The DOI matches its Crossref record; 50 of the 51 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Presence, Explicated
Abstract
This article reviews previous literature on presence, with a particular focus on its conceptualization and typologies. It first compares various types of presence-related terms (e.g., telepresence, virtual presence, mediated presence, copresence, and presence) and suggests that of those terms the term presence works best for the systematic study of human interaction with media and simulation technologies. After an extensive explication process, presence is newly defined as “a psychological state in which virtual objects are experienced as actual objects in either sensory or nonsensory ways.” Three types of presence—physical, social, and self presence—are defined based on the general definition of presence and the corresponding domains of human experience. Finally, implications of the current explication to the study of presence are discussed.
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“Furthermore, the CAMIL distinguishes between three different dimensions of presence including physical, social, and self-presence (Lee 2004;Makransky et al. 2017).”
From The Cognitive Affective Model of Immersive Learning (CAMIL): a Theoretical Research-Based Model of Learning in Immersive Virtual Reality (2021) · cites this paper as Lee 2004
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Metadata
- Authors
- Lee, K. M.
- Affiliations
- University of Southern California (US)
- Corresponding author
- Lee, Kwan Min
- Venue
- Communication Theory
- Publisher
- Oxford University Press (OUP)
- Published
- 2004-02
- Volume
- 14
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 27-50
- ISSN
- 1050-3293 (ISSN-L)
- 1468-2885
- OpenAlex
- W4206036760
- Cited by
- 1,631
- References
- 51
- Citations by year
- 2026: 129 · 2025: 179 · 2024: 152 · 2023: 134 · 2022: 152 · 2021: 164 · 2020: 103 · 2019: 82 · 2018: 72 · 2017: 58 · 2016: 65 · 2015: 64 · 2014: 39 · 2013: 47 · 2012: 45
- FWCI
- 17.11
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Communication Theory (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Human-Computer Interaction › Virtual Reality Applications and Impacts
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Flow Experience in Various Fields
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Social Robot Interaction and HRI
- Keywords
- presence, telepresence, virtual presence, mediated presence, co-presence, physical presence, social presence, self-presence, virtual objects, simulation technology
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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