The DOI matches its Crossref record; 25 of the 25 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Toward a Physiology of Dual-Process Reasoning and Judgment: Lemonade, Willpower, and Expensive Rule-Based Analysis
Abstract
This experiment used the attraction effect to test the hypothesis that ingestion of sugar can reduce reliance on intuitive, heuristic-based decision making. In the attraction effect, a difficult choice between two options is swayed by the presence of a seemingly irrelevant “decoy” option. We replicated this effect and the finding that the effect increases when people have depleted their mental resources performing a previous self-control task. Our hypothesis was based on the assumption that effortful processes require and consume relatively large amounts of glucose (brain fuel), and that this use of glucose is why people use heuristic strategies after exerting self-control. Before performing any tasks, some participants drank lemonade sweetened with sugar, which restores blood glucose, whereas others drank lemonade containing a sugar substitute. Only lemonade with sugar reduced the attraction effect. These results show one way in which the body (blood glucose) interacts with the mind (self-control and reliance on heuristics).
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“These experiments have also reported that increasing environmental volatility induces a monotonic phase transition from memory-based to memoryless estimation strategies [29].”
From Theoretical Analysis of Resource-Induced Phase Transitions in Estimation Strategies (2026) · cites this paper as [29]
In the citing paper
“This nonmonotonic phase transition is also observed in recent human experiments [29].”
From Theoretical Analysis of Resource-Induced Phase Transitions in Estimation Strategies (2026) · cites this paper as [29]
In the citing paper
“The observed nonmonotonicity qualitatively agrees with recent experimental results [29], such that memory-based estimation is optimal only when sensory uncertainty is moderate.”
From Theoretical Analysis of Resource-Induced Phase Transitions in Estimation Strategies (2026) · cites this paper as [29]
In the citing paper
“Similar nonmonotonic transitions have been reported by recent human experiments [29].”
From Theoretical Analysis of Resource-Induced Phase Transitions in Estimation Strategies (2026) · cites this paper as [29]
Citations
Cites
Judgment under Uncertainty: Heuristics and Biases
Tversky, A., & Kahneman, D. (1975) · Utility, Probability, and Human Decision Making · doi:10.1007/978-94-010-1834-0_8 · Cited by 22,650
Judgment under Uncertainty: Heuristics and Biases
(1982) · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511809477 · Cited by 8,240
Judgment Under Uncertainty: Heuristics and Biases.
Shafer, G. R., Kahnerman, D., Slovic, P., & Tversky, A. (1984) · Journal of the American Statistical Association · doi:10.2307/2288362 · Cited by 5,658
A perspective on judgment and choice: mapping bounded rationality.
Kahneman, D. (2003) · American Psychologist · doi:10.1037/0003-066x.58.9.697 · Cited by 5,540
Ego depletion: Is the active self a limited resource?
Baumeister, R. F., Bratslavsky, E., Muraven, M., & Tice, D. M. (1998) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037//0022-3514.74.5.1252 · Cited by 5,312
Self-citationJudgment under uncertainty: List of contributors
Kahneman, D. J., Slovic, P., & Tversky, A. (1982) · Cited by 4,670
Judgment under uncertainty: Causality and attribution
Kahneman, D. J., Slovic, P., & Tversky, A. (1982) · Cited by 4,670
The empirical case for two systems of reasoning.
Sloman, S. A. (1996) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.119.1.3 · Cited by 3,942
Reasoning the fast and frugal way: Models of bounded rationality.
Gigerenzer, G., & Goldstein, D. G. (1996) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/0033-295x.103.4.650 · Cited by 3,504
Integration of the cognitive and the psychodynamic unconscious
Epstein, S. (1994) · American Psychologist · doi:10.1037/0003-066x.49.8.709 · Cited by 2,883 · cited 3×
“Alternative models of reasoning have characterized System 2 processes primarily as logical (De Neys, 2006; Epstein, 1994) or based on the application of rules (Sloman, 1996).”
BackgroundMethod
Research works printed but not linked: 1
- 10.1037/0022-3514.74.5.1252 · DOI · Paper page
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 301–331 of 331
How Free Will Operates, in Practice
Baumeister, R. F. (2024) · doi:10.1093/oso/9780197693520.003.0018
Self-citationBaumeister, R. F. (2024) · doi:10.1093/oso/9780197693520.003.0021
Self-citationPositive Psychology and Free Will
Baumeister, R. F. (2024) · doi:10.1093/oso/9780197693520.003.0020
Self-citationDoes Free Will Mean Random Action?
Baumeister, R. F. (2024) · doi:10.1093/oso/9780197693520.003.0006
Self-citationBaumeister, R. F. (2024) · doi:10.1093/oso/9780197693520.003.0014
Self-citationBaumeister, R. F. (2024) · doi:10.1093/oso/9780197693520.003.0011
Self-citationBaumeister, R. F. (2024) · doi:10.1093/oso/9780197693520.003.0003
Self-citationBaumeister, R. F. (2024) · doi:10.1093/oso/9780197693520.003.0005
Self-citationHow Children Acquire Free Will
Baumeister, R. F. (2024) · doi:10.1093/oso/9780197693520.003.0016
Self-citationBaumeister, R. F. (2024) · doi:10.1093/oso/9780197693520.003.0007
Self-citationBaumeister, R. F. (2024) · doi:10.1093/oso/9780197693520.002.0004
Self-citationWhat Should a Scientific Theory of Free Will Look Like?
Baumeister, R. F. (2024) · doi:10.1093/oso/9780197693520.003.0002
Self-citationBaumeister, R. F. (2024) · doi:10.1093/oso/9780197693520.003.0012
Self-citationHow Conscious Thoughts Cause Behavior
Baumeister, R. F. (2024) · doi:10.1093/oso/9780197693520.003.0010
Self-citationDesire to Have or Use Free Will?
Baumeister, R. F. (2024) · doi:10.1093/oso/9780197693520.003.0019
Self-citationOwning Your Actions as an Individual
Baumeister, R. F. (2024) · doi:10.1093/oso/9780197693520.003.0017
Self-citationWhether People Believe in Free Will or Not
Baumeister, R. F. (2024) · doi:10.1093/oso/9780197693520.003.0015
Self-citationBaumeister, R. F. (2024) · doi:10.1093/oso/9780197693520.003.0004
Self-citationBaumeister, R. F. (2024) · doi:10.1093/oso/9780197693520.003.0008
Self-citationBaumeister, R. F. (2024) · doi:10.1093/oso/9780197693520.003.0001
Self-citationThe influence of self-control on creative cognition
Taylor, C. L. (2018) · doi:10.54014/rcbf-pck3
Disease cause attribution and preference for low versus high self-management treatments
Kim, T. J., & Kim, J. (2025) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-025-11710-7
Operatives Arbeiten mit Behavior Patterns
Spreer, P. (2025) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-658-48013-4_7
Kanu, C. C., Ugwu, F. O., Ugwu, L. E., Igwe, P. A., & Onyishi, I. E. (2025) · Discover Psychology · doi:10.1007/s44202-025-00415-7
“Self-regulation also leads to goal attainment and good decision-making strategies, and intelligent performance [42, 45, 62, 63].”
A unified representational theory of the feeling of effort
Hall, J. J. (2025) · Synthese · doi:10.1007/s11229-025-05239-5
Essays on consumer self-control and its interventions
Viswanadham, R. V. N. (2021) · theses.fr (ABES) · doi:10.70675/8e7801f8zea33z42ebz8706z72897733b299
Evaluation et optimisation des performances cliniques en situations de soins critiques simulées
Evain, J. (2022) · theses.fr (ABES) · doi:10.70675/707dfef1za05ez49ddzb567zd7a2835591d7
CGM IoT-Based Systems as a Biometric Data Input for Real-Time Marketing
Tolusso, T. (2026) · Advances in computational intelligence and robotics book series · doi:10.4018/979-8-2600-1263-5.ch005
Chopin, M.-V. (2025) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-2-294-77999-2.00004-0
Roghanizad, M., Choi, E., Mashatan, A., & Turetken, O. (2026) · Behaviour and Information Technology · doi:10.1080/0144929x.2026.2714169
Glas, J. M. (2022) · Digital Archive @ GSU · doi:10.57709/7332968
Metadata
- Authors
- Masicampo, E. J., & Baumeister, R. F.
- Affiliations
- Florida State University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Masicampo, E.J.
- Venue
- Psychological Science
- Publisher
- SAGE Publications
- Published
- 2008-03
- Volume
- 19
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 255-260
- ISSN
- 0956-7976 (ISSN-L)
- 1467-9280
- OpenAlex
- W2168592337
- Cited by
- 331
- References
- 25
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 9 · 2024: 32 · 2023: 7 · 2022: 14 · 2021: 10 · 2020: 9 · 2019: 16 · 2018: 19 · 2017: 23 · 2016: 21 · 2015: 25 · 2014: 30 · 2013: 34 · 2012: 28
- FWCI
- 10.14
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Psychological Science (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › General Decision Sciences › Decision-Making and Behavioral Economics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Applied Psychology › Behavioral Health and Interventions
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
- Keywords
- attraction effect, decoy effect, self-control, blood glucose, sugar consumption, heuristic decision making, intuitive judgment, rule-based analysis
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Association, Attention, Beverages, Blood Glucose, Brain, Physical Exertion, Female, Humans, Inhibition, Psychological, Interpersonal Relations, Judgment, Logic, Male, Motivation, Problem Solving, Set, Psychology, Intuition
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
