Is mode of delivery associated with postpartum depression at 6 weeks: a prospective cohort study: Mode of Delivery and Postpartum Depression

Sword, W; Kurtz Landy, C; Thabane, L; Watt, S; Krueger, P; Farine, D; Foster, G

doi:10.1111/j.1471-0528.2011.02950.x

Cited by 157Maternal Mental Health During Pregnancy and PostpartumMaternal and Perinatal Health InterventionsMaternal and Neonatal Healthcare

Is mode of delivery associated with postpartum depression at 6 weeks: a prospective cohort study: Mode of Delivery and Postpartum Depression

Sword, W, Kurtz Landy, C, Thabane, L, Watt, S, Krueger, P, Farine, D, Foster, G·2011·BJOG: An International Journal of Obstetrics & Gynaecology

DOI 10.1111/j.1471-0528.2011.02950.x

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Abstract

OBJECTIVE: To examine the relationship between delivery mode and postpartum depression at 6 weeks following hospital discharge. DESIGN: A prospective cohort study. SETTING: Eleven hospitals in Ontario, Canada. SAMPLE: A total of 2560 women ≥16 years of age who delivered singleton, live infants at term. METHODS: Women completed a questionnaire in hospital and 74% (n = 1897) participated in a structured telephone interview 6 weeks after discharge. Additional data were extracted from labour and delivery records. Generalised estimating equations (GEEs) were used to investigate factors associated with postpartum depression. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE: Women were screened for depression at 6 weeks following hospital discharge using the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS). A score of ≥12 on the EPDS was used as a measure of the primary outcome, depression. RESULTS: Mode of delivery was not independently associated with postpartum depression, and did not factor into the main-effects model. The multivariable analysis identified 11 predictor variables for depression: young maternal age (OR 5.27; 95% CI 2.73-10.15); maternal hospital readmission (OR 3.02; 95% CI 1.46-6.24); non-initiation of breastfeeding (OR 2.02; 95% CI 0.99-4.11); good, fair, or poor self-reported postpartum health (OR 1.82; 95% CI 1.19-2.80); urinary incontinence (OR 1.79; 95% CI 1.06-3.03); multiparity (OR 1.59; 95% CI 1.22-2.08); low mental health functioning (OR 1.20; 95% CI 1.15-1.25); low subjective social status (OR 1.16; 95% CI 1.02-1.33); high number of unmet learning needs in hospital (OR 1.12; 95% CI 1.03-1.22); low social support (OR 1.06; 95% CI 1.03-1.09); and low physical health functioning (OR 1.03; 95% CI 1.003-1.055). An exploratory interaction model revealed that caesarean section was associated with higher odds of becoming depressed in Canadian-born women, but that in women born outside of Canada it was associated with a lower risk of becoming depressed. CONCLUSIONS: Delivery mode had no significant impact on the development of postpartum depression in the main-effects model. However, it may interact with place of birth and other unmeasured factors to create a risk for depression.

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Result
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“Interestingly, recent studies suggest that other variables might mediate or moderate this association (13,18,21).”
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Mode of delivery and postpartum depression: the role of patient preferences
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“Numerous studies have explored the association between cesarean delivery and postpartum depression,(8-16) and most studies have concluded that mode of delivery is not a predictor.(8-11,13,15) However, a patient’s antepartum delivery preferences may play an important role in the determination of how a woman perceives h…”
Background
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“Our findings are in accordance with a Chinese prospective study from 2011 in a population with a high frequency of cesarean sections (77.7%).29 In that study, the postpartum rate of depression was 21.7% in women who had a cesarean delivery and 10.7% in women who delivered vaginally.29 Similarly, a Canadian prospective…”
BackgroundInfluential
Delineating the Association between Heavy Postpartum Haemorrhage and Postpartum Depression
Eckerdal, P., Kollia, N., Löfblad, J., Hellgren, C., Karlsson, L., Högberg, U., Wikström, A., & Skalkidou, A. (2016) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0144274 · Cited by 75 · see citing works
On AI Approaches for Promoting Maternal and Neonatal Health in Low Resource Settings: A Review
Khan, M., Khurshid, M., Vatsa, M., Singh, R., Duggal, M., & Singh, K. (2022) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2022.880034 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
“To verify the relationship between PPD and the mode of delivery, Sword et al. (58) studied the relationship between the risk of getting PPD and the method of delivery.”
Method
Prevalence and predictors of postpartum depression among postnatal women in Lagos, Nigeria
Adeyemo, E. O., Oluwole, E. O., Kanma-Okafor, O. J., Izuka, M., & Odeyemi, K. (2020) · African Health Sciences · doi:10.4314/ahs.v20i4.53 · Cited by 79 · see citing works
Association between mode of delivery and postpartum depression: A systematic review and network meta-analysis
Sun, L., Wang, S., & Li, X.-Q. (2021) · Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/0004867420954284 · Cited by 72 · see citing works
“…still a considerable disagreement as to whether delivery patterns affect the risk of PPD, and many studies have not found an independent relationship between them (Carter et al., 2006; Eisenach et al., 2008; Hannah et al., 2002; Nielsen Forman et al., 2000; Patel et al., 2005; Sword et al., 2011).”
Background
Prevalence and factors associated with depressive symptoms among post-partum mothers in Nepal
Giri, R. K., Khatri, R. B., Mishra, S. R., Khanal, V., Sharma, V. D., & Gartoulla, R. P. (2015) · BMC Research Notes · doi:10.1186/s13104-015-1074-3 · Cited by 71 · see citing works
“In contrast, earlier studies in Turkey and Canada reported that mothers aged less than 25 years were more likely to report depressive symptoms [36-38].”
Result
Understanding the relationship between cesarean birth and stress, anxiety, and depression after childbirth: A nationwide cohort study
Chen, H., Lai, J. C., Hwang, S., Huang, N., Chou, Y., & Chien, L. (2017) · Birth · doi:10.1111/birt.12295 · Cited by 67 · see citing works
Depressive symptoms, pain, and sexual dysfunction over the first year following vaginal or cesarean delivery: A prospective longitudinal study
Chang, S., Chen, K.-H., Ho, H., Lai, Y., Lin, M.-I. B., Lee, C., & Lin, W. (2015) · International Journal of Nursing Studies · doi:10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2015.04.019 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
Maternal mental health in the first 3-week postpartum: the impact of caregiver support and the subjective experience of childbirth – a longitudinal path model
Gürber, S., Bielinski-Blattmann, D., Lemola, S., Jaussi, C., von Wyl, A., Surbek, D., Grob, A., & Stadlmayr, W. (2012) · Journal of Psychosomatic Obstetrics and Gynaecology · doi:10.3109/0167482x.2012.730584 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
“In addition, Sword (2011) [17] found no significant association between mode of delivery (vaginal vs caesarean section) and depression (Odds ratio: 1.”
Background
Prevalence of postpartum depression regarding mode of delivery: a cross-sectional study
Meky, H. K., Shaaban, M. M., Ahmed, M. R., & Mohammed, T. (2019) · The Journal of Maternal-Fetal & Neonatal Medicine · doi:10.1080/14767058.2019.1571572 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
Association of postpartum depression and cesarean section: A systematic review and meta-analysis
Moameri, H., Ostadghaderi, M., Khatooni, E., & Doosti‐Irani, A. (2019) · Clinical Epidemiology and Global Health · doi:10.1016/j.cegh.2019.02.009 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
Prevalence of postpartum depression at the clinic for obstetrics and gynecology in Kosovo teaching hospital: Demographic, obstetric and psychosocial risk factors
Zejnullahu, V. A., Ukella-Lleshi, D., Zejnullahu, V. A., Miftari, E., & Govori, V. (2020) · European Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology and Reproductive Biology · doi:10.1016/j.ejogrb.2020.11.025 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
The impact of severe preeclampsia on maternal quality of life
Stern, C., Trapp, E.-M., Mautner, E., Deutsch, M., Lang, U., & Cervar-Zivkovic, M. (2013) · Quality of Life Research · doi:10.1007/s11136-013-0525-3 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
“It might have an impact on short-term mental outcome, as other authors report [9, 21], but our results show that it does not have an independent effect, neither on the physical nor on the mental quality of life [20, 22–24].”
Result
Correlates of Postpartum Depression in First Time Mothers Without Previous Psychiatric Contact
Sylvén, S. M., Thomopoulos, T. P., Kollia, N., Jönsson, M. E., & Skalkidou, A. (2016) · European Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.eurpsy.2016.07.003 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Deliveries among teenage women – with emphasis on incidence and mode of delivery: a Swedish national survey from 1973 to 2010
Tyrberg, R. B., Blomberg, M. I., & Kjølhede, P. (2013) · BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth · doi:10.1186/1471-2393-13-204 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
“Low maternal age has been shown to increase the risk of neonatal morbidity, premature birth, low birth weight, maternal anaemia [1,3-8] and post-gestational depression [9].”
Background
Postpartum depression among women with pre-eclampsia and eclampsia in Tanzania; a call for integrative intervention
Mbarak, B., Kilewo, C., Kuganda, S. B., & Sunguya, B. F. (2019) · BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth · doi:10.1186/s12884-019-2395-3 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Psychosocial risk factors and treatment of new onset and recurrent depression during the post-partum period
Kettunen, P. A., & Hintikka, J. J. (2017) · Nordic Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1080/08039488.2017.1300324 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Scoping Review of Postpartum Discharge Education Provided by Nurses
McCarter, D., Law, A. A., Cabullo, H., & Pinto, K. (2022) · Journal of Obstetric, Gynecologic & Neonatal Nursing · doi:10.1016/j.jogn.2022.03.002 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Meta-analysis of association between caesarean section and postpartum depression risk
Ning, J., Deng, J., Li, S., Lu, C., & Zeng, P. (2024) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2024.1361604 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Relation between mothers’ types of labor, birth interventions, birth experiences and postpartum depression: A multicentre follow-up study
Atan, Ş. Ü., Öztürk, R., Satir, D. G., Çalım, S. İ., Weller, B. K., Amanak, K., Saruhan, A., Şirin, A., & Akercan, F. (2018) · Sexual & Reproductive Healthcare · doi:10.1016/j.srhc.2018.08.001 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Epidural Analgesia During Childbirth and Postpartum Depressive Symptoms: A Population-Based Longitudinal Cohort Study
Eckerdal, P., Kollia, N., Karlsson, L., Skoog-Svanberg, A., Wikström, A.-K., Högberg, U., & Skalkidou, A. (2020) · Anesthesia & Analgesia · doi:10.1213/ane.0000000000004292 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Is there a difference in the maternal and neonatal outcomes between patients discharged after 24 h versus 72 h following cesarean section? A prospective randomized observational study on 2998 patients
Bayoumi, Y. A., Bassiouny, Y. A., Hassan, A. A., Gouda, H. M., Zaki, S. S., & Abdel-Razek, A.-R. A. (2015) · The Journal of Maternal-Fetal & Neonatal Medicine · doi:10.3109/14767058.2015.1048678 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
“postpartum depression; although it may interact with the place of birth and other unmeasured factors to create a risk of depression [21].”
Predictors of Postpartum Depression Among Immigrant Women in the Year After Childbirth
Ganann, R., Sword, W. A., Thabane, L., Newbold, K. B., & Black, M. (2015) · Journal of Women s Health · doi:10.1089/jwh.2015.5292 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
“Sword and colleagues 45 reported an association between urinary incontinence and PPD at 6 weeks among a larger sample inclusive of both Canadian-born and immigrant women.”
What If Pregnancy Is Not Seventh Heaven? The Influence of Specific Life Events during Pregnancy and Delivery on the Transition of Antenatal into Postpartum Anxiety and Depression
Aris-Meijer, J., Bockting, C., Stolk, R. P., Verbeek, T., Beijers, C., van Pampus, M. G., & Burger, H. (2019) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph16162851 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
“Some recent studies did find associations between mode of delivery and depressed mood or comparable negative feelings [42,43], whereas several other studies underline our findings [34,35,39,40].”
Result
Demographic, maternal, and infant health correlates of post‐partum depression in Jordan
Safadi, R., Abushaikha, L. A., & Ahmad, M. M. (2015) · Nursing and Health Sciences · doi:10.1111/nhs.12268 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Prevalence and predictors of postpartum depression in Upper Egypt: A multicenter primary health care study
Ahmed, G. K., Elbeh, K., Shams, R. M., Malek, M. A. A., & Ibrahim, A. K. (2021) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2021.04.046 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Patient-controlled intravenous tramadol versus patient-controlled intravenous hydromorphone for analgesia after secondary cesarean delivery: a randomized controlled trial to compare analgesic, anti-anxiety and anti-depression effects
Duan, G., Bao, X., Yang, G., Peng, J., Wu, Z., Zhao, P., Zuo, Z., & Li, H. (2018) · Journal of Pain Research · doi:10.2147/jpr.s184782 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
“9%(53,54) and are higher in patients undergoing CD.(55,56) Recent data showed that in 2014 >1.”
BackgroundInfluential
Early risk factors for postpartum depression: A longitudinal Japanese population-based study
Nakano, M., Sourander, A., Luntamo, T., Chudal, R., Skokauskas, N., & Kaneko, H. (2020) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2020.03.026 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Doğum şeklinin doğum sonrası depresyon, algılanan sosyal destek ve maternal bağlanma ile ilişkisi
Hergüner, S., Çíçek, E., Annagür, A., Hergüner, A., & Örs, R. (2013) · Dusunen Adam The Journal of Psychiatry and Neurological Sciences · doi:10.5350/dajpn2014270102 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
“, (19), CD has been found not a risk factor for depression in the sixth week of postpartum.”
Background
Incidence and predictors of postpartum depression among postpartum mothers in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia: A cross-sectional study
Hairol, M. I., Ahmad, S., Sharanjeet-Kaur, S., Wee, L. H., Abdullah, F., & Ahmad, M. (2021) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0259782 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
“There are reports that younger maternal age is a positive risk factor for postpartum depression [33, 34], where the risk is highest for maternal age younger than 25 years old [34].”
Background
Effect of mode of delivery on postpartum depression in I ranian women
Sadat, Z., Atrian, M. K., Alavi, N. M., Abbaszadeh, F., Karimian, Z., & Taherian, A. A. (2013) · Journal of obstetrics and gynaecology research · doi:10.1111/jog.12150 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
A pilot study evaluating genetic and environmental factors for postpartum depression.
El‐Ibiary, S. Y., Hamilton, S. P., Abel, R., Erdman, C. A., Robertson, P. A., & Finley, P. R. (2013) · Europe PMC (PubMed Central) · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Functional status of women with and without severe maternal morbidity: A prospective cohort study
Norhayati, M. N., Hussain, N. H. N., & Aniza, A. A. (2016) · Women and Birth · doi:10.1016/j.wombi.2016.02.002 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Assessment of difference in postpartum depression among caesarean and vaginally delivered women at 6-week follow-up in hospitals in Pune District, India: an observational cohort study
Doke, P. P., Vaidya, V. M., Narula, A. P. S., Datar, M. C., Patil, A. V., Panchanadikar, T. M., & Wagh, G. N. (2021) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2021-052008 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Association of inpatient postpartum quality of recovery with postpartum depression: A prospective observational study
Hayoun, D. H. B., Sultan, P., Rozeznic, J., Guo, N., Carvalho, B., Orbach‐Zinger, S., & Weiniger, C. F. (2023) · Journal of Clinical Anesthesia · doi:10.1016/j.jclinane.2023.111263 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
State and trait anxiety as a psychopathological phenomenon correlated with postpartum depression in a Romanian sample: a pilot study
Enatescu, V.-R., Enătescu, I., Craina, M. L., Gluhovschi, A., Papavă, I., Romosan, R. S., Marian, C., Oprea, A., & Bernad, E. S. (2014) · Journal of Psychosomatic Obstetrics & Gynecology · doi:10.3109/0167482x.2014.914491 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
“Previous studies have also shown that higher education can be a resilience factor against postpartum depression [31].”
Background
Screening for Postnatal Depression in a Tertiary Care Hospital
Sheela, C. N., & Venkatesh, S. (2015) · The Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology of India · doi:10.1007/s13224-015-0766-x · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Perinatal characteristics and mother's personality profile associated with increased likelihood of postpartum depression occurrence in a Romanian outpatient sample
Enatescu, V.-R., Bernad, E. S., Gluhovschi, A., Papavă, I., Romosan, R. S., Palicsak, A., Munteanu, R., Craina, M. L., & Enătescu, I. (2016) · Journal of Mental Health · doi:10.3109/09638237.2016.1149802 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
“There were other studies that found no relation between these parameters and postpartum depression (Blom et al., 2010; Grigoriadis et al., 2013; Sword et al., 2011).”
Result
Association Between Mode of Delivery and Postpartum Depression: The Japan Environment and Children’s Study (JECS)
Baba, S., Ikehara, S., Eshak, E. S., Ueda, K., Kimura, T., & Iso, H. (2021) · Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.2188/jea.je20210117 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Immediate and long-term relationship between severe maternal morbidity and health-related quality of life: a prospective double cohort comparison study
Norhayati, M. N., Hussain, N. H. N., & Aniza, A. A. (2016) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-016-3524-9 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
“However, after considering a non-response rate of 30 % in telephone-based survey [20, 21] and six months follow-up [22], the calculated sample size was 162 per group.”
Background
Postpartum depression among first-time mothers – results from a parallel randomised trial
Maimburg, R. D., & Væth, M. (2015) · Sexual & Reproductive Healthcare · doi:10.1016/j.srhc.2015.01.003 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
The impact of prenatal psychologic and obstetric parameters on postpartum depression in late-term pregnancies: A preliminary study
Cırık, D. A., Yerebasmaz, N., Kotan, V. O., Salihoglu, K. N., Akpınar, F., Yalvaç, S., & Kandemir, Ö. (2016) · Taiwanese Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology · doi:10.1016/j.tjog.2015.12.018 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
The relationship between mode of delivery and postpartum depression
Kaya, L., & Çi̇ğdem, Z. (2019) · Journal of Education and Health Promotion · doi:10.4103/jehp.jehp_97_18 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
“also found that the type of labor was not a risk factor for the development of PD in a study conducted in Canada.[20] Patel et al.”
Result
Personal and Family Resources Related to Depressive and Anxiety Symptoms in Women during Puerperium
Alcalá, D. F., Osuna, A. F., & Casado, R. D. P. (2020) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph17145230 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Post-partum depression: a cross-sectional study of women enrolled in a conditional cash transfer program in 30 Brazilian cities
Santos, I. S., Munhoz, T. N., Blumenberg, C., Barcelos, R. S., Bortolotto, C. C., Matijasevich, A., Júnior, H. G. D. S., dos Santos, L. M., Correia, L. L., de Souza, M. R., et al. (2020) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2020.12.042 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Sexual function and postpartum depression 6 months after attempted operative vaginal delivery according to fetal head station: A prospective population-based cohort study
Ducarme, G., Hamel, J., Brun, S., Madar, H., Merlot, B., & Sentilhes, L. (2017) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0178915 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Urinary incontinence increases risk of postpartum depression: systematic review and meta-analysis
Gallego‐Gómez, C., Rodríguez‐Gutiérrez, E., Torres-Costoso, A. I., Martínez‐Vizcaíno, V., Bustelo, S. M., Quezada-Bascuñán, C. A., & Ferri‐Morales, A. (2024) · American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology · doi:10.1016/j.ajog.2024.02.307 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Biomarker screening for antenatal depression in women who underwent caesarean section: a matched observational study with plasma Lipidomics
Wu, Z., Zhao, P., Long, Z., Li, J., Yang, G., Zhang, Q., Duan, G., & Li, H. (2019) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-019-2241-1 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Does immediate skin‐to‐skin contact at caesarean sections promote uterine contraction and recovery of the maternal blood haemoglobin levels? A randomized clinical trial
Pérez‐Jiménez, J. M., Oliveros, M. L., Gonzalez‐Perez, D., Rivera‐Sequeiros, A., & Rodríguez‐Blanco, C. (2022) · Nursing Open · doi:10.1002/nop2.1331 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
“There is evidence of a relationship between undergoing a caesarean section and depressive symptomatology (Xie et al., 2011); however, Sword et al. (2011) provide conflicting results on this topic.”
Result
Outcome measures in studies on the use of oxytocin for the treatment of delay in labour: a systematic review.
Begley, C., Gross, M., Dencker, A., Benstoem, C., Berg, M., & Devane, D. (2014) · Midwifery · doi:10.1016/j.midw.2014.06.005 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
“No direct association has been shown between oxytocin use and postnatal depression, but postnatal depression is linked with postnatal readmission of the mother (Sword et al., 2011).”
A Detailed Biological Approach on Hormonal Imbalance Causing Depression in Critical Periods (Postpartum, Postmenopausal and Perimenopausal Depression) in Adult Women
Saraswat, N., Wal, P., Pal, R. S., Wal, A., Pal, Y., & Roohi, T. F. (2021) · The Open Biology Journal · doi:10.2174/1874196702109010017 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Factors Associated with the Development of Postnatal Depression After Cesarean Delivery: A Prospective Study
Chan, C.-J., Tan, C. W., Chan, J. J. I., Sultana, R., Chua, T.-E., Chen, H. Y., Sia, A. T. H., & Sng, B. L. (2020) · Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment · doi:10.2147/ndt.s241984 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Does Urinary Incontinence and Mode of Delivery Affect Postpartum Depression? A Nationwide Population-Based Cohort Study in Korea
Nam, J. Y., Park, E., & Cho, E. (2021) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph18020437 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
“A prospective cohort study showed that women with UI were at a high risk of PPD six weeks after childbirth [5] and another revealed that women with UI were at a 2.”
Background
Sezaryen doğumun postpartum depresyona ve maternal bağlanmaya etkisi
Kokanalı, D., Ayhan, S., Devran, A., Kokanalı, M. K., & Taşçı, Y. (2018) · Journal of Contemporary Medicine · doi:10.16899/gopctd.366181 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Enhancing research publications and advancing scientific writing in health research collaborations: sharing lessons learnt from the trenches
Li, G., Jin, Y., Mbuagbaw, L. C. E., Dolovich, L. R., Adachi, J. D., Levine, M., Cook, D., Samaan, Z., & Thabane, L. (2018) · Journal of Multidisciplinary Healthcare · doi:10.2147/jmdh.s152681 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Severe Maternal Morbidity and Postpartum Depressive Symptomatology: A Prospective Double Cohort Comparison Study
Norhayati, M. N., Hussain, N. H. N., Aniza, A. A., & Razak, A. A. (2016) · Research in Nursing & Health · doi:10.1002/nur.21741 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Associations of pelvic floor dysfunction and postnatal mental health: a systematic review
VanWiel, L., Unke, M., Samuelson, R. J., & Whitaker, K. M. (2024) · Journal of Reproductive and Infant Psychology · doi:10.1080/02646838.2024.2314720 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
“…2016, 2020; Hullfish et al., 2007; Jurášková et al., 2020; Nam et al., 2021; Padoa et al., 2020; Safadi et al., 2016; Surkan et al., 2017; Swenson et al., 2018; Sword et al., 2011; van de Pol et al., 2007; Vinturache et al., 2017; Webb et al., 2008; Woolhouse et al., 2014; Zhang et al., 2023).”
Mode of birth and early postnatal psychological morbidity
Hanlon, A. J. M., & Beckmann, M. M. (2015) · Australian and New Zealand Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology · doi:10.1111/ajo.12387 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
PREDICTORS OF EMOTIONAL AND BEHAVIORAL PROBLEMS IN 1‐YEAR‐OLD CHILDREN: A LONGITUDINAL PERSPECTIVE
Širvinskienė, G., Žemaitienė, N., Jusienė, R., & Markūnienė, E. (2016) · Infant Mental Health Journal · doi:10.1002/imhj.21575 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Identification of Postpartum Depression in an Online Community
Teaford, D., Goyal, D., & McNiesh, S. G. (2015) · Journal of Obstetric, Gynecologic & Neonatal Nursing · doi:10.1111/1552-6909.12740 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
“Well-established risk factors associated with a high risk of developing PPD, including depression during the pregnancy, socioeconomic status, social support, history of intimate partner violence, and sleep disturbance, were not assessed, which further limited our findings (Beydoun, Beydoun, Kaufman, Lod, & Zonderman,…”
Result
Association between high levels of comorbid anxiety and depressive symptoms and decreased likelihood of birth without intervention: A longitudinal prospective cohort study
Hulsbosch, L. P., Boekhorst, M., Lodder, P., Potharst, E., Nyklíček, I., Bergink, V., Oei, S., Verhoeven, C., & Pop, V. (2022) · BJOG: an International Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology · doi:10.1111/1471-0528.17273 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Mode of Delivery Is Associated with Postpartum Depression: Do Women with and without Depression History Exhibit a Difference?
Liu, T., Peng, H., Chen, C., & Chen, C.-S. (2022) · Healthcare · doi:10.3390/healthcare10071308 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Long-term postpartum effect of severe maternal morbidity on sexual function
Norhayati, M. N., & Azman, M. Y. (2017) · The International Journal of Psychiatry in Medicine · doi:10.1177/0091217417738933 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Association between habitual weekday sleep duration and depressive symptoms among Chinese adolescents:The role of mode of birth delivery
Guo, L., Wang, T., Wang, W., Fan, B., Xie, B., Zhang, H., Liao, Y., & Lu, C. (2019) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2019.11.095 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
“I felt like I was left on my own”: A mixed‐methods analysis of maternal experiences of cesarean birth and mental distress in the United States
Sega, A., Cozart, A. C., Cruz, A. O., & Reyes‐Foster, B. M. (2021) · Birth · doi:10.1111/birt.12541 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Between Personality Traits and Postpartum Depression: The Mediated Role of Maternal Self-Efficacy
Han, L., Zhang, J., Yang, J., Yang, X., & Bai, H. (2022) · Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment · doi:10.2147/ndt.s346327 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Maternal Depression and Mother-to-Infant Bonding: The Association of Delivery Mode, General Health and Stress Markers
Song, M., Ishii, H., Toda, M., Tomimatsu, T., Katsuyama, H., Nakai, Y., & Shimoya, K. (2017) · Open Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology · doi:10.4236/ojog.2017.72017 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Comparison of level of depression among mothers with lower segment cesarean section and vaginal delivery: A cross-sectional study
Bhatt, J., & Mahishale, A. V. (2017) · Journal of the Scientific Society · doi:10.4103/0974-5009.202547 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Hubungan Faktor Demografi Dan Dukungan Sosial Dengan Depresi Pascasalin
Nurfatimah, N., & Entoh, C. (2018) · Jurnal Profesi Medika Jurnal Kedokteran dan Kesehatan · doi:10.33533/jpm.v11i2.229 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Prevalence and determinants of postnatal depression in a tertiary care teaching institute in Kerala, India
Heera Shenoy, T., Remash, K., & Sheela Shenoy, T. (2019) · International Journal of Reproduction Contraception Obstetrics and Gynecology · doi:10.18203/2320-1770.ijrcog20193811 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Prevalence of maternal psychological disorders after immediate postpartum haemorrhage: a repeated cross-sectional study - the PSYCHE* study protoco
Pranal, M., Debost‐Legrand, A., de Chazeron, I., Llorca, P., & Vendittelli, F. (2019) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2018-027390 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Social and Demographic Factors Associated with Postnatal Depression Symptoms among HIV-Positive Women in Primary Healthcare Facilities, South Africa
Mokwena, K. E., & Mbatha, N. L. (2021) · Healthcare · doi:10.3390/healthcare9010065 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Symptoms of Discomfort and Problems Associated with Mode of Delivery During the Puerperium: An Observational Study
Martínez‐Galiano, J. M., Delgado‐Rodríguez, M., Rodríguez‐Almagro, J., & Hernández‐Martínez, A. (2019) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph16224564 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Investigating the association between maternal childbirth intention, labor epidural analgesia, and postpartum depression: A prospective cohort study
Zhuang, J., Chen, Q., Liu, C., Zuo, R., Zhang, Y., Dang, J., & Wang, Z. (2022) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2022.12.108 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Association between the serum insulin‐like growth factor‐1 concentration in the first trimester of pregnancy and postpartum depression
Adachi, S., Tokuda, N., Kobayashi, Y., Tanaka, H., Sawai, H., Shibahara, H., Takeshima, Y., Shima, M., & the Japan Environment and Children's Study Group (2021) · Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences · doi:10.1111/pcn.13200 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Evaluation of Repeated Web-Based Screening for Predicting Postpartum Depression: Prospective Cohort Study
Haßdenteufel, K., Lingenfelder, K., Schwarze, C. E., Feißt, M., Brusniak, K., Matthies, L. M., Goetz, M., Wallwiener, M., & Wallwiener, S. (2021) · JMIR Mental Health · doi:10.2196/26665 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
“Other studies, in contrast, have reported multiparity being a risk factor for PDD as caring for more than 1 child can lead to additional stress and may overwhelm mothers in their everyday life [78,90].”
Background
The prevalence of peripartum depression and its relationship to mode of delivery and other factors among mothers in Ixopo, Kwazulu-Natal, South Africa
Duma, N. E., & Madiba, T. E. (2020) · South African Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1177/0081246320931355 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
“Some studies postulate that age of 25 years or less is an important risk factor for PPD (Inandi et al., 2002; Sword et al., 2011; Zaidi et al., 2017), while others have found no age-related risk (Breese McCoy et al., 2008; Goker et al., 2012).”
BackgroundResult
COMPARISON OF POSTNATAL DEPRESSION IN WOMEN FOLLOWING NORMAL VAGINAL DELIVERY AND CAESAREAN SECTION: A PILOT STUDY
Malik, F. R., Malik, B. B., & Irfan, M. (2015) · Journal of Postgraduate Medical Institute · Cited by 7 · see citing works
The Association between Cesarean Section Delivery and Child Behavior: Is It Mediated by Maternal Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder and Maternal Postpartum Depression?
Grisbrook, M.-A., Dewey, D., Cuthbert, C. A., McDonald, S., Ntanda, H. N., & Letourneau, N. L. (2024) · Behavioral Sciences · doi:10.3390/bs14010061 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
“The lack of control experienced during emergency obstetrical interventions, such as an emergency C-section, may be associated with the development of depression [31,32] and birth trauma [33] among new mothers.”
Background
Frequency of postpartum depression among primi mothers undergoing delivery in JIPMER using Edinburgh postnatal depression scale
Selvam, G., Balasubramanian, J., & Chanu, S. M. (2020) · The New Indian Journal of OBGYN · doi:10.21276/obgyn.2020.6.2.9 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Is cesarean section a clinical marker for psychiatric and sleep disorder in young mothers? A cross-sectional study from rural South India
Ryali, V. S. R., Kumar, M. S., Ryali, V. S. S. R., & Sreelatha, P. (2022) · Industrial Psychiatry Journal · doi:10.4103/ipj.ipj_51_22 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
“A CS happened significantly more often than VD (14.4% vs 5.8%, P = 0.024) following an unplanned pregnancy [Table 2].”
Influential
Predictors of Postpartum Depression in an Iranian Population, 2006
Sooki, Z., Zahra, T., Sharifi, S. M., Sharifi, K., Musavi, S., & Zahmatkesh, B. H. (2012) · Nursing and Midwifery Studies · doi:10.5812/nms.7915 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
“have also reported that the prevalence of PPD is higher in women who underwent a cesarean delivery (CD) (23, 24), but some researchers did not confirm such a relationship (10, 25, 26).”
Obstetric anesthesia clinic childbirth course combined with labor epidural analgesia is associated with a decreased risk of postpartum depression : a prospective cohort study
Tong, S., Rao, C., Min, S., Li, H., Quan, D., Daping, C., & Zhu, Y. (2022) · BMC Anesthesiology · doi:10.1186/s12871-022-01931-y · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Emergency cesarean section is a risk factor for depressive symptoms when breastfeeding is limited
Takács, L., Šmolík, F., Lacinová, L., Daňsová, P., Feng, T., Mudrák, J., Zábrodská, K., & Monk, C. E. (2021) · Journal of Psychosomatic Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychores.2021.110691 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
“Indeed, previous research consistently shows that one of the strongest predictors of PPD is a history of depression (both pre-pregnancy and pregnancy) [1], but a number of psychosocial risk factors have been identified as well, including low social support [25], life stress events [22], unsatisfactory relationship wit…”
Background
Cesarean Section Can Be Related With Postpartum Depression: A Cross-sectional Study
Dousti, R., Hakimi, S., Pourfathi, H., Nourizadeh, R., & Sattarzadeh, N. (2022) · International Journal of Women s Health and Reproduction Sciences · doi:10.15296/ijwhr.2022.37 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Tipo de parto y sensibilidad materna: Efectos en el desarrollo socioemocional de niños y niñas al año de edad
Ramos, R., Yávar, V., Río, A. D., Schettino, J., Bresciani, V., Gómez, D. M., Álvarez, C., & Farkas, C. (2020) · Acta Colombiana de Psicología · doi:10.14718/10.14718/acp.2020.23.2.10 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Impact of socio-cultural factors on postpartum depression in South Indian women
Poomalar, G. K., & Bupathy, A. (2014) · International Journal of Reproduction Contraception Obstetrics and Gynecology · doi:10.5455/2320-1770.ijrcog20140610 · Cited by 5 · see citing works

Delineating the association between mode of delivery and postpartum depression symptoms: a longitudinal study
Eckerdal, P., Georgakis, M. K., Kollia, N., Wikström, A., Högberg, U., & Skalkidou, A. (2017) · Acta Obstetricia Et Gynecologica Scandinavica · doi:10.1111/aogs.13275 · Cited by 98 · see citing works
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN DELIVERY METHOD AND POSTPARTUM DEPRESSION
Nikpour, M., Zahra, A., Mokhber, N., Zahra, K., Banihosseini, S. Z., & Ebrahimzadeh, S. (2012) · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Association Between Mode of Delivery and Postpartum Depression: The Japan Environment and Children’s Study (JECS)
Baba, S., Ikehara, S., Eshak, E. S., Ueda, K., Kimura, T., & Iso, H. (2021) · Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.2188/jea.je20210117 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
doi:10.5402/2012/616759 Research Article Postpartum Depression: Is Mode of Delivery a Risk Factor?
Obstetrics, I., Yildirim, Y., & Koyuncu, F. M. (2012)
Association between mode of delivery and postpartum depression: A systematic review and network meta-analysis
Sun, L., Wang, S., & Li, X.-Q. (2021) · Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/0004867420954284 · Cited by 72 · see citing works

Authors: Sword, W., Kurtz Landy, C., Thabane, L., Watt, S., Krueger, P., Farine, D., & Foster, G.
Affiliations: McMaster University (CA)
St. Joseph’s Healthcare Hamilton (CA)
University of Toronto (CA)
Mount Sinai Hospital (CA)
Corresponding author: Sword, W
ORCID: Sword, W
Thabane, L
Watt, S
Krueger, P
Farine, D
Foster, G
Venue: BJOG: An International Journal of Obstetrics & Gynaecology
Publisher: Wiley
Published: 2011-04-13
Volume: 118
Issue: 8
Pages: 966-977
ISSN: 0306-5456 (ISSN-L)
1470-0328
DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-0528.2011.02950.x
OpenAlex: W1483308241
Cited by: 157
References: 69
Citations by year: 2025: 3 · 2024: 11 · 2023: 6 · 2022: 16 · 2021: 12 · 2020: 15 · 2019: 14 · 2018: 13 · 2017: 12 · 2016: 13 · 2015: 15 · 2014: 8 · 2013: 11 · 2012: 6
FWCI: 8.48
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: doi.wiley.com/10.1002/tdm_license_1.1 (tdm, 1602 d)
Locations: BJOG An International Journal of Obstetrics & Gynaecology (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders: Canadian Institutes of Health Research
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Maternal Mental Health During Pregnancy and Postpartum
Health Sciences › Medicine › Obstetrics and Gynecology › Maternal and Perinatal Health Interventions
Health Sciences › Health Professions › General Health Professions › Maternal and Neonatal Healthcare
Keywords: postpartum depression, mode of delivery, vaginal delivery, cesarean section, risk factors, maternal age, hospital readmission, breastfeeding initiation, urinary incontinence, multiparity, social support, postpartum health, mental health, subjective social status, Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale, term singleton delivery, Ontario hospitals, post-discharge follow-up
MeSH terms: Adult, Cesarean Section, Female, Humans, Infant, Newborn, Ontario, Pregnancy, Prospective Studies, Surveys and Questionnaires, Cohort Studies, Risk Assessment, Depression, Postpartum, Delivery, Obstetric

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Is mode of delivery associated with postpartum depression at 6 weeks: a prospective cohort study: Mode of Delivery and Postpartum Depression

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