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The relationship of yoga, body awareness, and body responsiveness to self-objectification and disordered eating.
Abstract
Study 1 tested whether yoga practice is associated with greater awareness of and responsiveness to bodily sensations, lower self-objectification, greater body satisfaction, and fewer disordered eating attitudes. Three samples of women (43 yoga, 45 aerobic, and 51 nonyoga/nonaerobic practitioners) completed questionnaire measures. As predicted, yoga practitioners reported more favorably on all measures. Body responsiveness, and, to some extent, body awareness significantly explained group differences in self-objectification, body satisfaction, and disordered eating attitudes. The mediating role of body awareness, in addition to body responsiveness, between self-objectification and disordered eating attitudes was also tested as proposed in objectification theory ( Fredrickson & Roberts, 1997 ). Body responsiveness, but not awareness, mediated the relationship between self-objectification and disordered eating attitudes. This finding was replicated in Study 2 in a sample of female undergraduate students. It is concluded that body responsiveness and, to some extent, body awareness are related to self-objectification and its consequences.
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“Several studies have shown that yoga practice is associated with more body awareness in healthy adults (Daubenmier, 2005; Tihanyi, Boor, Emanuelsen, & Koteles, 2016) and that obese participants reported increased body awareness after a yoga intervention (Cramer, Thoms, Anheyer, Lauche, & Dobos, 2016).”
From A mindful yoga intervention for young women with major depressive disorder: Design and baseline sample characteristics of a randomized controlled trial (2020) · cites this paper as Daubenmier, 2005
In the citing paper
“Similarly, Noticing aspects of IA have been shown to be increased in yoga practitioners (Rani and Rao, 1994; Daubenmier, 2005; Impett et al., 2006).”
From Differential changes in self-reported aspects of interoceptive awareness through 3 months of contemplative training (2015) · cites this paper as Daubenmier, 2005
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“…correlating with the scores of the Body Awareness Questionnaire (BAQ; Shields et al., 1989), of the trust in bodily sensations subscale [Body Responsiveness Questionnaire (BRS); Daubenmier, 2005; Cramer et al., 2018a], and of the Conscious Presence and Self-Control scale (Büssing et al., 2013).”
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Allen, J. M., Gervais, S. J., & Smith, J. L. (2013) · Psychology of Women Quarterly · doi:10.1177/0361684313476477 · Cited by 17
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“Group-exercise classes, however, can move beyond the appearance-focused language and format and can successfully promote functional reasons for exercise such as a health and fitness (Daubenmier, 2005; Henry, Anshel, & Michael, 2006; Huberty et al., 2008).”
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“This is underlined through several yoga studies which also reported positive implications regarding body awareness, selfrepresentation, and acceptance toward oneself (Emavardhana and Tori, 1997; Daubenmier, 2005; Impett et al., 2006; Dittmann and Freedman, 2009).”
BackgroundKühnapfel, C., Fingerhut, J., & Pelowski, M. J. (2023) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1192689 · Cited by 32
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BackgroundThe Relationship of Mindfulness to Body Shame, Body Responsiveness, and Health Outcomes
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“Body shame may be detrimental to physical health because body shame may promote diminished body responsiveness (Lamont 2015) or the ability to accurately detect internal bodily signals (e.g., illness symptoms, hunger pangs) and to value them as a source of guidance (Daubenmier 2005).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialThe Effects of Selected Aerobic Exercise Modalities on Self Esteem among Female Students
Salamuddin, N., Harun, M. T., & Alrashid, S. A. A. (2014) · Asian Social Science · doi:10.5539/ass.v10n5p141 · Cited by 15
“Certainly there are evidenced which supports the role of sports and physical activity participation in enhancing self-esteem in girls and women (Kenen, 1987; Eickoff et al., 1983; Warrick & Pierce, 1989). In a study of sixty elite female ice hockey players, Young (1997) found that participation was related to higher s…”
BackgroundIncorporating Yoga Into College Counseling
Adams, C. M., & Puig, A. (2008) · Journal of Creativity in Mental Health · doi:10.1080/15401380802527456 · Cited by 15
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“Participants completed the Body Responsiveness Questionnaire (BRQ) [34,35].”
BackgroundMethodEffectiveness of yoga in eating disorders – A case report
Ostermann, T., Vogel, H., Starke, C., & Cramer, H. (2018) · Complementary Therapies in Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.ctim.2018.11.014 · Cited by 14
“pay fewer attention at how they may be viewed by others at the expense of their inner feelings.(33) This is of utmost importance, because self-objectivation has been associated with disordered eating.”
BackgroundThe role of interoception in reducing trauma-associated distress: a feasibility study
Shatrova, D., Cáncer, P. F., & Montalbán, J. M. C. (2024) · European Journal of Psychotraumatology · doi:10.1080/20008066.2024.2306747 · Cited by 13
“To assess interoceptive mechanisms we used The Body Response Scale (Alba Maldonado et al., 2021; Daubenmier, 2005), a 7-item 7-point Likert scale, and The Multidimensional Assessment of Interoceptive Body Awareness (Mehling, Acree, et al., 2018; Valen-zuela-Moguillansky & Reyes-Reyes, 2015), a…”
MethodQuality of Life in Yoga Experienced and Yoga Naïve Asian Indian Adults with Obesity
Telles, S., Sharma, S. K., Singh, A., Kala, N., Upadhyay, V., Arya, J., & Balkrishna, A. (2019) · Journal of Obesity · doi:10.1155/2019/9895074 · Cited by 15
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“These findings are consistent with the results reported by Daubenmier (2005) who found that yoga practitioners exhibit greater body awareness than aerobic exercisers and controls.”
BackgroundResultExploring body consciousness of dancers, athletes, and lightly physically active adults
Virtanen, N., Tiippana, K. M., Tervaniemi, M. H., Poikonen, H., Anttila, E. H., & Kaseva, K. (2022) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-022-11737-0 · Cited by 18
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“15 Recent research, however, suggests that yoga has been associated with more positive body experiences for women (see Gaffney and Smith 2004 ; Daubenmier 2005 ).”
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Junkin, S. E. (2007) · University Library - University of Saskatchewan (University of Saskatchewan) · Cited by 12
Bigo, V., & Islam, G. (2021) · Academy of Management Learning and Education · doi:10.5465/amle.2021.0190 · Cited by 14
Akik, B. K., & Yiğit, İ. (2022) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-021-02502-z · Cited by 11
“Moreover, studies also demonstrate that yoga and sport practice is highly related to mindful eating (Daubenmier, 2005; Kristal et al., 2005; McIver et al., 2009).”
BackgroundSelf-Objectification: Effects on Women's Mental Health and Hypothesized Mechanisms
Zheng, P., Lyu, Z., & Todd, J. (2015) · Advances in Psychological Science · doi:10.3724/sp.j.1042.2015.00093 · Cited by 11
“…很难通过锻炼、节食, 甚至手术等方式 彻底改变, 社会理想体型也就很难人为达到。实 际体型和理想体型之间难以逾越的差距会使女性 产生一系列的消极心理结果(psychological consequences), 如身体羞耻(body shame)、焦虑(anxiety) 体验的增加, “心流”体验(“flow” states)的缺乏及 对身体内部感知的迟钝 (insensitivity to bodily cues), 这些消极心理结果是导致女性产生进食障 碍、抑郁、性功能障碍等心理疾病的风险因素。 当女性用社会文化的理想身体标准来评价自 己的身体并产生心理落差时,…”
Munroe, M. (2022) · International Journal of Wellbeing · doi:10.5502/ijw.v12i2.1917 · Cited by 17
Perceptions of dentists, dentistry undergraduate students, and the lay public about dental sedation
Costa, L. R., Dias, A. D., Pinheiro, L. S., Chaves, M. E. P. D. S., Ferreira, R. D. A. R., de Almeida, R. B., & Lima, A. R. D. A. (2004) · Journal of Applied Oral Science · doi:10.1590/s1678-77572004000300004 · Cited by 11
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Missel, A. L., O’Brien, A., MASER, H., Kanwal, A., Bayandorian, H., Martin, S., Carrigan, P., McNamee, R., Daubenmier, J. J., Isaman, D. J. M., et al. (2021) · F&S Reports · doi:10.1016/j.xfre.2021.08.008 · Cited by 12
“, ‘‘I am confident that my body will let me know what is good for me’’) (32); and mindful eating, or the nonjudgmental awareness of physical and emotional sensations associated with eating (e.”
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An Evaluation Of Yoga For The Reduction Of Fall Risk Factors In Older Adults
Morris, D. M. (2008) · Cited by 10
Pizzanello, H. C. (2016) · The Journal of Sociology & Social Welfare · doi:10.15453/0191-5096.4044 · Cited by 10
“…appears to be a recent increase in the culmination of empirical studies indicating yoga's efficacy in the facilitation of embodiment (bodily connection) among this population (Dittman & Freedman, 2009; Daubenmier, 2005; Impett, Daubenmier, & Hirschman, 2006; McIver, McGartland, & O'Halloran, 2009).”
BackgroundColgan, D. D., Green, K., Eddy, A., Brems, C., Sherman, K. J., Cramer, H., Oken, B., & Christopher, M. (2021) · Pain Medicine · doi:10.1093/pm/pnab200 · Cited by 10
“Relatedly, Factor 1 scores were positively and significantly correlated with MAIA-2 subscales that examine levels of attention and perception to body sensations (i.e., Noticing and Emotional Awareness) and scales that examine the tendency to trust the body as a source of information that can be used for decision-makin…”
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Head, J. L., & Hammer, T. R. (2013) · Journal of Creativity in Mental Health · doi:10.1080/15401383.2013.792225 · Cited by 12
“More recently, hatha yoga’s application in treatment of the negative consequences of self-objectification has shown to be successful (Clance, Matthews, & Joesting, 1979; Clancy, 2010; Daubenmier, 2005; Woolley, 2010).”
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Mehling, W. E., Price, C. J., Daubenmier, J. J., Bartmess, E. N., Acree, M., Gopisetty, V., & Stewart, A. L. (2012) · BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine · doi:10.1186/1472-6882-12-s1-p421 · Cited by 9
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Dittmann, K. A. (2008) · San José State University ScholarWorks (San Jose State University) · doi:10.31979/etd.3nhg-rgb3 · Cited by 10
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“Numerous physical activities have been identi fi ed as embodying activities, including yoga, belly dance, and martial arts (Daubenmier, 2005; Impett et al., 2006; Neumark-Sztainer et al., 2018; Piran & Neumark-Sztainer, 2020; Tiggemann et al., 2014; Velija et al., 2013).”
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Camilleri, G. M., Méjean, C., Bellisle, F., Herçberg, S., & Péneau, S. (2015) · American Journal of Preventive Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.amepre.2015.10.005 · Cited by 7
“These practices that emphasize the mind body connection, such as yoga, may also enhance body awareness and responsiveness to bodily sensations, including hunger and satiety.(43,44) Finally, the mechanisms may also be of a more holistic nature with increased general self-efficacy, positive affect, self-esteem, and heal…”
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Multidisciplinary Assessment of Interoceptive Awareness, Version 2 (MAIA-2)
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“For example, yoga has been found to improve psychological factors such as improved body responsiveness and awareness [16], interoception and embodiment [12, 36, 48], mindfulness, self-compassion, self-efficacy [29] body satisfaction, body appreciation and positive body image [11, 30, 37, 38].”
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Buchwitz, T. M., Maier, F., Greuel, A., & Eggers, C. (2020) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2020.00743 · Cited by 8
“For once, training the ability to describe one’s own perception (instead of judging it) might affect the patients’ view on their own body (Daubenmier, 2005).”
BackgroundClancy, S. E. (2010) · Washington State University · doi:10.7273/000006022 · Cited by 6
Is there a place for mindfulness in the treatment of anorexia nervosa?
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“Indeed, women with high body dissatisfaction consistently report increased self-objectification [11] and exhibit reduced awareness of internal bodily markers of well-being such as illness, fatigue, hunger, and coldness [16–19].”
Yoga as an adjunct treatment for the eating disorders: A qualitive enquiry of clinician perspectives
Trethewey, E., McIver, S., Evans, S., O’Brien, J. L., & O’Shea, M. (2023) · Complementary Therapies in Clinical Practice · doi:10.1016/j.ctcp.2023.101796 · Cited by 5
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“46 BRS includes 2 subscales (Importance of Interoceptive Awareness-4 items; Perceived Disconnection-3 items) and measured on a 7-point Likert scale indicating 1 as ‘not at all true’ and 7 as ‘always true of me’.”
InfluentialWhat Do We Perceive? Interoceptive Sensibility
Köteles, F. G. (2021) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-63201-4_5 · Cited by 5
Levine, M. P., Piran, N., & Jasper, K. (2014) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4899-7497-6_16 · Cited by 5
Koncz, Á., Csala, B., & Ferentzi, E. (2023) · Biologia Futura · doi:10.1007/s42977-023-00195-y · Cited by 5
“We found yoga practice a good candidate as it focuses on body sensations in a complex way (Daubenmier 2005; Impett et al. 2006).”
Psychometric analysis of the body responsiveness questionnaire in the Portuguese population
Torres, S., Vieira, A. I., Vieira, F. M., Lencastre, L., Guerra, M. P., Miller, K. M., & Barbosa, R. (2023) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-023-50530-5 · Cited by 5
“To assess this construct, Daubenmier 12 developed the Body Responsiveness Questionnaire (BRQ).”
The role of mind-body awareness in the outcomes of complementary and alternative medicine (CAM)
Sirois, F. M., Bann, C., & Walsh, E. G. (2018) · European Journal of Integrative Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.eujim.2018.07.008 · Cited by 5
Equine-Facilitated Counselling and Women With Eating Disorders: Articulating Bodily Experience
Sharpe, H. (2013) · Libraries and Cultural Resources (University of Calgary) · doi:10.11575/prism/25931 · Cited by 6
“Experiences of shame, worthlessness, and an “objectified” body are common ways of being/relating for those challenged by eating disorders (e.g., Bordo, 2003; Daubenmier, 2005; Goss & Allan, 2009; Skarderud, 2007).”
BackgroundAlboukrek, D., Staples, C., & Rancourt, D. (2024) · Journal of American College Health · doi:10.1080/07448481.2024.2427058 · Cited by 4
“The 7-item Body Responsiveness Questionnaire (BRQ) 85 measured how interoceptive signals are valued and treated.”
Neumark‐Sztainer, D., Wall, M. M., Zhang, Z., Larson, N., Adams, K. T., & Piran, N. (2025) · Body Image · doi:10.1016/j.bodyim.2025.101928 · Cited by 4
Kovács, Z., Atombosiye, E., Hegyi, G., & Szőke, H. (2024) · Medicina · doi:10.3390/medicina60010184 · Cited by 4
“The results of the study showed that those who performed yoga exercises had significantly higher body awareness compared to the other groups [62].”
ResultBodily awareness: Religious culture’s associations with interoceptive sensibility
Cappellen, P. V., & Drummond, T. M. L. (2024) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0309216 · Cited by 4
Kundalini yoga in women with anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa: A qualitative research
Mirauda, D. C., Cruzat‐Mandich, C., Catalina Moore, I., Ugarte, M. L. G., & Díaz־Castrillón, F. (2017) · Revista Mexicana de Trastornos Alimentarios/Mexican Journal of Eating Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.rmta.2017.01.005 · Cited by 4
“Por tanto, el yoga sería útil en el tratamiento de los TCA, debido a que ayudaría a disminuir la ansiedad, los pensamientos negativos y, a su vez, fortalecería la sensación de autocontrol (Daubenmier, 2005; Douglass, 2009, 2011; FoltzGray, 2006; Kundalini Research Institude, 2007).”
BackgroundInfluentialExamining Relationships Between Interoceptive Sensibility and Body Image in a Non-Western Context
Todd, J., Barron, D. S., Aspell, J. E., Toh, E. K. L., Zahari, H. S., Khatib, N. A. M., & Swami, V. (2022) · International Perspectives in Psychology · doi:10.1027/2157-3891/a000022 · Cited by 4
Barbosa, M. C., Torres, S., Barbosa, R., Vieira, F. M., Lencastre, L., & Guerra, M. P. (2023) · Sclerosis · doi:10.3390/sclerosis1020010 · Cited by 5
Girls In-Between: Social, Emotional, Physical, and Sexual Development in Context
Johnson, M. J. (2014) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-05116-1_2 · Cited by 5
“Daubenmier ( 2005 ) and others (Brown & Gerbarg, 2005 ) have evaluated the role of ongoing yoga practice as an effective intervention for decreasing Girls In-Between: Social, Emotional, Physical, and Sexual Development in Context 34 self- objectifi cation, stress, anxiety, and depression.”
BackgroundHADİ, G. E., & Aşçı, F. H. (2016) · Turkish Journal of Sport and Exercise · doi:10.15314/tjse.77952 · Cited by 4
“Fredrickson & Roberts (16) suggested that increased awareness of the self and how others perceive the self might create a heightened self-consciousness, and might lead to negative psychological outcomes including diminished awareness of internal states such as bodily sensations and emotions, and reduces peak motivatio…”
BackgroundImagem corporal da mulher praticante de exercício físico
Pereira, E. S., & Gama, E. F. (2017) · HU Revista · doi:10.34019/1982-8047.2017.v43.2432 · Cited by 4
Effects of Yoga on the Quality of Life in Cancer Patients
Lin, K., & Tsauo, J. (2012) · Evidence-based anticancer complementary and alternative medicine · doi:10.1007/978-94-007-5833-9_6 · Cited by 4
Efficacy of a Dissonance-Based Intervention for Self-Objectification: A Randomized Controlled Trial
Menzel, J. E. (2013) · Digital Commons - University of South Florida (University of South Florida) · Cited by 4
Psychometric properties of the Portuguese version of the Positive Body Image among Adolescents Scale
de Faria, S. R., & Torres, S. (2025) · Body Image · doi:10.1016/j.bodyim.2025.101949 · Cited by 5
Olvera-Ruvalcaba, A. J., Gómez‐Peresmitré, G., & Velasco-Rojano, Á. E. (2021) · Revista Mexicana de Trastornos Alimentarios/Mexican Journal of Eating Disorders · doi:10.22201/fesi.20071523e.2019.2.547 · Cited by 3
“…corporal (Albers, Mulkens, Smeets y Thewissen, 2010; Albers, Thewissen y Raes, 2012), así como una reducción de la ingesta alimentaria ante emociones o estímulos externos y autocontrol en la alimentación (Daubenmier, 2005; Hendrickson y Rasmussen 2017; O´Reilly Cook, Spruijt-Metz y Black, 2014).”
BackgroundLamont, J. M. (2024) · Journal of Prevention and Health Promotion · doi:10.1177/26320770241238354 · Cited by 3
“This measure converges with like constructs reflecting internal awareness (i.e., body awareness, Daubenmier, 2005).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialNagata, J. M., & Murray, S. B. (2021) · Eating Disorders · doi:10.1080/10640266.2021.1909795 · Cited by 3
“Prior qualitative and quantitative research suggested that yoga could promote positive ways of experiencing the body, including body appreciation, body satisfaction, body connectedness, and increased body awareness (Daubenmier, 2005; Halliwell et al., 2019).”
BackgroundSalvato, G., Ovadia, D., Messina, A., & Bottini, G. (2021) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0256806 · Cited by 3
Physical body experiences questionnaire simplified for active aging (PBE-QAG): Rasch validation
Deng, W., Carpentier, S. T., & de Winckel, A. V. (2023) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0280198 · Cited by 2
“, focusing on how the body appears to others) [8, 9].”
BackgroundConquering diabetes by overcoming psychological barriers and embracing health
Őry, F., Kiss, B. L., Zsido, A. N., & Teleki, S. Á. (2024) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-024-83837-y · Cited by 4
Shepler, D., Lupfer, G. J., Chaudoir, S. R., & Boeckmann, R. J. (2011) · The Journal of General Psychology · doi:10.1080/00221309.2011.563329 · Cited by 3
“addition, several findings have indicated an inverse relation between yoga participation and self-objectification (Daubenmier, 2005; Prichard & Tiggemann, 2008).”
Background5 Somaesthetics for the Normalized Body
Heyes, C. J. (2007) · doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195310535.003.0006 · Cited by 3
Metadata
- Authors
- Daubenmier, J. J.
- Affiliations
- University of California, Berkeley (US)
- Corresponding author
- Daubenmier, Jennifer J.
- Venue
- Psychology of Women Quarterly
- Publisher
- SAGE Publications
- Published
- 2005-06
- Volume
- 29
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 207-219
- ISSN
- 0361-6843 (ISSN-L)
- 1471-6402
- OpenAlex
- W2138112477
- Cited by
- 447
- References
- 63
- Citations by year
- 2026: 11 · 2025: 15 · 2024: 24 · 2023: 20 · 2022: 27 · 2021: 51 · 2020: 27 · 2019: 17 · 2018: 23 · 2017: 24 · 2016: 29 · 2015: 21 · 2014: 26 · 2013: 23 · 2012: 15
- FWCI
- 18.19
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Psychology of Women Quarterly (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Eating Disorders and Behaviors
- Health Sciences › Nursing › Nutrition and Dietetics › Nutrition, Health and Food Behavior
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Motivation and Self-Concept in Sports
- Keywords
- yoga, body awareness, self-objectification, disordered eating attitudes, body satisfaction, objectification theory, women, aerobic exercise
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