Sensitivity to mechanical stimuli and the role of general sensory and perceptual processes in heartbeat detection
Open accessAbstract
Sensitivity to heartbeat sensations is commonly assessed using tasks that require individuals to judge the simultaneity of heartbeats and tones. In two experiments, we investigated the suitability of this paradigm for examining cardioception. In the first experiment, participants judged the simultaneity of near-threshold vibrations and suprathreshold tones. Precision in judging vibration-tone simultaneity was directly related to the detectability of the mechanical stimuli, thereby supporting use of the simultaneity paradigm to assess heartbeat detection. In the second experiment, we examined the influences of sensitivity to mechanical stimuli and the ability to make intermodality simultaneity judgments on the precision of heartbeat detection. We measured participants' vibrotactile thresholds, precision in judging light-tone simultaneity, and precision in judging heartbeat-tone simultaneity. The ability to judge the simultaneity of lights and tones accounted for 24.3% of the variance in precision of heartbeat detection, and mechanical sensitivity accounted for a further 8.5%.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
A sizeable portion of variance in the heartbeat discrimination task appears to be accounted for by the ability to determine synchronicity of non-interoceptive cross-modal signals.
“Further, although Ring and Brener (2018) argue that humans are able to judge very precisely (within 20 ms) whether two stimuli in different modalities are simultaneous (Zampini et al., 2005), a sizeable portion of variance in this task appears to be accounted for by the ability to determine synchronicity of (non-interoceptive) cross-modal signals (Knapp et al., 1997).”
From Atypical interoception as a common risk factor for psychopathology: A review (2021) · cites this paper as Knapp et al., 1997
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
Applied Linear Statistical Models.
Lorenz, F. O., Neter, J., Wasserman, W., & Kutner, M. (1986) · Journal of the American Statistical Association · doi:10.2307/2289108 · Cited by 5,566 · see citing works
Transformed Up-Down Methods in Psychoacoustics
Levitt, H. (1971) · The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America · doi:10.1121/1.1912375 · Cited by 5,505 · see citing works
On data-limited and resource-limited processes
Norman, D. A., & Bobrow, D. G. (1975) · Cognitive Psychology · doi:10.1016/0010-0285(75)90004-3 · Cited by 2,403 · see citing works
Huynh, H., & Feldt, L. S. (1970) · Journal of the American Statistical Association · doi:10.1080/01621459.1970.10481187 · Cited by 945 · see citing works
Huynh, H., & Feldt, L. S. (1970) · Journal of the American Statistical Association · doi:10.2307/2284340 · Cited by 945 · see citing works
Eysenck, H. J. (1994) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/0191-8869(94)90039-6 · Cited by 605 · see citing works
Relation of heart rate control to heartbeat perception
Whitehead, W. E., Drescher, V. M., Heiman, P., & Blackwell, B. (1977) · Applied Psychophysiology and Biofeedback · doi:10.1007/bf00998623 · Cited by 483 · see citing works
Perception lag as a function of stimulus luminance
Roufs, J. A. J. (1963) · Vision Research · doi:10.1016/0042-6989(63)90070-1 · Cited by 172 · see citing works
Signal Detection as a Function of Signal Intensity and Duration
Green, D. M., Birdsall, T. G., & Tanner, W. P. (1957) · The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America · doi:10.1121/1.1908951 · Cited by 157 · see citing works
Heartbeat detection: judgments of the simultaneity of external stimuli and heartbeats
Brener, J., & Kluvitse, C. (1988) · Psychophysiology · doi:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1988.tb01891.x · Cited by 150 · see citing works
Self-citationOn the relation between cardiodynamics and heartbeat perception
Schandry, R., Bestler, M., & Montoya, P. (1993) · Psychophysiology · doi:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1993.tb02070.x · Cited by 148 · see citing works
Katkin, E. S., Blascovich, J., & Goldband, S. (1981) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.40.6.1095 · Cited by 137 · see citing works
Vibrotactile sensitivity and the frequency response of the Pacinian corpuscle
Verrillo, R. T. (1966) · Psychonomic Science · doi:10.3758/bf03342215 · Cited by 112 · see citing works
Brener, J. M., LIU, X., & Ring, C. (1993) · Psychophysiology · doi:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1993.tb02091.x · Cited by 107 · see citing works
Self-citationHeart Rate Discrimination Before and After Exercise-Induced Augmented Cardiac Activity
Jones, G. E., & Hollandsworth, J. G. (1981) · Psychophysiology · doi:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1981.tb03029.x · Cited by 90 · see citing works
Individual Differences in Heartbeat Discrimination
Katkin, E. S., Morell, M. A., Goldband, S., Bernstein, G. L., & Wise, J. A. (1982) · Psychophysiology · doi:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1982.tb02538.x · Cited by 88 · see citing works
Sanford, A. J. (1971) · Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology · doi:10.1080/14640746908401824 · Cited by 88 · see citing works
Evidence in support of the duplex theory of mechanoreception.
Gescheider, G. A. (1976) · PubMed · Cited by 84 · see citing works
Laterality, Emotionality, and Heartbeat Perception
Montgomery, W. A., & Jones, G. E. (1984) · Psychophysiology · doi:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1984.tb00227.x · Cited by 83 · see citing works
Detection of the Heartbeat and Events in the Cardiac Cycle
Yates, A. J., Jones, K. E., Marie, G. V., & Hogben, J. H. (1985) · Psychophysiology · doi:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1985.tb01651.x · Cited by 63 · see citing works
The Temporal Locations of Heartbeat Sensations
Ring, C., & Brener, J. (1992) · Psychophysiology · doi:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1992.tb02027.x · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Self-citationCardiac stimulus intensity and heartbeat detection: Effects of tilt‐induced changes in stroke volume
Ring, C., Liu, X., & Brener, J. M. (1994) · Psychophysiology · doi:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1994.tb02348.x · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Self-citationRoss, A., & Brener, J. M. (1981) · Psychophysiology · doi:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1981.tb01544.x · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Self-citationComparison of the Brener‐Jones and Whitehead Procedures for Assessing Cardiac Awareness
Jones, G. E., O'Leary, R. T., & Pipkin, B. L. (1984) · Psychophysiology · doi:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1984.tb00196.x · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Temporal Arrangement of Signals in Heartbeat Discrimination Procedures
Clemens, W. J. (1984) · Psychophysiology · doi:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1984.tb00202.x · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Davis, M. R., Langer, A. W., Sutterer, J. R., et al. (1986) · Psychophysiology · doi:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1986.tb00598.x · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Auditory temporal order and perceived fusion-nonfusion
Corso, G. M. (1980) · Perception & Psychophysics · doi:10.3758/bf03204891 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Research works printed but not linked: 4
- Brener, J., & Ring. C. (1995). Sensory and perceptual factors in heartbeat detection. In D. Vaitl & R. Schandry (Eds.). From the heart to the brain: The psychophysiology of circulation-brain interaction. Frankfurt:Peter Lang.
- Kluvitse, C. (1987). Discrimination of cardiac activity. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of Hull, Hull, England.
- Stormer, S. W., Heilitag, U., & Knoll, J. F. (1989). Heartbeat perception and knowledge of results: A new method and some theoretical thoughts. Journal of Psychophysiology, 34, 340–350.
- Sinclair, D. (1967). Cutaneous sensation. London: Oxford University Press. StatSoft. (1993). Complete statistical system (CSS): Statistica. Tulsa, OK: Author.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Towards a psychophysics of interoceptive processes: the measurement of heartbeat detection
Brener, J., & Ring, C. (2016) · Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rstb.2016.0015 · Cited by 307 · see citing works
Self-citationDifferential effects of anxiety and depression on interoceptive accuracy
Pollatos, O., Traut-Mattausch, E., & Schandry, R. (2009) · Depression and Anxiety · doi:10.1002/da.20504 · Cited by 274 · see citing works
Interoceptive awareness in experienced meditators
Khalsa, S. S., Rudrauf, D., Damasio, A. R., Davidson, R. J., Lutz, A., & Tranel, D. (2008) · Psychophysiology · doi:10.1111/j.1469-8986.2008.00666.x · Cited by 280 · see citing works
Bornemann, B., & Singer, T. (2017) · Psychophysiology · doi:10.1111/psyp.12790 · Cited by 204 · see citing works
Interoceptive awareness declines with age
Khalsa, S. S., Rudrauf, D., & Tranel, D. (2009) · Psychophysiology · doi:10.1111/j.1469-8986.2009.00859.x · Cited by 211 · see citing works
Atypical interoception as a common risk factor for psychopathology: A review
Brewer, R., Murphy, J., & Bird, G. (2021) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2021.07.036 · Cited by 180 · see citing works
Emotional processing and emotional memory are modulated by interoceptive awareness
Pollatos, O., & Schandry, R. (2008) · Cognition & Emotion · doi:10.1080/02699930701357535 · Cited by 125 · see citing works
Desmedt, O., Luminet, O., Maurage, P., & Corneille, O. (2025) · Perspectives on Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/17456916231191537 · Cited by 80 · see citing works
- Authors
- KNAPP, K., RING, C., & BRENER, J.
- Affiliations
- Stony Brook University (US)
- University of Birmingham (GB)
- Corresponding author
- BRENER, JASPER
- ORCID
- RING, CHRISTOPHER
- Venue
- Psychophysiology
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 1997-07
- Volume
- 34
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 467-473
- ISSN
- 0048-5772 (ISSN-L)
- 1469-8986
- OpenAlex
- W2054484911
- Cited by
- 41
- References
- 27
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 4 · 2023: 4 · 2022: 2 · 2021: 3 · 2019: 4 · 2018: 2 · 2017: 1 · 2016: 4 · 2014: 2
- FWCI
- 0.00
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Psychophysiology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- University of Birmingham Research Portal (University of Birmingham) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health (5r01hl042366-06)
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (R01 HL 42366)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Tactile and Sensory Interactions
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine › Heart Rate Variability and Autonomic Control
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Multisensory perception and integration
- Keywords
- heartbeat detection, vibrotactile sensitivity, vibrotactile thresholds, perceptual processing
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Auditory Perception, Female, Heart Rate, Humans, Light, Male, Physical Stimulation, Sensitivity and Specificity, Sensory Thresholds, Task Performance and Analysis
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
