Integration of the cognitive and the psychodynamic unconscious

“These contrasts are discussed in Bruner (1986), Chaiken (1980), Epstein (1994), Freud (1900/1976), Margolis (1987), Metcalfe and Mischel (1999), Petty and Cacioppo (1986), Posner and Snyder (1975), Pyszczynski and Greenberg (1987), Reber (1993), Wegner (1994), T. D. Wilson (in press), and Zajonc…”

“Variations on this theme of anchoring on intuition are common in the literature (Epley & Gilovich, 2002; Epstein, 1994; Gilbert, 2002; Griffin & Tversky, 1992; Haidt, 2001; Hammond, 2000; Sloman, 2002; Wilson, 2000; Wilson, Centerbar, & Brekke, 2002).”

“Fodor (1983, 2001) Input modules Higher cognition Schneider & Schiffrin (1977) Automatic Controlled Epstein (1994), Epstein & Pacini (1999) Experiential Rational Chaiken (1980), Chen & Chaiken (1999) Heuristic Systematic Reber (1993), Evans & Over (1996) Implicit/tacit Explicit Evans (1989, 2006)…”

“Theories such as the Cognitive Continuum Theory [85], the NoviceExpert Theory [86], the Cognitive-Experiential Self-Theory [87] and habit theories (e.”

“Some authors have gone further, suggesting that there are two evolutionarily distinct brain systems responsible for these two types of processing (see especially Epstein, 1994; Evans, 2010b; Evans & Over, 1996; Reber, 1993; Stanovich, 1999, 2004).”

“To demonstrate the influence of the experiential system, Denes-Raj and Epstein (1994) showed that, when offered a chance to win $1 by drawing a red jelly bean from an urn, individuals often elected to draw from a bowl containing a greater absolute number, but a smaller proportion, of red beans…”

“Our views in these regards are similar to the “correction model” proposed by Gilbert and colleagues (1989, 1991) and to other dual-process models (Epstein, 1994; Hammond, 1996; Sloman, 1996).”

“Empirical research has demonstrated discrepancies between implicit (or automatic) and explicit (or deliberative) measures in the domains of problem solving (Epstein, 1994), race prejudice (Fazio & Olson, 2003; Gaertner & Dovidio, 1986), and attitude change (Wilson et al.”

“In a similar manner, the work on implicit motives or unconscious needs suggests that motives or needs may operate to influence cognition and behavior, but at a level below conscious awareness and control (Epstein, 1994; Schultheiss, 2001), in effect suggesting that individuals do not need to know what they want in ord…”

“Tastes also change, but tend to be stable the object of their fear is objectively nonthreatening, in the short run. but are prevented by their own fear from acting on this (4) Finally, tastes and visceral factors draw on difjudgment (Epstein, 1994, p. 711).”

“In Epstein's (1994) model, need for cognition represents”

“This blend corresponds to the System1(fast and unconscious)/System 2 (slow and deliberate) account of cognition put forward by Kahneman (2003), Epstein (1994), and others (for an overview, see Evans, 2008).”

“…is greatly influenced by affective and emotional factors , including connotative meaning, and provides convergent evidence that public risk assessments are strongly influenced by experiential processes, contrary to most rational choice models (Epstein, 1994; Loewenstein et al., 2001; Slovic, 1997).”

“Momentary appraisals of situations are “hot” and dynamic, whereas general beliefs about emotion are “cold” and enduring (Epstein, 1994).”

“…of coherence and self-esteem (incoherence and an absence of self-esteem are subjective signs to the individual that the ego system is not working decently), is affectively aware and responsive, 2 and therefore has developed and now can count on enduring interpersonal relatedness (Epstein, 1994).”

“JUDGMENTS OF PROBABILITY, RELATIVE FREQUENCY, AND RISK The affect heuristic has much in common with the model of "risk as feelings" proposed by Loewenstein et al. (2001) and with dual process theories put forth by Epstein (1994), Sloman (1996), and others.”

“One information processing system, which from an evolutionary perspective is believed by some to be the older of the two systems (Epstein, 1994; Reber, 1992), involves the automatic and relatively effortless processing and learning of information (Stanovich & West, 2000).”

“To demonstrate this, Denes-Raj and Epstein (1994) showed that, when offered a chance to win $1 by drawing a red jelly bean from an urn, individuals often elected to draw from a bowl containing a greater absolute number of red beans but a smaller proportion of them (e.g., 7 in 100) rather than from…”

“rational in nature ( Epstein, 1995 ). TMT posits that the anxiety-buffering function of these defenses emerges from relatively primitive associations formed early in life between valued behavior and safety and protection provided by the parents, deistic constructs, and other powerful cultural figures.”

“This procedure has been used successfully in previous research to demonstrate the different operating principles of the rational and experiential systems (Epstein, 1994; Epstein et al., 1992; Kirkpatrick & Epstein, 1992).”

“…evidence about whether one-shot strategies used at another's behest could produce enduring change, some general dual-process theories in psychology (e.g., Epstein, 1994; Smith & DeCoster,2000; Strack& Deutsch, 2004) suggestthatsuchreductions are likely to be highly contextual and short-lived.”

“People have been shown to process information in two distinct ways, mediated by different neural substrates when making judgments or arriving at decisions (Chaiken and Trope, 1999; Epstein, 1994; Sloman, 1996; Slovic et al., 2002).”

“Beginning with Epstein (1979), studies consistently show that individual differences in personality traits are often strongly correlated with individual differences in theoretically related behavior when behavior is aggregated across situations.”

“As Epstein (1994) observed, There is no dearth of evidence in every day life that people apprehend reality in two fundamentally different ways, one variously labeled intuitive, automatic, natural, nonverbal, narrative, and experiential, and the other analytical, deliberative, verbal, and rational.”

“Some recent models involve different systems rather than processing routes (Epstein, 1994; Kahneman, 2003; Sloman, 1996; E.R. Smith & DeCoster, 1999; Strack & Deutsch’s, 2004, reflective-impulsive model involves both systems and processing routes, to some extent).”

“Hence, emotions can apparently be triggered far more quickly than rational responses (Ekman 1992; Epstein 1994).”

“…affective system is a faster, more automatic system, whose output occurs before the output of the deliberate system, which involves slower, more effortful processing (see also Epstein, 1994; Shiv & Fedorikhin, 1999; Strack & Deutsch, 2004; Wilson & Brekke, 1994; Wilson, Lindsey, & Schooler, 2000).”

“To the extent that our findings reflect the psychological processes of Americans in general, they suggest that the events of September 11 induced a state of psychological shock in which Americans became more cognitively wary, more detached, and less experiential (Epstein, 1994).”

“…competing for the control of behavior, is a potential explanation for many paradoxical aspects of human behavior, both in laboratory studies of, for example, time-discounting and weakness-of-will and in real-world phenomena of addiction, depression, or phobias (Epstein 1994; McClure et al. 2004).”

“Hodgkinson and Sadler-Smith referenced the tenets of cognitive experiential self-theory, developed by Epstein (1990, 1991, 1994, 1998), which posits that analysis and intuition are more likely to be separate modes of information processing served by different cognitive systems than stylistic…”

“…parallels that are drawn here with the notion of a practice turn are not explicitly invoked in the psychology literature+ 60+ Kahneman 2003, 449+ 61+ Ibid+, 451+ 62+ Stanovich and West 2000+ 63+ Epstein 1994, 710+ 64+ Ibid+ it is a lot more efficient than reflexive cognition+ A pioneer in this…”

“Given that human cognition often reflects dual cognitive processes, both rational and intuitive (Epstein, 1994; Sadler-Smith, 2004).”

“Epstein (1994) has described two modes of cognitive processing: experiential processing, which is intuitive and concrete, and rational processing, which is rational and abstract.”

“Indeed, several researchers explicitly mention the existence of conflicts (e.g., Denes-Raj & Epstein, 1994; Evans, 2006; Sloman, 1996; Strack &Deutsch, 2004) .”

“Research suggests that people process information via two relatively distinct cognitive systems—a nonconscious system and a conscious system (e.g., S. Epstein, 1994; Sloman, 1996; Smith & DeCoster, 2000; Stanovich & West, 2000; Strack & Deutsch, 2004; Wilson, 2002; for a review of dual-process…”

“Emotional constructs are central to modern theoretical models in a number of social sciences, including psychology (Bower & Forgas, 2000; Brown, 2000; Epstein, 1994), economics (Kahneman, 2003; Lerner & Keltner, 2000; Loewenstein, 1996), and philosophy (Haidt, 2001; Rozin, 1999).”

“Next to situational and dispositional constraints on the capacity for control, a number of boundary conditions may increase people's reliance on impulsive processing without associated changes in the capacity for control (eg, Epstein, 1994 ; Friese, Hofmann, & Schmitt, 2008 ; Smith & DeCoster, 2000 ).”

“…turn, the media may suspect concealed motivation behind ceremonial actions, which would hinder the firm’s attempts at “analytical” and “affective” (e.g., Epstein, 1994; Hastie & Dawes, 2001), “substantive” and “symbolic” (Westphal & Zajac, 1998), and “threat-addressing” and “attentiondeflecting”…”

“There are several dual-process theories that converge on the following postulates: Attitudes and behaviors depend on (a) an implicit and unconscious associative system, which heavily draws from encoded past affective experiences and (b) a more rational system that favors coherence, cognitive consistency, and social ex…”

“Two modes of thinking: Comparison of experiential and analytic systems (adapted from Epstein, 1994, Copyright 1991, with permission from Guilford).”

“Mental representations also influence what and how individuals store and remember experiences (M. W. Baldwin, 1992; Crick & Dodge, 1994; Epstein, 1994).”

“, automatic or nonconscious) mode (Epstein, 1994; Fazio, 1990; Greenwald et al., 2002; Wilson, Lindsley, & Schooler, 2000).”

“…heritage with other species; it automatically and swiftly processes environmental stimuli (Weber et al., 2004) and is variously described as experiential, intuitive, automatic, natural, nonverbal, narrative, associative, or System 1 (Epstein, 1994; Kahneman, 2011; Stanovich and West, 2000).”

“As Epstein (1994), has observed, There is no dearth of evidence in every day life that people apprehend reality in two fundamentally different ways, one variously labeled intuitive, automatic, natural,”

“One alternative conceptual framework that may potentially be brought to bear on the present findings is Epstein’s Cognitive – Experiential Self Theory (CEST; Epstein, 1991; 1994).”

“Considerable research in recent decades has focused on two contrasting styles of problem-solving and decisionmaking , often formalized as distinct reasoning types or systems (e.g., Epstein, 1994; Evans, 2008; Kahneman, 2003; Sloman, 1996; Stanovich, 2009).”

“These range from non-verbal images (Pavio, 2006) and associations (Epstein, 1994; Kihlstrom, 1987), to verbally mediated meaning structures (e.g., Kintsch, 1974) and event representations (Nelson, 1986; Schank, 1982, 1999).”

“As such, we are seeing progress toward a better understanding of unconscious processes and motives (cf. Cramer, 2006; De Houwer, Teige-Mocigemba, Spruyt, & Moors, 2009; Epstein, 1994; Fazio & Olson, 2003; James & LeBreton, 2012; Kihlstrom, 1999; Wilson & Brekke, 1994).”

“…each of these systems as there are dual processing theories (e.g., automatic and controlled, Schneider & Schiffrin, 1977; experiential and rational, Epstein, 1994; holistic and analytic, Nisbett, Peng, Choi, & Norenzayan, 2001; reflexive and reflective or X and C systems, Lieberman, Jarcho, &…”

“In this regard, 20 out of 100 may seem even worse than 2 out of 10 (see, e.g., Table 8). Epstein (1994) has similarly relied upon imagery to explain why his subjects preferred to draw from bowls with 10 or fewer winning beans out of 100 rather than a bowl with 1 winner out of 10.”

“In contrast, the analytical system is characterized by analytical, deliberative, verbal, and rational aspects [Epstein, 1994].”

“It formalizes and combines distinctions made by previous theorists (e.g., De Neys, 2012; Epstein, 1994; Evans, 2006; Evans & Stanovich, 2013a; Handley & Trippas, 2015; Sloman, 1996, 2014; Smith & DeCoster, 2000; Stanovich, 2004; Strack & Deustch, 2004; Thompson, 2009) by dividing an individual…”

“Several theoretical models have emerged in diverse areas of psychology over the past two decades which posit that that people experience the world through two simultaneous but somewhat distinct modes of processing (Barrett, Tugade, & Engle, 2004; Epstein, 1994; J. St. B. T. Evans, 2008; Kahneman, 2003; Stanovich, 1999…”

“The utility of a dual-system framework for understanding human judgment, reasoning, and behavior has been forcefully argued elsewhere (Epstein, 1994; Kahneman, 2011; Sloman, 1996; Stanovich & West, 2000).”

“Denes-Raj, V., and S. Epstein 1994 ‘‘Conflict between intuitive and rational processing: When people behave against their better judgment.’’”