Cited by 1,631Virtual Reality Applications and ImpactsFlow Experience in Various FieldsSocial Robot Interaction and HRI

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Presence, Explicated

Lee, Kwan Min·2004·Communication Theory

DOI 10.1111/j.1468-2885.2004.tb00302.x

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Abstract

This article reviews previous literature on presence, with a particular focus on its conceptualization and typologies. It first compares various types of presence-related terms (e.g., telepresence, virtual presence, mediated presence, copresence, and presence) and suggests that of those terms the term presence works best for the systematic study of human interaction with media and simulation technologies. After an extensive explication process, presence is newly defined as “a psychological state in which virtual objects are experienced as actual objects in either sensory or nonsensory ways.” Three types of presence—physical, social, and self presence—are defined based on the general definition of presence and the corresponding domains of human experience. Finally, implications of the current explication to the study of presence are discussed.

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Authors: Lee, K. M.
Affiliations: University of Southern California (US)
Corresponding author: Lee, Kwan Min
Venue: Communication Theory
Publisher: Oxford University Press (OUP)
Published: 2004-02
Volume: 14
Issue: 1
Pages: 27-50
ISSN: 1050-3293 (ISSN-L)
1468-2885
DOI: 10.1111/j.1468-2885.2004.tb00302.x
OpenAlex: W4206036760
Cited by: 1,631
References: 51
Citations by year: 2026: 129 · 2025: 179 · 2024: 152 · 2023: 134 · 2022: 152 · 2021: 164 · 2020: 103 · 2019: 82 · 2018: 72 · 2017: 58 · 2016: 65 · 2015: 64 · 2014: 39 · 2013: 47 · 2012: 45
FWCI: 17.11
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: doi.wiley.com/10.1002/tdm_license_1.1 (tdm, 4230 d)
Locations: Communication Theory (publishedVersion)
Topics: Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Human-Computer Interaction › Virtual Reality Applications and Impacts
Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Flow Experience in Various Fields
Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Social Robot Interaction and HRI
Keywords: presence, telepresence, virtual presence, mediated presence, co-presence, physical presence, social presence, self-presence, virtual objects, simulation technology

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