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Cited by 151Advanced Sensor and Energy Harvesting MaterialsNon-Invasive Vital Sign MonitoringEmotion and Mood Recognition

A Flexible and Wearable Human Stress Monitoring Patch

Open access
Yoon, Sunghyun, Sim, Jai Kyoung, Cho, Young-Ho·2016·Scientific Reports
DOI 10.1038/srep23468PMC PMC4804278
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Abstract

A human stress monitoring patch integrates three sensors of skin temperature, skin conductance, and pulsewave in the size of stamp (25 mm × 15 mm × 72 μm) in order to enhance wearing comfort with small skin contact area and high flexibility. The skin contact area is minimized through the invention of an integrated multi-layer structure and the associated microfabrication process; thus being reduced to 1/125 of that of the conventional single-layer multiple sensors. The patch flexibility is increased mainly by the development of flexible pulsewave sensor, made of a flexible piezoelectric membrane supported by a perforated polyimide membrane. In the human physiological range, the fabricated stress patch measures skin temperature with the sensitivity of 0.31 Ω/°C, skin conductance with the sensitivity of 0.28 μV/0.02 μS, and pulse wave with the response time of 70 msec. The skin-attachable stress patch, capable to detect multimodal bio-signals, shows potential for application to wearable emotion monitoring.

AI snapshot

Written from the paper’s full text.

TL;DR

The paper presents a flexible, wearable multimodal stress-monitoring patch integrating skin temperature, skin conductance, and pulsewave sensors in a multilayer structure. It reports reduced skin contact area and characterizes each sensor in human physiological ranges, though validation is bench-top/artificial-artery rather than in vivo.

Key findings

  • The fabricated patch is reported as 24.7 mm × 15.0 mm × 70 μm, weighing 49.5 mg, with a skin contact area of 3.71 cm²—about 1/125 of a conventional single-layer multimodal stress-monitoring device (451 cm²).
  • Sensor performance: skin temperature sensitivity 0.31 Ω/°C with 0.021% nonlinearity; skin conductance sensitivity 0.28 μV/0.02 μS, resolution 0.02 μS, nonlinearity 0.447%; pulsewave time delay 70.00 ± 7.42 msec, with sensitivities of 0.35, 0.38, and 0.33 mV/mmHg at 50, 135, and 220 BPM.
  • Adding windows to the polyimide support (Type A vs. Type B) theoretically increased patch flexibility by 6.60% (bending stiffness 89.21 vs. 95.51 μNm²) and pulsewave sensing sensitivity by 57% (0.373 vs. 0.237 mV/mmHg).
  • Estimated patch lifetime is 9 days, limited by P(VDF-TrFE) retention (0.8 × 10⁶ seconds); aluminum corrosion gives an estimated 8–100 months for the temperature and conductance sensors.

Methods

  • Design/fabrication: a three-layer patch with a skin-contact layer containing aluminum skin temperature and skin conductance sensors, a parylene-C insulation layer, and a pulsewave-sensing layer using a P(VDF-TrFE) piezoelectric membrane on a perforated polyimide support with a silver interlayer electrode. Fabrication included 50 μm Kapton, 0.5 μm Ag, 20 μm P(VDF-TrFE), 0.3 μm Al, 1 μm parylene-C, KOH-ethanol-DI wet etching, a 21-minute DI dip, and poling at 900 V, 90 °C for 30 minutes.
  • Characterization: skin temperature sensor tested at 30–40 °C in 0.5 °C increments; skin conductance sensor tested at 2–20 μS; pulsewave sensor tested on an artificial artery actuator with a PDMS artificial radial artery at 40–120 mmHg and 50–220 BPM. Theoretical simulations used COMSOL Multiphysics and MATLAB to compare Type A (with windows) and Type B (without windows).
  • No human subjects were used for the reported experimental characterization; testing was bench-top and artificial-artery based.

Limitations

  • Stated: the study did not perform a subjective comfort test.
  • Stated: the experimental pulsewave output voltage and sensitivity were lower than the simulation result; patch lifetime is estimated as only 9 days due to P(VDF-TrFE) retention.
  • Evident: there is no in vivo human validation; the pulsewave sensor was tested on an artificial artery actuator rather than a human wrist, and the emotion-sensing claim (SVM categorization of surprise, anger, stress, and sadness) relies on a prior reference and is not experimentally demonstrated here.

Model-written summary. Check it against the paper before relying on it.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1038/srep23468

Cites

65 of 65 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Nothing to recompute.

Claims the paper makes

0 of 41 cited sources checked · 0 supported · 0 flagged

  • Findingown data

    The fabricated stress patch measures skin temperature with a sensitivity of 0.31 Ω/°C in the human physiological range.

    “In the human physiological range, the fabricated stress patch measures skin temperature with the sensitivity of 0.31 Ω/°C, skin conductance with the sensitivity of 0.28 μV/0.02 μS, and pulse wave with the response time of 70 msec.”
    • Also stated in: § Experimental Characterization · plain
      “The skin temperature sensor nonlinearity and sensitivity (see Fig. 6a) are measured as 0.021% and 0.31 Ω/°C, respectively.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
  • Findingown data

    The fabricated stress patch measures skin conductance with a sensitivity of 0.28 μV/0.02 μS in the human physiological range.

    “In the human physiological range, the fabricated stress patch measures skin temperature with the sensitivity of 0.31 Ω/°C, skin conductance with the sensitivity of 0.28 μV/0.02 μS, and pulse wave with the response time of 70 msec.”
    • Also stated in: § Experimental Characterization · plain
      “The skin conductance sensor has showed the nonlinearity, resolution, and sensitivity (see Fig. 6b) as 0.447%, 0.02 μS, and 0.28 μV/0.02 μS, respectively, within the human skin conductance range.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
  • Findingown data

    The skin contact area of the patch is reduced to 1/125 of that of the conventional single-layer multiple sensors.

    “The skin contact area is minimized through the invention of an integrated multi-layer structure and the associated microfabrication process; thus being reduced to 1/125 of that of the conventional single-layer multiple sensors.”
    • Also stated in: § Discussion · plain
      “As a result, the skin contact area of the fabricated multi-layer patch (3.71 cm2) is as small as the 1/125 of that of the conventional single layer multimodal stress monitoring device (451 cm2)28.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
  • Findingown data

    The fabricated stress patch measures pulse wave with a response time of 70 msec.

    “In the human physiological range, the fabricated stress patch measures skin temperature with the sensitivity of 0.31 Ω/°C, skin conductance with the sensitivity of 0.28 μV/0.02 μS, and pulse wave with the response time of 70 msec.”
    • Also stated in: § Experimental Characterization · plain
      “The time delay of the pulsewave sensor (see Fig. 7a) is maintained as 70.00 ± 7.42 msec.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
  • Findingreasoning

    The skin-attachable stress patch is capable of detecting multimodal bio-signals.

    “The skin-attachable stress patch, capable to detect multimodal bio-signals, shows potential for application to wearable emotion monitoring.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
  • May combine two claims. 25
  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim. 12

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingreasoning

    A human stress monitoring patch integrates three sensors of skin temperature, skin conductance, and pulsewave in the size of a stamp (25 mm × 15 mm × 72 μm) to enhance wearing comfort with small skin contact area and high flexibility.

    “A human stress monitoring patch integrates three sensors of skin temperature, skin conductance, and pulsewave in the size of stamp (25 mm × 15 mm × 72 μm) in order to enhance wearing comfort with small skin contact area and high flexibility.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingcitation

    The silver electrode layer is designed to perform triple functions: an etch stop for protecting the piezoelectric membrane during polyimide window etching, an electrode layer for piezoelectric poling, and an electrode layer for sensing pulsewave signals.

    “The silver electrode layer is specially designed to perform triple functions: 1) an etch stop for protecting the piezoelectric membrane during the polyimide window etching process using KOH, Ethanol, and DI water (1:8:2) mixture52, 2) an electrode layer for piezoelectric poling process; 3) an electrode layer for sensing the pulsewave signals generated by piezoelectric material.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [52] Choi, W. “Polymer micromachined flexible tactile sensor for three-axial loads detection”, Trans. Electr. Electron. Mater. 11(3), 130–133 (2010). source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingcitation

    The window of the pulsewave sensor is designed as 6 mm × 6 mm, capable of covering the radial artery sufficiently by having twice larger width than the radial artery diameter of 2.19-3.01 mm.

    “The window of the pulsewave sensor is designed as 6 mm × 6 mm, capable to cover the radial artery sufficiently by having twice larger width than the radial artery diameter of 2.19–3.01 mm55.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [55] Yoo, B. et al. “Anatomical consideration of the radial artery for transradial coronary procedures: arterial diameter, branching anomaly and vessel tortuosity”, Int. J. Cardiol. 101, 421–427 (2005). source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingreasoning

    The overall size of the flexible human stress monitoring patch is 25 mm × 15 mm × 72 μm, with a skin contact area of 3.75 cm2.

    “Therefore, the overall size of the flexible human stress monitoring patch (see Fig. 4) is decided as 25 mm × 15 mm × 72 μm (see Fig. 3), having the skin contact area of 3.75 cm2.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    The skin conductance sensor has a nonlinearity of 0.447%, a resolution of 0.02 μS, and a sensitivity of 0.28 μV/0.02 μS within the human skin conductance range.

    “The skin conductance sensor has showed the nonlinearity, resolution, and sensitivity (see Fig. 6b) as 0.447%, 0.02 μS, and 0.28 μV/0.02 μS, respectively, within the human skin conductance range.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    The skin temperature sensor has a nonlinearity of 0.021% and a sensitivity of 0.31 Ω/°C.

    “The skin temperature sensor nonlinearity and sensitivity (see Fig. 6a) are measured as 0.021% and 0.31 Ω/°C, respectively.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    Type A with windows shows a 6.60% increase in patch flexibility and a 57% increase in pulsewave sensing sensitivity compared to Type B without windows.

    “The theoretical results indicate that Type A with window shows the 6.60% increase of the patch flexibility and 57% increase of the pulsewave sensing sensitivity compared to Type B without window.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    The pulsewave sensing sensitivities of Type A and Type B are 0.373 mV/mmHg and 0.237 mV/mmHg, respectively.

    “The pulsewave sensing sensitivities of Type A and Type B are shown as 0.373 mV/mmHg and 0.237 mV/mmHg, respectively.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingreasoning

    Each skin conductance electrode is designed as 7.5 mm × 8.5 mm to have a skin contact area of 63.75 mm2, larger than the single electrode area (6.36 mm2) of a commercial skin conductance sensor (HK-228s, iWorx).

    “Thus each electrode is designed as 7.5 mm × 8.5 mm to have skin contact area of 63.75 mm2, larger than the single electrode area (6.36 mm2) of a commercial skin conductance sensor (HK-228s, iWorx).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    In all cases, the temperature of the skin temperature sensor is saturated at the skin temperature, therefore being dominantly affected not by external temperature but by skin temperature.

    “In all the cases, the temperature of the skin temperature sensor is saturated at the skin temperature, therefore being dominantly affected not by external temperature but by skin temperature.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    The fabricated stress monitoring patch is as small as 24.7 mm × 15.0 mm × 70 μm with a skin contact area of 3.71 cm2 and a weight of 49.5 mg.

    “The fabricated stress monitoring patch is as small as 24.7 mm × 15.0 mm × 70 μm with the skin contact area of 3.71 cm2 and the weight of 49.5 mg.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

    Findingnone given

    The wearing comfort of the patch is enhanced by the windows fabrication and the multi-layer integration using the silver inter-layer electrode.

    “The wearing comfort of the patch is enhanced by the windows fabrication and the multi-layer integration using the silver inter-layer electrode.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    Stress leads to many kinds of diseases such as shock, cardiovascular diseases, neuropsychiatric diseases, gastro intestinal diseases, and even tumors.

    “Also, stress leads many kinds of diseases4 such as shock, cardiovascular diseases, neuropsychiatric diseases, gastro intestinal diseases, and even tumors.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [4] Hans, S. Stress in health and disease Ch. 4, 725–895 (Butterworth-Heinemann, 1976).

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Stress affects human society by increasing suicide and reducing work efficiency.

    “Stress affects human society by increasing suicide1 and reducing work efficiency2.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [1] Mann, J. & Currier, D. “Stress, genetics and epigenetic effects on the neurobiology of suicidal behavior and depression”, Eur. Psychiat. 25(5), 268–271 (2010). source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [2] Macan, T., Shahani, C., Dipboye, R. & Philips, A. “College students’ time management: correlations with academic performance and stress”, J. Educ. Psychol. 82(4), 760–768 (1990). source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    The stress signals of skin temperature, skin conductance, and pulsewave are dependent on the stimulation time and categorized into acute stress (response under 3 seconds stimulation) and chronic stress (response over 3 seconds stimulation).

    “The stress signals of skin temperature, skin conductance, and pulsewave are dependent on the stimulation time and categorized in two types: acute stress (response under 3 seconds stimulation)11 and chronic stress (response over 3 seconds stimulation)39.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [11] Kreibig, S., Wilhelm, F., Roth, W. & Gross, J. “Cardiovascular, electrodermal, and respiratory response patterns to fear- and sadness-inducing films”, Psychophysiology 44, 787–806 (2007). source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [39] Gil, E. et al. “Photoplethysmography pulse rate variability as a surrogate measurement of heart rate variability during non-stationary conditions”, Physiol. Meas. 31, 1271–1290 (2010). source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Skin conductance on palm and volar part of the wrist has a positive relationship with both chronic and acute stress levels.

    “Skin conductance on palm and volar part of the wrist has positive relationship11 with both of the chronic and the acute stress levels.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [11] Kreibig, S., Wilhelm, F., Roth, W. & Gross, J. “Cardiovascular, electrodermal, and respiratory response patterns to fear- and sadness-inducing films”, Psychophysiology 44, 787–806 (2007). source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

    Premisenone given

    The low flexibility of conventional sensors is mainly due to the hardness of the pulsewave sensor.

    “The low flexibility of the conventional sensors is mainly due to the hardness of pulsewave sensor.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Premisecitation

    For stress characterization, arterial pulsewave signals are required to be transformed into human heart rate variability (HRV).

    “For stress characterization, the arterial pulsewave signals is required to be transformed into the human heart rate variability (HRV)39.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [39] Gil, E. et al. “Photoplethysmography pulse rate variability as a surrogate measurement of heart rate variability during non-stationary conditions”, Physiol. Meas. 31, 1271–1290 (2010). source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    HRV represents the chronic stress level and also individual's stress vulnerability.

    “The HRV represents the chronic stress level10 and also individual’s stress vulnerability12.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [10] Carlson, N. Foundation of physiological psychology 3rd edn Trans. Kim, H. et al. Ch. 11, 459–466 (Sigmapress, 1998).

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [12] Porges, S. “Vagal tone: a physiologic marker of stress vulnerability”, Pediatrics 90(3), 498–504 (1992). source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    The human peripheral skin temperature and skin conductance change in the range of 30-40 °C and 2-20 μS, respectively.

    “The human peripheral skin temperature and skin conductance are changed in the range of 30–40 °C53 and 2–20 μS9, respectively.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [53] Sim, J., Youn, S. & Cho, Y. “A thermal peripheral blood flowmeter with contact force compensation”, J. Micromech. Microeng. 22, 125014, doi: 10.1088/0960-1317/22/12/125014 (2012). source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [9] Cacioppo, J. Handbook of psychophysiology 3rd edn (eds Tassinary, L. et al.) Ch. 7, 159–181 (Cambridge, New York, 2007).

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    The flexible multi-layer patch integrated with the skin temperature sensor and skin conductance sensor on the pulsewave sensor results in skin contact area reduction and patch flexibility increase, thereby enhancing wearing comfort.

    “The flexible multi-layer patch (see Fig. 1), integrated with the skin temperature sensor, the skin conductance sensor on the pulsewave sensor, results in skin contact area reduction and patch flexibility increase; thereby enhancing the wearing comfort, required for wearable or skin-attachable stress monitoring by human ANS monitoring.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    P(VDF-TrFE) is used as a flexible piezoelectric material with high mechanical strength and biocompatibility.

    “We use P(VDF-TrFE) as flexible piezoelectric materials with high mechanical strength and biocompatibility43.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [43] Li, C. et al. “Flexible dome and bump shape piezoelectric tactile sensors using PVDF-TrFE copolymer”, J. Microelectromech. Syst. 17(2), 334–341 (2008). source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    The fabricated pulsewave sensor integrated in the patch is suitable for human stress monitoring with HRV, though its experimental output voltage and sensitivity are lower than the simulation result.

    “Therefore the fabricated pulsewave sensor integrated in the patch is suitable for human stress monitoring with HRV, though the experimental output voltage and sensitivity of the pulsewave sensor are lower than that of the simulation result.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    The present patch satisfies the standards of small size, low number of devices, and high flexibility, even though the present study did not perform a subjective comfort test.

    “The present patch satisfies not only small but also other two standards even though the present study didn’t perform subjective comfortable test.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
    • Rests on an assumption: The objective criteria of wearing comfort (fewer devices, smaller/lighter size, higher flexibility) are sufficient to establish enhanced wearing comfort without subjective comfort testing.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based). May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    People feel wearable devices are comfortable when they wear fewer devices, small and light devices, and highly flexible devices.

    “In other words, people feel the wearable devices are comfortable when they wearing the less number of devices, small and light devices, and highly flexible devices.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    In stress measurement, the time delay is a more important factor than output voltage amplitude or sensitivity because HRV is directly related to the time interval between peaks of the pulsewave sensor output signal, not amplitude or sensitivity.

    “In the stress measurement application, the time delay is more important factor than the output voltage amplitude or sensitivity because HRV is directly related with time interval between peaks of the output voltage signal of the pulsewave sensor, not amplitude or sensitivity.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    The present patch composed of three sensors integrated in a single multi-layer structure reduces the number of devices and the skin contact area of the patch.

    “The present patch composed of the three sensors are integrated in a single multi-layer structure to reduce the number of devices and the skin contact area of the patch.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisenone given

    Stress monitoring ability in daily time is decided by not only wearing comfort but also lifetime of the patch.

    “Stress monitoring ability in daily time is decided by not only a wearing comfort but also a life time of the patch.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Interpretationreasoning

    The present patch has applications for not only patients but also non-patients by monitoring the autonomic nervous system.

    “The present patch has applications for not only patients but also non-patients by monitoring ANS.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

    Interpretationreasoning

    For patients, the present patch can alert or notify doctors of potential risks related to the autonomic nervous system for medical patient monitoring, using communication modules of wearable devices.

    “For patients, the present patch can alert or notice the potential risks related with ANS to doctors for medical patients monitoring, using communication modules of the wearable devices.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationown data

    The novelty of the present patch is compact size and high flexibility, so it can be easily built into commercial wearable and mobile devices.

    “The novelty of the present patch is compact size and high flexibility; thereby, easily built into the commercial wearable and mobile devices.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Premisecitation

    Conventional polyimide patterning processes use reactive ion etching or chemical etching with the polyimide etchant of KOH-ethanol-DI water mixture.

    “The conventional polyimide patterning processes use reactive ion etching (RIE)66 or chemical etching process5152 with the polyimide etchant of KOH-ethanol-DI water mixture.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
    • cites [66] J. Engel, J. Chen, Z. Fan & C. Liu “Polymer micromachined multimodal tactile sensors”, Sens. Actuator A-Phys. 117(1), 50–61 (2004). source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [51] Kwon, H., Kim, J. & Choi, W. “Development of a flexible three-axial tactile sensor aray for a roboric finger”, Microsyst. Technol. 17, 1721–1726 (2011). source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [52] Choi, W. “Polymer micromachined flexible tactile sensor for three-axial loads detection”, Trans. Electr. Electron. Mater. 11(3), 130–133 (2010). source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

    Interpretationreasoning

    The present patch alerts emergency situations such as heart attack to a rescue team.

    “Also, the present patch alert the emergency situations like heart attack to rescue team.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S4 (based).

    Interpretationreasoning

    For non-patients, the present patch can provide wellness information required by individual users.

    “For non-patients, the present patch can provide wellness information required to individual users.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Interpretationreasoning

    The application of the patch can be expandable to sense certain dimensions of human emotion.

    “Moreover, the application of the patch can be expandable to sense certain dimensions of human emotion.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
35 of 35

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Body fluid analysis cannot measure stress continuously.

    “The body fluid analysis cannot measure stress continuously.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    The objective criteria of wearing comfort (fewer devices, smaller/lighter size, higher flexibility) are sufficient to establish enhanced wearing comfort without subjective comfort testing.

    “The present patch satisfies not only small but also other two standards even though the present study didn’t perform subjective comfortable test.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    The overall lifetime of the patch is determined by the shortest-lived integrated sensor.

    “Therefore, considering life times of each sensor integrated in the patch, the patch life time is estimated as 9 days.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Muscle contractions can interfere with the pulsewave sensor, producing motion artifacts.

    “Also, muscle-contractions can interfere to pulsewave sensor, occurring motion artifacts.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    The conventional reactive ion etching polyimide etching process causes thermal damages.

    “The conventional RIE polyimide etching process causes thermal damages.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    The conventional chemical etching process leaves highly viscous polyimide residue that hinders electrical contacts to the silver electrode through the patterned window.

    “The conventional chemical etching process leaves highly viscous polyimide residue which hinders electrical contacts to the silver electrode through the patterned window.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Removing the viscous polyimide residue requires an additional boiling or rinsing process in a DI water stream, which causes layer delamination.

    “The viscous polyimide residue removal requires an additional boiling or rinsing process in DI water stream, which causes layer delamination.”
7 of 7

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

  • There are three primary methods to monitor stress levels for athletes: self-reporting, multimodal physiological analysis, and body-fluid analysis.

    “There are three primary methods to monitor stress levels for athletes: (1) self-reporting (current method), (2) multimodal physiological analysis, and (3) body-fluid analysis74 (Table 6).”

    From Wearable sensors for monitoring the physiological and biochemical profile of the athlete (2019) · cites this paper as [74]

  • An epidermal sensor for multimodal physiological data analysis of stress measured skin temperature with a sensitivity of 0.31 Ω/°C, skin conductance sensitivity of 0.28 μV/0.02 μS, and a pulse wave response time of 70 ms.

    “The stress patch measured skin temperature with a sensitivity of 0.31 Ω/°C, skin conductance sensitivity of 0.28 μV/0.02 μS, and a pulse wave response time of 70 ms.74”

    From Wearable sensors for monitoring the physiological and biochemical profile of the athlete (2019) · cites this paper as [74]

  • The stress patch categorized four types of human emotions (surprise, anger, stress, and sadness) based on a singular vector machine algorithm.

    “The patch categorized the four types of human emotions (surprise, anger, stress, and sadness) based on a singular vector machine algorithm.”

    From Wearable sensors for monitoring the physiological and biochemical profile of the athlete (2019) · cites this paper as [74]

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.

  • Upper pulse-rate conversion is incorrect

    Minor

    A pulse rate of 200 BPM is 3.33 Hz, not 3.66 Hz. The stated upper frequency corresponds to about 220 BPM.

    Reported 3.66 · recomputed 3.333333

  • Simulation pressures exceed the stated physiological range

    Minor

    The paper describes all five simulated pressures as within the human systolic-diastolic pressure-difference range, but two of them, 160 and 200 mmHg, exceed its stated upper limit of 120 mmHg.

  • Claimed skin-contact-area ratio does not match the areas

    Minor

    Dividing the conventional device's stated 451 cm2 by the patch's 3.71 cm2 gives about 121.6, not 125.

    Reported 125 · recomputed 121.563342

3 of 3

Cites

Flagged first, then by citations

Research works printed but not linked: 3

  1. Carlson, N. Foundation of physiological psychology 3rd edn Trans. Kim, H. et al. Ch. 11, 459–466 (Sigmapress, 1998).
  2. Sun, F. Mobile computing, applications, and services (eds Kuo, C. et al.) 211–230 (Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2012).
  3. Hibbleler, R. Mechanics of Materials 8th edn Ch. 12, 569–579 (Prentice Hall, 2011).

Cited by

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Related

Authors
Yoon, S., Sim, J. K., & Cho, Y.-H.
Affiliations
Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KR)
Corresponding author
Cho, Young-Ho
ORCID
Venue
Scientific Reports
Publisher
Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Published
2016-03-23
Volume
6
Issue
1
Pages
23468-23468
ISSN
2045-2322 (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.1038/srep23468
PMC
PMC4804278
OpenAlex
W2314545921
Semantic Scholar
774182daabc1319dc10ec7269b3e1b2bb4502867
Cited by
151
References
65
Citations by year
2026: 8 · 2025: 8 · 2024: 15 · 2023: 15 · 2022: 14 · 2021: 28 · 2020: 21 · 2019: 20 · 2018: 15 · 2017: 7
FWCI
6.74
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
Locations
  • Scientific Reports (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders
  • American Psychological Association
  • Ministry of Science, ICT and Future Planning (2015054201)
Topics
  • Physical Sciences › Engineering › Biomedical Engineering › Advanced Sensor and Energy Harvesting Materials
  • Physical Sciences › Engineering › Biomedical Engineering › Non-Invasive Vital Sign Monitoring
  • Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Emotion and Mood Recognition
Keywords
wearable patch, stress monitoring, skin temperature sensing, skin conductance, pulse wave detection, microfabrication, multimodal biosensors, emotion monitoring
MeSH terms
Equipment Design, Heart Rate, Humans, Skin Physiological Phenomena, Skin Temperature, Stress, Psychological, Monitoring, Ambulatory, Remote Sensing Technology

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Claims read by deepseek-v4.1-flash under definition version 3 (extract-v3) on 2026-10-09.

Classified by jev-1.13-20260917 (gold-guideline-v0.2) on 2026-10-09.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

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