi:10.1111/1467-9922.00212 · Cited by 337
Self-citationAffect: The Role of Language Anxiety and Other Emotions in Language Learning
MacIntyre, P., & Gregersen, T. (2012) · Psychology for Language Learning · doi:10.1057/9781137032829_8 · Cited by 282
Self-citationNikolov, M. (1999) · Language Teaching Research · doi:10.1177/136216889900300103 · Cited by 274
Effects of language anxiety on three proficiency-level courses of Spanish as a foreign language
Marcos‐Llinás, M., & Garau, M. J. (2009) · Foreign Language Annals · doi:10.1111/j.1944-9720.2009.01010.x · Cited by 242
Emotions in SLA: New Insights From Collaborative Learning for an EFL Classroom
IMAI, Y. (2010) · The Modern Language Journal · doi:10.1111/j.1540-4781.2010.01021.x · Cited by 216
An exploration of Chinese EFL students' emotional intelligence and foreign language anxiety
Shao, K., Yu, W., & Ji, Z. (2013) · The Modern Language Journal · doi:10.1111/j.1540-4781.2013.12042.x · Cited by 185
The Stability of General Foreign Language Classroom Anxiety across English and French
Rodríguez, M., & Abreu, O. (2003) · The Modern Language Journal · doi:10.1111/1540-4781.00195 · Cited by 133
Ryan, S. (2006) · Critical Inquiry in Language Studies · doi:10.1207/s15427595cils0301_2 · Cited by 117
Classroom anxiety and enjoyment in CLIL and non-CLIL: Does the target language matter?
De Smet, A., Mettewie, L., Galand, B., Hiligsmann, P., & Van Mensel, L. (2018) · Studies in Second Language Learning and Teaching · doi:10.14746/ssllt.2018.8.1.3 · Cited by 101
(2014) · Journals & Books Hosting (International Knowledge Sharing Platform) · Cited by 35
The Level and Sources of Foreign Language Speaking Anxiety among Saudi EFL University Students
Alnahidh, F., & Altalhab, S. (2020) · Advances in Language and Literary Studies · doi:10.7575/aiac.alls.v.11n.1p.55 · Cited by 27
Kühl, T., & Wohninsland, P. (2022) · Education and Information Technologies · doi:10.1007/s10639-022-11004-9 · Cited by 23
(2017) · EngagedScholarship @ Cleveland State University (Cleveland State University) · Cited by 14
Taytay Senior High School, D. O. E. T., Atanacio-Blas, F., Meraña, M., Taytay Senior High School, D. O. E. T., F. Averion, R., Taytay Senior High School, D. O. E. T., Anne Badanoy, M., Taytay Senior High School, D. O. E. T., Lee De Leon, A., Taytay Senior High School, D. O. E. T., et al. (2018) · PEOPLE: International Journal of Social Sciences · doi:10.20319/pijss.2018.33.11861202 · Cited by 10
Metadata
- Authors
- Gardner, R. C., & MacIntyre, P. D.
- Venue
- Language Learning
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 1993-06
- Volume
- 43
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 157-194
- ISSN
- 0023-8333 (ISSN-L)
- 1467-9922
- OpenAlex
- W2165641980
- Cited by
- 625
- References
- 5
- FWCI
- 40.09
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
Data sources
Bibliographic data: Semantic Scholar, OpenAlex, Crossref.
Contains information from the Semantic Scholar Academic Graph Datasets, made available under the ODC Attribution License (ODC-BY 1.0).
Semantic Scholar’s data is described in: Kinney, R., et al. (2023). The Semantic Scholar Open Data Platform. arXiv:2301.10140.
