Interoceptive awareness declines with age
Open accessAbstract
Aging has been shown to increase sensory thresholds for a variety of exteroceptive and proprioceptive stimuli. However, the influence of aging on interoceptive awareness has received relatively little empirical attention. Here we report an inverse association between aging and interoception, as indexed by the ability to sense the heartbeat at rest. In a group of 59 participants ranging in age from 22 to 63 years, age inversely predicted heartbeat detection ability, both within and across several measurement sessions. On average, age accounted for 30% of the variance in heartbeat detection accuracy. Other attribute variables including body mass index and sex were not related to heartbeat detection ability. These findings provide clear empirical evidence that interoception, much like exteroception and proprioception, declines with age.
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The ability to quickly and accurately detect bodily states decreases as we age.
“The ability to quickly and accurately detect bodily states decreases as we age, and may result in a type of dissociation between top-down and bottom-up processing affecting both awareness of physiologic activation as well as the ability to effectively down-regulate responses.”
From More than a feeling: A unified view of stress measurement for population science (2018) · cites this paper as Khalsa et al., 2009
The Discussion reports that the ability to feel the resting heartbeat decreases with age, and the Accuracy measures section shows that the study assessed detection accuracy. It did not establish that people become slower at detecting bodily states, and its direct measurement was limited to heartbeat sensation rather than bodily states generally. (LLM, conf=0.87)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe overall bivariate correlation between age and accurate heart beat detection was r=−.49 and r=−.45 at two time points.
“Using a heart beat detection paradigm with participants ranging in age from 22 to 63, older subjects showed poorer detection of their heart beats than younger and middle aged adults, and the overall bivariate correlation between age and accurate heart beat detection was r=−.49 and r=−.45 at two time points (Khalsa et al., 2009).”
From More than a feeling: A unified view of stress measurement for population science (2018) · cites this paper as Khalsa et al., 2009
Proprioception and interoception both decline with old age.
“Proprioception and interoception both decline with old age.”
From More than a feeling: A unified view of stress measurement for population science (2018) · cites this paper as Khalsa et al., 2009
Older subjects showed poorer detection of their heart beats than younger and middle aged adults.
“Using a heart beat detection paradigm with participants ranging in age from 22 to 63, older subjects showed poorer detection of their heart beats than younger and middle aged adults, and the overall bivariate correlation between age and accurate heart beat detection was r=−.49 and r=−.45 at two time points (Khalsa et al., 2009).”
From More than a feeling: A unified view of stress measurement for population science (2018) · cites this paper as Khalsa et al., 2009
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Winkens, L. H. H., van Strien, T., Brouwer, I. A., Penninx, B. W. J. H., & Visser, M. (2019) · Appetite · doi:10.1016/j.appet.2018.11.009 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Interoception and stress in patients with functional neurological symptom disorder
Williams, I. A., Reuber, M., & Levita, L. (2021) · Cognitive Neuropsychiatry · doi:10.1080/13546805.2020.1865895 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Interoception and Psychopathology
Medford, N., Quadt, L., & Critchley, H. (2024) · Phenomenological Neuropsychiatry · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-38391-5_13 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
- Authors
- Khalsa, S. S., Rudrauf, D., & Tranel, D.
- Affiliations
- University of Iowa (US)
- Corresponding author
- Khalsa, Sahib S.
- Venue
- Psychophysiology
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2009-10-12
- Volume
- 46
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 1130-1136
- ISSN
- 0048-5772 (ISSN-L)
- 1469-8986
- PMC
- PMC2865139
- OpenAlex
- W2049078130
- Cited by
- 211
- References
- 69
- Citations by year
- 2026: 14 · 2025: 22 · 2024: 24 · 2023: 20 · 2022: 9 · 2021: 20 · 2020: 24 · 2019: 13 · 2018: 13 · 2017: 11 · 2016: 9 · 2015: 9 · 2014: 9 · 2013: 5 · 2012: 4
- FWCI
- 1.65
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Psychophysiology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health (5p50ns019632-28)
- National Institute on Drug Abuse (R01DA022549)
- National Institute of General Medical Sciences (T32GM007337)
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (P01 NS19632, P01NS019632, P50-NS019632)
- National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health (F31AT003061)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Psychosomatic Disorders and Their Treatments
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine › Heart Rate Variability and Autonomic Control
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Tactile and Sensory Interactions
- Keywords
- interoception, interoceptive awareness, aging, heartbeat detection, heartbeat perception, sensory threshold, age-related decline, body mass index, sex differences
- MeSH terms
- Acoustic Stimulation, Adult, Aging, Awareness, Electrocardiography, Female, Heart, Heart Rate, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Psychomotor Performance, Regression Analysis, Self Concept, Sensation, Sex Characteristics, Young Adult, Executive Function
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