The DOI matches its Crossref record; 6 of the 6 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
The Value of Believing in Free Will: Encouraging a Belief in Determinism Increases Cheating
Abstract
Does moral behavior draw on a belief in free will? Two experiments examined whether inducing participants to believe that human behavior is predetermined would encourage cheating. In Experiment 1, participants read either text that encouraged a belief in determinism (i.e., that portrayed behavior as the consequence of environmental and genetic factors) or neutral text. Exposure to the deterministic message increased cheating on a task in which participants could passively allow a flawed computer program to reveal answers to mathematical problems that they had been instructed to solve themselves. Moreover, increased cheating behavior was mediated by decreased belief in free will. In Experiment 2, participants who read deterministic statements cheated by overpaying themselves for performance on a cognitive task; participants who read statements endorsing free will did not. These findings suggest that the debate over free will has societal, as well as scientific and theoretical, implications.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
Development and validation of brief measures of positive and negative affect: The PANAS scales.
Watson, D., Clark, L. A., & Tellegen, A. (1988) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.54.6.1063 · Cited by 32,433
Generalized expectancies for internal versus external control of reinforcement.
Rotter, J. B. (1966) · Psychological Monographs: General and Applied · doi:10.1037/h0092976 · Cited by 21,937
The Dishonesty of Honest People: A Theory of Self-Concept Maintenance
Mazar, N., Amir, O., & Ariely, D. (2008) · Journal of Marketing Research · doi:10.1509/jmkr.45.6.633 · Cited by 2,875
Praise for intelligence can undermine children's motivation and performance.
Mueller, C. M., & Dweck, C. S. (1998) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.75.1.33 · Cited by 1,709 · cited 1×
“For instance, Mueller and Dweck (1998) observed 10-year-old children who were told that they had been successful on an initial task either as the result of their intelligence or through their hard work.”
BackgroundThe Meaning Maintenance Model: On the Coherence of Social Motivations
Heine, S. J., Proulx, T., & Vohs, K. D. (2006) · Personality and Social Psychology Review · doi:10.1207/s15327957pspr1002_1 · Cited by 1,437
Self-citationSelf-regulation, ego depletion, and motivation
Baumeister, R. F., & Vohs, K. D. (2007) · Social and Personality Psychology Compass · doi:10.1111/j.1751-9004.2007.00001.x · Cited by 1,402
Self-citation
Cited by
Mechanisms of Social Cognition
Frith, C. D., & Frith, U. (2012) · Annual Review of Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev-psych-120710-100449 · Cited by 973
McKay, R. T., & Dennett, D. C. (2009) · Behavioral and Brain Sciences · doi:10.1017/s0140525x09990975 · Cited by 474
Examining the effects of sleep deprivation on workplace deviance: A self-regulatory perspective
Christian, M. S., & Ellis, A. P. J. (2011) · Academy of Management Journal · doi:10.5465/amj.2010.0179 · Cited by 433
The role of metacognition in human social interactions
Frith, C. D. (2012) · Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rstb.2012.0123 · Cited by 407
Using prediction markets to estimate the reproducibility of scientific research
Dreber, A., Pfeiffer, T., Almenberg, J., Isaksson, S., Wilson, B., Chen, Y., Nosek, B. A., & Johannesson, M. (2015) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1516179112 · Cited by 331
Mean Gods Make Good People: Different Views of God Predict Cheating Behavior
Shariff, A. F., & Norenzayan, A. (2011) · International Journal for the Psychology of Religion · doi:10.1080/10508619.2011.556990 · Cited by 318
The free will inventory: Measuring beliefs about agency and responsibility
Nadelhoffer, T., Shepard, J., Nahmias, E., Sripada, C., & Ross, L. T. (2014) · Consciousness and Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.concog.2014.01.006 · Cited by 219
Personal Philosophy and Personnel Achievement: Belief in Free Will Predicts Better Job Performance
Stillman, T. F., Baumeister, R. F., Vohs, K. D., Lambert, N. M., Fincham, F. D., & Brewer, L. E. (2010) · Social Psychological and Personality Science · doi:10.1177/1948550609351600 · Cited by 191
Self-citationMonroe, A. E., Dillon, K. D., & Malle, B. F. (2014) · Consciousness and Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.concog.2014.04.011 · Cited by 125
Experimental Existential Psychology: Coping With the Facts of Life
Pyszczynski, T., Greenberg, J., Koole, S., & Solomon, S. (2010) · Handbook of Social Psychology · doi:10.1002/9780470561119.socpsy001020 · Cited by 116
Making sense of agency: Belief in free will as a unique and important construct
Feldman, G. (2017) · Social and Personality Psychology Compass · doi:10.1111/spc3.12293 · Cited by 106
Many Labs 5: Testing Pre-Data-Collection Peer Review as an Intervention to Increase Replicability
Ebersole, C. R., Mathur, M. B., Baranski, E., Bart-Plange, D.-J., Buttrick, N. R., Chartier, C. R., Corker, K. S., Corley, M., Hartshorne, J. K., IJzerman, H., et al. (2020) · Advances in Methods and Practices in Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/2515245920958687 · Cited by 105
Belief in free will affects causal attributions when judging others’ behavior
Genschow, O., Rigoni, D., & Brass, M. (2017) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1701916114 · Cited by 82
Neuroscience and the soul: Competing explanations for the human experience
Preston, J. L., Ritter, R. S., & Hepler, J. (2013) · Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.cognition.2012.12.003 · Cited by 72
Baumeister, R. F., Tice, D. M., & Bushman, B. J. (2023) · Perspectives on Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/17456916221121815 · Cited by 53
Dechering, A., & Bakkes, S. (2018) · Proceedings of the 13th International Conference on the Foundations of Digital Games · doi:10.1145/3235765.3235779 · Cited by 14
Hagège, H. (2023) · International Journal for Educational Integrity · doi:10.1007/s40979-023-00134-3 · Cited by 12
Lay beliefs in moral expertise
Schmittat, S. M., & Burgmer, P. (2020) · Philosophical Psychology · doi:10.1080/09515089.2020.1719053 · Cited by 5
Metadata
- Authors
- Vohs, K. D., & Schooler, J. W.
- Venue
- Psychological Science
- Publisher
- SAGE Publications
- Published
- 2008-01
- Volume
- 19
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 49-54
- ISSN
- 0956-7976 (ISSN-L)
- 1467-9280
- OpenAlex
- W2143815033
- Cited by
- 658
- References
- 6
- FWCI
- 14.45
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
Data sources
Bibliographic data: Semantic Scholar, OpenAlex, Crossref.
Contains information from the Semantic Scholar Academic Graph Datasets, made available under the ODC Attribution License (ODC-BY 1.0).
Semantic Scholar’s data is described in: Kinney, R., et al. (2023). The Semantic Scholar Open Data Platform. arXiv:2301.10140.
