Cited by 1,942Fire effects on ecosystemsPlant Water Relations and Carbon DynamicsEcology and Vegetation Dynamics Studies

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The global distribution of ecosystems in a world without fire

Bond, W. J., Woodward, F. I., Midgley, G. F.·2005·New Phytologist

DOI 10.1111/j.1469-8137.2004.01252.x

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Abstract

This paper is the first global study of the extent to which fire determines global vegetation patterns by preventing ecosystems from achieving the potential height, biomass and dominant functional types expected under the ambient climate (climate potential). To determine climate potential, we simulated vegetation without fire using a dynamic global-vegetation model. Model results were tested against fire exclusion studies from different parts of the world. Simulated dominant growth forms and tree cover were compared with satellite-derived land- and tree-cover maps. Simulations were generally consistent with results of fire exclusion studies in southern Africa and elsewhere. Comparison of global 'fire off' simulations with landcover and treecover maps show that vast areas of humid C(4) grasslands and savannas, especially in South America and Africa, have the climate potential to form forests. These are the most frequently burnt ecosystems in the world. Without fire, closed forests would double from 27% to 56% of vegetated grid cells, mostly at the expense of C(4) plants but also of C(3) shrubs and grasses in cooler climates. C(4) grasses began spreading 6-8 Ma, long before human influence on fire regimes. Our results suggest that fire was a major factor in their spread into forested regions, splitting biotas into fire tolerant and intolerant taxa.

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Authors: Bond, W. J., Woodward, F. I., & Midgley, G. F.
Affiliations: University of Cape Town (ZA)
University of Sheffield (GB)
Conservation International (US)
ORCID: Bond, W. J.
Midgley, G. F.
Venue: New Phytologist
Publisher: Wiley
Published: 2004-11-12
Volume: 165
Issue: 2
Pages: 525-538
ISSN: 0028-646X (ISSN-L)
1469-8137
DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-8137.2004.01252.x
OpenAlex: W2110659496
Cited by: 1,942
References: 118
Citations by year: 2026: 58 · 2025: 94 · 2024: 82 · 2023: 101 · 2022: 107 · 2021: 121 · 2020: 92 · 2019: 115 · 2018: 114 · 2017: 112 · 2016: 112 · 2015: 119 · 2014: 110 · 2013: 118 · 2012: 95
FWCI: 32.34
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: onlinelibrary.wiley.com/termsAndConditions#vor (vor)
Locations: New Phytologist (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders: Andrew W. Mellon Foundation
National Research Foundation
Topics: Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Global and Planetary Change › Fire effects on ecosystems
Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Global and Planetary Change › Plant Water Relations and Carbon Dynamics
Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Nature and Landscape Conservation › Ecology and Vegetation Dynamics Studies
Keywords: fire, fire suppression, dynamic global vegetation models, tree cover, C4 grasslands, savanna, forest expansion, fire tolerance
MeSH terms: Biological Evolution, Fires, Models, Biological, Population Dynamics, Ecosystem, Plant Physiological Phenomena, Biomass

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The global distribution of ecosystems in a world without fire

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