Cited by 495Heart Rate Variability and Autonomic ControlEmotion and Mood RecognitionStress Responses and Cortisol

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Cardiovascular, electrodermal, and respiratory response patterns to fear‐ and sadness‐inducing films

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Kreibig, Sylvia D., Wilhelm, Frank H., Roth, Walton T., Gross, James J.·2007·Psychophysiology

DOI 10.1111/j.1469-8986.2007.00550.x

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Abstract

Responses to fear‐ and sadness‐inducing films were assessed using a broad range of cardiovascular (heart rate, T‐wave amplitude, low‐ and high‐frequency heart rate variability, stroke volume, preejection period, left‐ventricular ejection time, Heather index, blood pressure, pulse amplitude and transit time, and finger temperature), electrodermal (level, response rate, and response amplitude), and respiratory (rate, tidal volume and its variability, inspiratory flow rate, duty cycle, and end‐tidal pCO 2) measures. Subjective emotional experience and facial behavior (Corrugator Supercilii and Zygomaticus Major EMG) served as control measures. Results indicated robust differential physiological response patterns for fear, sadness, and neutral (mean classification accuracy 85%). Findings are discussed in terms of the fight–flight and conservation–withdrawal responses and possible limitations of a valence‐arousal categorization of emotion in affective space.

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Hemodynamic modeling of the circle of Willis reveals unanticipated functions during cardiovascular stress
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“Steel Magnolias has been found to be effective in arousing sadness [14, 15, 16, 17, 18].”
Background
Experiential, expressive, and physiological effects of positive and negative emotion regulation goals while reappraising amusing stimuli
Kreibig, S. D., Samson, A. C., & Gross, J. J. (2022) · International Journal of Psychophysiology · doi:10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2022.05.002 · Cited by 10
Self-citation
Content-based search overviews and exploratory browsing of movies with MovieClouds
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Ballistocardiographic Responses to Dynamic Facial Displays of Emotion While Sitting on the EMFi Chair
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Measuring emotions in interactive contexts
Kong, X., & Yang, Y. (2009) · IEEE International Conference on Computer-Aided Industrial Design & Conceptual Design · doi:10.1109/caidcd.2009.5374937 · Cited by 9
“Similarly, Kreibig, Wilhelm, Roth, and Gross found that eleven ANS measures, jointly considered, differentiated responses to fear-inducing versus sadness-inducing film clips (matched on valence and arousal) with 85% accuracy ([55]).”
Background
Sadness is reduced by virtual hugging
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“For example, participants' SCR level were found to be activated more after watching sadness-inducing films than watching neutral films (Gross & Levenson, 1997; Kreibig et al., 2007) and also after participants recognized sad as compared to neutral facial emotions (Banks et al., 2012).”
Cognitive Reappraisal is More Effective for Regulating Emotions than Moods
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“Therefore, future research can also employ physiological measures, such as skin conductance, as a proxy of emotional intensity (e.g., Kreibig et al., 2007; Wang et al., 2025), to assess regulatory success.”
Psychopathic Traits and Empathic Functioning in Detained Juveniles: Withdrawal Response to Empathic Sadness
de Ruigh, E. L., Jansen, L. M. C., Vermeiren, R. R. J. M., & Popma, A. (2019) · International Journal of Forensic Mental Health · doi:10.1080/14999013.2019.1577317 · Cited by 8
“Current findings in typically developing individuals show that exposure to film clips eliciting sadness is generally associated with heart rate (HR) deceleration, further referred to as withdrawal response (Eisenberg & Fabes, 1990; Kreibig et al., 2007).”
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Method
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“…sympathetic arousal) has been linked with the experience of negative emotions (except sadness), active task engagement, and increased vigilance (Kreibig et al., 2007; Valenza et al., 2018), whereas longer PEP (i.e., less sympathetic arousal) is associated with positive emotions, such as…”
Background
Cognitive Reappraisal Ability as a Protective Factor: Resilience to Stress Across Time and Context
Troy, A. S. (2012) · Digital Commons - DU (University of Denver) · Cited by 6
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BIOSIGNALS AS AN ADVANCED MAN-MACHINE INTERFACE
van den Broek, E. L., Westerink, J., Tuinenbreijer, K., van den Broek, E. L., Westerink, J. H. D. M., & Schut, M. H. (2009) · University of Twente Research Information · Cited by 7
CARACTERÍSTICAS DE LA EXPERIENCIA EMOCIONAL INDUCIDA MEDIANTE FRAGMENTOS DE PELÍCULAS EN UNA MUESTRA DE JÓVENES ARGENTINOS
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“A number of groups have reported a wide range of studies to the objective evaluation of emotions, investigating varying modalities such as facial expressions [5], vocal patterns [6, 7], physiological responses [8, 9] or combinations of the above [10].”
Background
Activación emocional en sujetos humanos: procedimientos para la inducción experimental de estrés
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Negative Mood and Alcohol Problems are Related to Respiratory Dynamics in Young Adults
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“…to picture cues was similar regardless of emotional content, which may have been due to the stimulation paradigm using still pictures (e.g., Kreibig et al. 2007) , the respiratory measures we assessed (e.g., Boiten 1998), or the stronger effect of chronic negative mood over the emotional…”

Authors: Kreibig, S. D., Wilhelm, F. H., Roth, W. T., & Gross, J. J.
Affiliations: University of Geneva (CH)
University of Basel (CH)
VA Palo Alto Health Care System (US)
Stanford University (US)
Corresponding author: Kreibig, Sylvia D.
ORCID: Kreibig, Sylvia D.
Wilhelm, Frank H.
Gross, James J.
Venue: Psychophysiology
Publisher: Wiley
Published: 2007-06-28
Volume: 44
Issue: 5
Pages: 787-806
ISSN: 0048-5772 (ISSN-L)
1469-8986
DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-8986.2007.00550.x
OpenAlex: W1984288569
Cited by: 495
References: 203
Citations by year: 2026: 17 · 2025: 31 · 2024: 18 · 2023: 19 · 2022: 29 · 2021: 27 · 2020: 29 · 2019: 35 · 2018: 23 · 2017: 34 · 2016: 26 · 2015: 28 · 2014: 42 · 2013: 25 · 2012: 32
FWCI: 11.00
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: green
doi.org
Licence: onlinelibrary.wiley.com/termsAndConditions#vor (vor)
Locations: Psychophysiology (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
edoc (University of Basel) (acceptedVersion)
edoc (University of Basel)
Funders: National Institute of Mental Health (MH 58147, MH66957, R01MH066957)
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine › Heart Rate Variability and Autonomic Control
Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Artificial Intelligence › Emotion and Mood Recognition
Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Behavioral Neuroscience › Stress Responses and Cortisol
Keywords: fear, sadness, emotion induction, heart rate variability, electrodermal activity, breathing pattern, blood pressure, fight-or-flight response, valence-arousal model, facial electromyography, emotion classification
MeSH terms: Adult, Blood Pressure, Body Temperature, Carbon Dioxide, Cardiography, Impedance, Emotions, Facial Expression, Fear, Female, Galvanic Skin Response, Heart Rate, Humans, Male, Motion Pictures, Respiratory Mechanics

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Cardiovascular, electrodermal, and respiratory response patterns to fear‐ and sadness‐inducing films

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