The DOI matches its Crossref record; 72 of the 72 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; none of the 31 sources its claims cite is checked for support yet.
Bicultural Identity Integration (BII): Components and Psychosocial Antecedents
Open accessAbstract
Abstract The present study examines the underresearched topic of bicultural identity; specifically, we: (1) unpack the construct of Bicultural Identity Integration (BII), or the degree to which a bicultural individual perceives his/her two cultural identities as “compatible” versus “oppositional,” and (2) identify the personality (Big Five) and acculturation (acculturation stress, acculturation attitudes, bicultural competence) predictors of BII. Differences in BII, acculturation stress, and bicultural competence were measured with new instruments developed for the purposes of the study. Using a sample of Chinese American biculturals, we found that variations in BII do not define a uniform phenomenon, as commonly implied in the literature, but instead encompass two separate independent constructs: perceptions of distance (vs. overlap) and perceptions of conflict (vs. harmony) between one's two cultural identities or orientations. Results also indicated that cultural conflict and cultural distance have distinct personality, acculturation, and sociodemographic antecedents.
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39 Own result · 28 Own interpretation · 15 Own method · 12 Sources not found · 6 No full text of the sources · 4 Not checked yet · 3 No basis given
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Note that the item ''When I am in a place or room where I am the only person of my ethnic/cultural group, I often feel different or isolated'' (Cultural Isolation factor) has sizable cross-loadings on the Language and Discrimination factors”
§ Bicultural Identity Integration (BII): Components and Psychosocial Antecedents > Acculturation Stress
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The average interscale correlation for this measure was .23 (range: .04-.52; see Appendix A)”
§ Bicultural Identity Integration (BII): Components and Psychosocial Antecedents > Acculturation Stress
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Using a sample of Chinese American biculturals, we found that variations in BII do not define a uniform phenomenon, as commonly implied in the literature, but instead encompass two separate independent constructs: perceptions of distance (vs.overlap) and perceptions of conflict (vs.harmony) between one's two cultural identities or orientations.”
§ Bicultural Identity Integration (BII): Components and Psychosocial Antecedents > Abstract
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“A factor analysis with Varimax rotation of the current sample's responses on this measure yielded five factors representing each of the five hypothesized domains”
§ Bicultural Identity Integration (BII): Components and Psychosocial Antecedents > Acculturation Stress
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Results also indicated that cultural conflict and cultural distance have distinct personality, acculturation, and sociodemographic antecedents.”
§ Bicultural Identity Integration (BII): Components and Psychosocial Antecedents > Abstract
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Using a sample of Chinese American biculturals, we found that variations in BII do not define a uniform phenomenon, as commonly implied in the literature, but instead encompass two separate independent constructs: perceptions of distance (vs.overlap) and perceptions of conflict (vs.harmony) between one's two cultural identities or orientations.”
§ Bicultural Identity Integration (BII): Components and Psychosocial Antecedents > Abstract
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“the correlation between scores on these two scales was close to zero (.02)”
§ Bicultural Identity Integration (BII): Components and Psychosocial Antecedents > Bicultural Identity Measures
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“When a factor analysis with Varimax rotation was performed on the current sample's responses to the BIIS-1, the two hypothesized factors representing cultural distance and cultural conflict emerged”
§ Bicultural Identity Integration (BII): Components and Psychosocial Antecedents > Bicultural Identity Measures
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In the oblique solution, the correlation between the cultural conflict and distance dimensions was .025.”
§ Bicultural Identity Integration (BII): Components and Psychosocial Antecedents > Bicultural Identity Measures
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“cultural conflict is predicted mostly by acculturation stress in the linguistic and intercultural relations domains and moderately by discrimination.”
§ Bicultural Identity Integration (BII): Components and Psychosocial Antecedents > Path Analyses
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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- It may state two separate claims as one. 36
- Probably not a substantial claim. 20
- The quote only partly states this claim. 1
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Note that there are no gender effects and virtually no age effects for either conflict or distance.”
§ Bicultural Identity Integration (BII): Components and Psychosocial Antecedents > Correlational Analyses
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“cultural distance is negatively associated with both English proficiency/ use and American identification, but is independent from Chinese identification.”
§ Bicultural Identity Integration (BII): Components and Psychosocial Antecedents > Correlational Analyses
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“both years lived in the United States and in a Chinese culture are inversely related to cultural distance.”
§ Bicultural Identity Integration (BII): Components and Psychosocial Antecedents > Correlational Analyses
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“our sample is overall highly bicultural: participants have been significantly exposed to both American and Chinese cultures (i.e., participants had lived an average of 10.8 and 14 years in each of these cultures, respectively), report comparable levels of use and fluency in both English and Chinese languages, and identify with both cultures (although Chinese identification is higher).”
§ Bicultural Identity Integration (BII): Components and Psychosocial Antecedents > Descriptive Statistics
boosted- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“bicultural competence scores are unrelated to cultural conflict but are highly (negatively) associated with cultural distance”
§ Bicultural Identity Integration (BII): Components and Psychosocial Antecedents > Correlational Analyses
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“our sample clearly supports an integration (i.e., biculturalism) strategy and has scores on cultural conflict and distance (as well as on BII-P) that are centered around the middle of the scale.”
§ Bicultural Identity Integration (BII): Components and Psychosocial Antecedents > Descriptive Statistics
boosted- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“the sample reports the highest levels of acculturation stress in the work and discrimination domains and the least in the linguistic domain.”
§ Bicultural Identity Integration (BII): Components and Psychosocial Antecedents > Descriptive Statistics
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Results from a factor analysis of the BIIS-1 items using an oblique rotation yielded a two-factor structure virtually similar to the one reported in Table 2.”
§ Bicultural Identity Integration (BII): Components and Psychosocial Antecedents > Bicultural Identity Measures
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The quote only partly states this claim.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“BIIS-P correlates with both our newly developed cultural conflict and distance scales.”
§ Bicultural Identity Integration (BII): Components and Psychosocial Antecedents > Correlational Analyses
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Berry's separation strategy, which has both a direct effect on cultural distance, as well as an indirect effect through bicultural competence.”
§ Bicultural Identity Integration (BII): Components and Psychosocial Antecedents > Path Analyses
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“individuals who are rigid and closed to new experiences are more likely to compartmentalize cultural identities, feel stressed about their linguistic abilities, support a separation acculturation strategy, and be less biculturally competent”
§ Bicultural Identity Integration (BII): Components and Psychosocial Antecedents > Path Analyses
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“neurotic individuals who tend to feel vulnerable and anxious are more likely to perceive conflict between their cultural identities and also experience stress in the linguistic and intercultural relations domains”
§ Bicultural Identity Integration (BII): Components and Psychosocial Antecedents > Path Analyses
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Cultural conflict, on the other hand, is predicted by having a neurotic disposition, experiencing linguistic acculturation stress, and facing the interpersonal acculturation challenges of discrimination and strained intercultural relations.”
§ Bicultural Identity Integration (BII): Components and Psychosocial Antecedents > Path Analyses
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This figure includes all the paths that had coefficients significant at a p value of .05 or lower.”
§ Bicultural Identity Integration (BII): Components and Psychosocial Antecedents > Path Analyses
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“An examination of Appendix A reveals several significant associations between the Big Five traits and demographic/acculturation variables such as years lived in the United States and a Chinese country, and the language and cultural identification variables”
§ Bicultural Identity Integration (BII): Components and Psychosocial Antecedents > Path Analyses
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Cultural distance, on the other hand, is predicted largely by feelings of cultural isolation and, like cultural conflict, by linguistic challenges.”
§ Bicultural Identity Integration (BII): Components and Psychosocial Antecedents > Path Analyses
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In doing so, we identified two distinct and little understood bicultural identity constructs: attitudes regarding the conceptual organization of dual cultures (i.e., cultural distance) and feelings associated with the emotional process of navigating one's position within and between each culture (cultural conflict), each with largely different personality and sociocultural antecedents.”
§ Bicultural Identity Integration (BII): Components and Psychosocial Antecedents > Concluding Remarks
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“cultural distance is somewhat positively associated with the endorsement of a separation acculturation strategy and negatively correlated with American cultural identification.”
§ Bicultural Identity Integration (BII): Components and Psychosocial Antecedents > BII: Cultural Distance
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“the perception that one's two cultures are nonoverlapping, dissociated, and distant from one another is related to more learning-and performance-related aspects of the acculturation experience, including the amount of exposure to each culture, acculturation attitudes (separation and/ or integration), English and ethnic language proficiency and use, and identification with mainstream culture (but”
§ Bicultural Identity Integration (BII): Components and Psychosocial Antecedents > BII: Cultural Distance
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The alpha reliabilities for the English and Chinese language proficiency and use scales were .82and .85,respectively.”
§ Bicultural Identity Integration (BII): Components and Psychosocial Antecedents > Procedure and Instruments
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Berry's taxonomy supports the argument that ''acculturation is not a linear process, with individuals ranging from unacculturated to assimilated, but rather a multidimensional process that includes one's orientation to both one's ethnic culture and the larger society'' (Phinney, 1996, p. 922).”
§ Bicultural Identity Integration (BII): Components and Psychosocial Antecedents > Biculturalism: Integrating Two Cultural Orientations
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Phinney, 1996 source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Alphas for the Language, Discrimination, Intercultural Relations, Cultural Isolation, and Work scales were .84,.80,.75,.68,and .68,respectively.”
§ Bicultural Identity Integration (BII): Components and Psychosocial Antecedents > Acculturation Stress
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“These relatively low levels of reliability are somewhat problematic and suggest that scores on the four acculturation strategies should be interpreted with caution”
§ Bicultural Identity Integration (BII): Components and Psychosocial Antecedents > Procedure and Instruments
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“There is now robust evidence supporting the psychometric validity of this bidirectional model of acculturation and its advantages over unidimensional models in predicting a wide array of outcomes (Flannery, 1998;Ryder, Allen, & Paulhus, 2000;Tsai, Ying, & Lee, 2000).”
§ Bicultural Identity Integration (BII): Components and Psychosocial Antecedents > Biculturalism: Integrating Two Cultural Orientations
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Flannery, 1998
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites Ryder, Allen, & Paulhus, 2000
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Tsai, Ying, & Lee, 2000 source
boostedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“this suggests that the ''solo'' experience may be often be associated with self-consciousness regarding one's English skills and/or the experience of racial/cultural social rejection (Pollak & Niemann, 1998).”
§ Bicultural Identity Integration (BII): Components and Psychosocial Antecedents > Acculturation Stress
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Pollak & Niemann, 1998 source
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In the present study, the alpha reliabilities for the assimilation, separation, integration, and marginalization scales were .63,.55,.55,and .53,respectively.”
§ Bicultural Identity Integration (BII): Components and Psychosocial Antecedents > Procedure and Instruments
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In the present study, alpha reliabilities for the Extraversion, Agreeableness, Conscientiousness, Neuroticism, and Openness scales were .78,.73,.82,.84,and .80,respectively.”
§ Bicultural Identity Integration (BII): Components and Psychosocial Antecedents > Personality
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“We should note that the somewhat small size of our sample reflects the difficulty of finding ethnically diverse samples of participants in the Midwest who not only described themselves as ''bicultural'' but also fulfilled all of our other demographic criteria.”
§ Bicultural Identity Integration (BII): Components and Psychosocial Antecedents > Participants and Procedure
plainn = 133- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“According to the acculturation and ethnic minority literature (e.g., Gil, Vega, & Dimas, 1994;Mena, Padilla, & Maldonado, 1987;Saldan˜a, 1994), stress associated with the acculturation process is a multifaceted experience related to interpersonal, intellectual/professional, and structural pressures.”
§ Bicultural Identity Integration (BII): Components and Psychosocial Antecedents > Acculturation Stress
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Gil, Vega, & Dimas, 1994
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Mena, Padilla, & Maldonado, 1987 source
- Not matchedcites Saldan˜a, 1994
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
- Not matched
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The alphas for the conflict and distance scales were .74and .69,respectively.”
§ Bicultural Identity Integration (BII): Components and Psychosocial Antecedents > Bicultural Identity Measures
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim could be matched to a paper in Crossref, so there is nothing to check it against.
In the paper
“In addition, in Benet-Martı´nez et al.'s (2002) study, high and low BIIs were consistently similar in their endorsement of Berry's integrative acculturation strategy (Berry, 1990) and in basic demographic variables such as years spent in the United States and age of migration”
§ Bicultural Identity Integration (BII): Components and Psychosocial Antecedents > BII and Cultural Frame-Switching
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Benet-Martı´nez et al., 2002
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites Berry, 1990
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“Individuals high on BII tend to see themselves as part of a ''hyphenated culture'' (or even part of a combined, ''third,'' emerging culture) and find it easy to integrate both cultures in their everyday lives.”
§ Bicultural Identity Integration (BII): Components and Psychosocial Antecedents > Bicultural Identity Integration (BII): An Individual Difference Approach
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Benet-Martı´nez et al., 2002
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“however, the study also found that, compared with high BIIs, low BIIs tended to be less proficient in English and less identified with American culture.”
§ Bicultural Identity Integration (BII): Components and Psychosocial Antecedents > BII and Cultural Frame-Switching
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Benet-Martı´nez et al., 2002
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“A fifth limitation concerns the abstract, context-free, and normative assessment of cultural distance and conflict in our studies.”
§ Bicultural Identity Integration (BII): Components and Psychosocial Antecedents > Limitations and Future Work
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“BII seems to involve two independent psychological constructs, cultural conflict and cultural distance, each representing unique and separate aspects of the dynamic intersection between mainstream and ethnic cultural identities in bicultural individuals.”
§ Bicultural Identity Integration (BII): Components and Psychosocial Antecedents > GENERAL DISCUSSION
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Note that our conceptualization of low bicultural competence does not differentiate between (1) individuals with strong competence in one culture (American or Chinese) only, and (2) individuals with medium-weak competence in both cultures.”
§ Bicultural Identity Integration (BII): Components and Psychosocial Antecedents > Concluding Remarks
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In conclusion, cultural distance appears to be driven by dispositional factors, such as (low) openness, and perceived contextual pressures, such as stress in the linguistic domain and the experience of cultural isolation.”
§ Bicultural Identity Integration (BII): Components and Psychosocial Antecedents > BII: Cultural Distance
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“perceptions of cultural distance are more similar to, yet not interchangeable with, traditional acculturation concepts regarding attitudes and behavior.”
§ Bicultural Identity Integration (BII): Components and Psychosocial Antecedents > BII: Cultural Distance
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Fourth, although our study identified some negative antecedents of low BII (e.g., discrimination, cultural isolation) that are likely to impact biculturals' overall adjustment, additional work is needed to examine empirically how acculturation stressors and cultural conflict and distance separately and jointly influence overall psychological well-being (e.g., levels of anxious and depressed mood).”
§ Bicultural Identity Integration (BII): Components and Psychosocial Antecedents > Limitations and Future Work
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“these results suggest that cultural distance, but not cultural conflict, is related to objective, learning-and performance-based aspects of the acculturation experience (e.g., amount of cultural exposure, language proficiency).”
§ Bicultural Identity Integration (BII): Components and Psychosocial Antecedents > Correlational Analyses
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“until future studies examine BII in larger bicultural samples and with different cultural groups, the independence of cultural conflict and distance (and our proposed reconceptualization of BII) should be interpreted with caution and not be seen as conclusive.”
§ Bicultural Identity Integration (BII): Components and Psychosocial Antecedents > GENERAL DISCUSSION
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“perhaps BII should be conceptualized as a process more than a construct, and cultural distance and conflict may be two important components in this process.”
§ Bicultural Identity Integration (BII): Components and Psychosocial Antecedents > GENERAL DISCUSSION
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Finally, it is important to note that the processes proposed in Figure 1, like most psychological processes, occur over time and probably include bidirectional effects (Baron & Kenny, 1986).”
§ Bicultural Identity Integration (BII): Components and Psychosocial Antecedents > Limitations and Future Work
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Baron & Kenny, 1986
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“We propose that all of these factors may challenge biculturals' feelings of efficacy in creating a combined, synergistic cultural identity, thus leading to the perception that ''biculturalism is a dichotomy'' (see earlier quotation).”
§ Bicultural Identity Integration (BII): Components and Psychosocial Antecedents > BII: Cultural Distance
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Cultural and cross-cultural psychology seem to be moving away from an initial focus on cultural differences and dynamics between groups toward an interest in how cultures are negotiated and played out within the individual (Phinney, 1999).”
§ Bicultural Identity Integration (BII): Components and Psychosocial Antecedents > Concluding Remarks
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Phinney, 1999
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
- Not matched
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Third, our sample size was somewhat small for the testing of complex models, and, given the exploratory nature of this study, our findings and conclusions should be validated in future studies with larger numbers of participants.”
§ Bicultural Identity Integration (BII): Components and Psychosocial Antecedents > Limitations and Future Work
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Recall that we are not measuring the broader construct of ''cultural competence'' (i.e., being able to adequately function in ''some'' culture or cultures, which could perhaps be measured as a continuum); rather, we are interested in differentiating between individuals who display significant and comparable levels of involvement with their two cultures from those who do not.”
§ Bicultural Identity Integration (BII): Components and Psychosocial Antecedents > Concluding Remarks
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“However, our theoretical framing of these results in terms of personality and contextual antecedents of cultural conflict and distance is consistent with existing personality and acculturation literature (Ryder et al., 2000;Saldan˜a, 1994).”
§ Bicultural Identity Integration (BII): Components and Psychosocial Antecedents > Limitations and Future Work
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Ryder et al., 2000 source
- Not matchedcites Saldan˜a, 1994
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“however, the present study makes an important first contribution by proposing and evaluating one possible model that closely fits and helps explain the experiences of identity negotiation among biculturals.”
§ Bicultural Identity Integration (BII): Components and Psychosocial Antecedents > Limitations and Future Work
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. It may state two separate claims as one.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“whereas parents of minority youth strive to preserve the heritage culture in the younger generation, youth’s peers and the larger society typically practice the mainstream American culture (Benet-Martínez & Haritatos, 2005).”
From Cultural Socialization Across Contexts: Family–Peer Congruence and Adolescent Well-Being (2016) · cites this paper as Benet-Martínez & Haritatos, 2005
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Many of these people feel as if they are living in two worlds, expressing a bicultural identity (Benet-Martínez & Haritatos, 2005).”
From Self and identity in personality psychology (2021) · cites this paper as Benet-Martínez & Haritatos, 2005
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.
Rated major: it would touch a result — a value a result rests on, reported and recomputed p-values on opposite sides of the significance level, two passages that conflict with no sign which is right, or a cited work retracted before this paper was published.
In the paper
§ Bicultural Identity Integration (BII): Components and Psychosocial Antecedents > Concluding Remarks
“| BIIS-P | 3.2 1.2 | 1-5 | À .35 nn | À .48 nn | |”
§ Bicultural Identity Integration (BII): Components and Psychosocial Antecedents > Concluding Remarks
“9. Conflict .13À .09À .02.13À .08 .02.14À .31-”
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ Bicultural Identity Integration (BII): Components and Psychosocial Antecedents > Correlational Analyses
“However, both years lived in the United States and in a Chinese culture are inversely related to cultural distance.”
§ Bicultural Identity Integration (BII): Components and Psychosocial Antecedents > Concluding Remarks
“| Years lived in Chinese | 14.0 7.8 | - | À .09 | .36 nn | |”
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ Bicultural Identity Integration (BII): Components and Psychosocial Antecedents > Bicultural Identity Measures
“the correlation between scores on these two scales was close to zero (.02).”
§ Bicultural Identity Integration (BII): Components and Psychosocial Antecedents > Concluding Remarks
“| Cultural Conflict | 2.6 | .8 | 1-5 | - | À .07 |”
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ Bicultural Identity Integration (BII): Components and Psychosocial Antecedents > Concluding Remarks
“| Cultural Isolation | 2.4 | .8 | 1-5 | .28 n | .29 n |”
§ Bicultural Identity Integration (BII): Components and Psychosocial Antecedents > Concluding Remarks
“19.Cultural Isolation .18.12À .18.18À .16.06.09.24.20 .29”
Citations
Cites
Baron, R. M., & Kenny, D. A. (1986) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.51.6.1173 · Cited by 91,532
The Social Self: On Being the Same and Different at the Same Time
Brewer, M. B. (1991) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/0146167291175001 · Cited by 5,107
Handbook of Personality : Theory and Research
Pervin, L. A. (1992) · Cited by 4,543
Conventional wisdom on measurement: A structural equation perspective.
Bollen, K., & Lennox, R. (1991) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.110.2.305 · Cited by 3,618
Handbook of personality theory and research
Wilson, G. (1991) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/0191-8869(91)90043-b · Cited by 3,562
Social stigma and self-esteem: The self-protective properties of stigma.
Crocker, J., & Major, B. (1989) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/0033-295x.96.4.608 · Cited by 3,426
MEMORANDUM FOR THE STUDY OF ACCULTURATION
Redfield, R., Linton, R., & Herskovits, M. J. (1936) · American Anthropologist · doi:10.1525/aa.1936.38.1.02a00330 · Cited by 3,171
Goode, W. J. (1960) · American Sociological Review · doi:10.2307/2092933 · Cited by 2,454 · cited 2×
“, feeling caught or trapped between one’s two cultural orientations) has not been explicitly acknowledged in the acculturation literature, even though this component may be similar to identity confusion (Baumister, 1986) or role conflict (Goode, 1960).”
BackgroundPsychological impact of biculturalism: Evidence and theory.
LaFromboise, T., Coleman, H. L. K., & Gerton, J. (1993) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.114.3.395 · Cited by 2,298
Multicultural minds: A dynamic constructivist approach to culture and cognition.
Hong, Y.-Y., Morris, M. W., Chiu, C.-Y., & Benet-Martínez, V. (2000) · American Psychologist · doi:10.1037/0003-066x.55.7.709 · Cited by 2,203
Self-citation
Research works printed but not linked: 2
- Phinney J. S., 1999, An intercultural approach in psychology, Cross-Cultural Psychology Bulletin, 33, 24
- Sullivan N., 1999, When cultures collide, Language and Communication, 19, 261
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Rethinking the concept of acculturation: Implications for theory and research.
Schwartz, S. J., Unger, J. B., Zamboanga, B. L., & Szapocznik, J. (2010) · American Psychologist · doi:10.1037/a0019330 · Cited by 2,226
Personality and the Prediction of Consequential Outcomes
Ozer, D. J., & Benet‐Martínez, V. (2005) · Annual Review of Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev.psych.57.102904.190127 · Cited by 2,307
Self-citationThe consequences of perceived discrimination for psychological well-being: A meta-analytic review.
Schmitt, M. T., Branscombe, N. R., Postmes, T., & Garcia, A. (2014) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/a0035754 · Cited by 1,804
Acculturation: When Individuals and Groups of Different Cultural Backgrounds Meet
Sam, D. L., & Berry, J. W. (2010) · Perspectives on Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/1745691610373075 · Cited by 1,219
Nguyen, A. D., & Benet‐Martínez, V. (2012) · Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology · doi:10.1177/0022022111435097 · Cited by 1,155
Self-citation
Metadata
- Authors
- Benet‐Martínez, V., & Haritatos, J.
- Affiliations
- University of California, Riverside (US)
- University of Michigan (US)
- Corresponding author
- Benet‐Martínez, Verónica
- Venue
- Journal of Personality
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2005-05-24
- Volume
- 73
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 1015-1050
- ISSN
- 0022-3506 (ISSN-L)
- 1467-6494
- OpenAlex
- W2122771930
- Cited by
- 1,384
- References
- 65
- Citations by year
- 2026: 75 · 2025: 65 · 2024: 84 · 2023: 70 · 2022: 78 · 2021: 105 · 2020: 119 · 2019: 118 · 2018: 100 · 2017: 78 · 2016: 75 · 2015: 60 · 2014: 65 · 2013: 62 · 2012: 68
- FWCI
- 49.62
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- escholarship.org
- Locations
- Journal of Personality (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- eScholarship (California Digital Library) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Racial and Ethnic Identity Research
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Social and Intergroup Psychology
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Counseling Practices and Supervision
- Keywords
- bicultural identity integration, bicultural identity, acculturative stress, acculturation attitudes, bicultural competence, cultural conflict, cultural distance, Big Five personality traits, Chinese Americans
- MeSH terms
- Acculturation, Adult, Asian, Conflict, Psychological, Emigration and Immigration, Factor Analysis, Statistical, Female, Humans, Individuality, Language, Male, Models, Psychological, Personality, Personality Inventory, Self Concept, Social Adjustment, Social Identification, Sociometric Techniques, Stress, Psychological, United States, Cultural Diversity
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
A language model drew the claims from the paper on 2026-11-04, under version 3 of the claim definition (model deepseek-v4.1-flash, prompt extract-v3).
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