The DOI matches its Crossref record; 105 of the 106 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
The lipopolysaccharide Parkinson’s disease animal model: mechanistic studies and drug discovery
Open accessAbstract
Research in the last two decades has unveiled an important role for neuroinflammation in the degeneration of the nigrostriatal dopaminergic (DA) pathway that constitutes the pathological basis of the prevailing movement disorder, Parkinson’s disease (PD). Neuroinflammation is characterized by the activation of brain glial cells, primarily microglia and astrocytes that release various soluble factors that include free radicals (reactive oxygen and nitrogen species), cytokines, and lipid metabolites. The majority of these glia‐derived factors are proinflammatory and neurotoxic and are particularly deleterious to oxidative damage‐vulnerable nigral DA neurons. As a proof of concept, various immunologic stimuli have been employed to directly induce glial activation to model DA neurodegeneration in PD. The bacterial endotoxin, lipopolysaccharide (LPS), has been the most extensively utilized glial activator for the induction of inflammatory DA neurodegeneration. In this review, we will summarize the various in vitro and in vivo LPS PD models. Furthermore, we will highlight the contribution of the LPS PD models to the mechanistic studies of PD pathogenesis and the search for neuroprotective agents for the treatment of PD.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“Neuroinflammation is characterised by the activation of microglia and astrocytes [29].”
From Neuroprotective Effect of Ceftriaxone on MPTP‐Induced Parkinson’s Disease Mouse Model by Regulating Inflammation and Intestinal Microbiota (2021) · cites this paper as [29]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
The peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ is a negative regulator of macrophage activation
Ricote, M., Li, A. C., Willson, T. M., Kelly, C. J., & Glass, C. K. (1998) · Nature · doi:10.1038/34178 · Cited by 3,525
LPS/TLR4 signal transduction pathway
Lu, Y.-C., Yeh, W.-C., & Ohashi, P. S. (2008) · Cytokine · doi:10.1016/j.cyto.2008.01.006 · Cited by 3,301
McGeer, P. L., Itagaki, S., Boyes, B. E., & McGeer, E. G. (1988) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/wnl.38.8.1285 · Cited by 2,990
PPAR-γ agonists inhibit production of monocyte inflammatory cytokines
Jiang, C., Ting, A. T., & Seed, B. (1998) · Nature · doi:10.1038/34184 · Cited by 2,899
Reactive astrocytes: cellular and molecular cues to biological function
Ridet, J., Privat, A., Malhotra, S. K., & Gage, F. H. (1997) · Trends in Neurosciences · doi:10.1016/s0166-2236(97)01139-9 · Cited by 1,766
ETIOLOGY AND PATHOGENESIS OF PARKINSON'S DISEASE
Olanow, C. W., & Tatton, W. G. (1999) · Annual Review of Neuroscience · doi:10.1146/annurev.neuro.22.1.123 · Cited by 1,409
Activated microglia mediate neuronal cell injury via a nitric oxide mechanism
Chao, C. C., Hu, S., Molitor, T. W., Shaskan, E. G., & Peterson, P. K. (1992) · The Journal of Immunology · doi:10.4049/jimmunol.149.8.2736 · Cited by 1,138
Liu, B., & Hong, J.-S. (2003) · The Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics · doi:10.1124/jpet.102.035048 · Cited by 1,095
Self-citationLehnardt, S., Massillon, L., Follett, P., Jensen, F. E., Ratan, R., Rosenberg, P. A., Volpe, J. J., & Vartanian, T. (2003) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1432609100 · Cited by 1,052
Functional plasticity of microglia: A review
Streit, W. J., Graeber, M. B., & Kreutzberg, G. W. (1988) · Glia · doi:10.1002/glia.440010502 · Cited by 937
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 201–234 of 234
Microbiota and Neurodegenerative Diseases
Khan, M. F., & Banerjee, S. (2021) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-819265-8.00098-x · Cited by 1
Parkinson’s Disease Associated with COVID-19
Селицкий, М. М., Vist, E. V., PONOMAREV, V. V., Бойко, А. В., Малков, А. Б., & Мазуренко, Е. В. (2021) · Неврология и нейрохирургия Восточная Европа · doi:10.34883/pi.2021.11.3.047 · Cited by 1
Parkinson's disease and a dopamine-derived neurotoxin, 3,4-Dihydroxyphenylacetaldehyde
Eckert, L. L. (2012) · doi:10.17077/etd.5twcno7l · Cited by 1
ROLE OF GDNF AND ITS CROSS-TALK WITH OTHER GROWTH FACTORS IN THE DOPAMINERGIC SYSTEM
Planken, A. (2012) · Työväentutkimus Vuosikirja · Cited by 1
Kirsten, T. B. (2012) · Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations (Universidade de São Paulo) · doi:10.11606/t.10.2012.tde-25072013-142030 · Cited by 1
Zhang, L., Wang, P., Li, C., Liao, G., Huang, Y., Lv, X., Liu, X., & Chen, W. (2021) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-961597/v1 · Cited by 1
Efeitos do exercício físico no modelo da doença de Parkinson em ratos.
Real, C. C. (2013) · Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations (Universidade de São Paulo) · doi:10.11606/t.42.2013.tde-20092013-110340
“…de LPS promove uma resposta inflamatória sistêmica rápida e intensa, capaz de ativar resposta microglial na SNc e outras regiões do encéfalo (Dutta et al., 2008; Wu et al., 2011), resultando em morte severa de células TH-positivas, simulando fases mais tardias da doença (Wu et al., 2011).”
BackgroundEstudo da depressão associada a modelos animais da doença de Parkinson
Santiago, R. M. (2010) · LA Referencia (Red Federada de Repositorios Institucionales de Publicaciones Científicas)
Histamine modulates dopaminergic neuronal survival by boosting microglial activity
Saraiva, T. (2013) · Portuguese National Funding Agency for Science, Research and Technology (RCAAP Project by FCT)
Studies on caspase signaling in microglia
Rodhe, J. (2016) · Figshare
Considerations on the role of environmental toxins in idiopathic Parkinson's disease
Pan-Montojo, F. J., & Reichmann, H. (2014)
Mediators of neuroinflammation
Tikamdas, R., Zhang, P., & Liu, B. (2016) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781118832431.ch4
Self-citationModern views on etiology and pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease
Куцак, А. В., & Buchakchyiska, N. M. (2016) · Zaporozhye Medical Journal · doi:10.14739/2310-1210.2016.6.85533
Ramírez, K., & Trías, J. F. (2017) · Odovtos - International Journal of Dental Sciences · doi:10.15517/ijds.v19i3.29698
“El LPS es una endotoxina bacteriana que activa la microglia y puede llegar a causar neurodegeneración (47).”
BackgroundGDNF and Neurturin isoforms in an experimental model of Parkinson's disease
Penttinen, A. (2017) · Työväentutkimus Vuosikirja
Sub-acute Cerebral Microhemorrhages Induced by Lipopolysaccharide Injection in Rats
Li, D., Zhào, H., Wei, W., Liu, N., & Huang, Y. (2018) · Journal of Visualized Experiments · doi:10.3791/58423
Bobyn, J. (2011) · Carleton University's Institutional Repository (MacOdrum Library, Carleton University) · doi:10.22215/etd/2011-06950
Terapia génica anti-inflamatoria en el abordaje de la neurodegeneración dopaminérgica motora
Lockhart, E. F. (2020) · El Servicio de Difusión de la Creación Intelectual (National University of La Plata) · doi:10.35537/10915/97168
PARKINSONISM SYNDROME FORMATION IN EXPERIMENTAL ANIMALS. NEUROINFLAMMATORY PENUMBRA
Boika, A. V., Aleinikava, N. Y., PONOMAREV, V. V., Ustsiamchuk, A. M., & Ivanchik, H. I. (2021) · Vestnik of Vitebsk State Medical University · doi:10.22263/2312-4156.2021.4.53
Involvement of Innate and Adaptive Immunity in Parkinson's Disease
Asai, H. (2017) · Journal of Neurology & Stroke · doi:10.15406/jnsk.2017.06.00188
MODELS OF PARKINSON'S DISEASE IN THE LABORATORY ANIMALS
Bogorodova, V. I., Borozdenko, D. A., Kiseleva, N. M., & Vad.V., N. (2022) · Bulletin Biomedicine and sociology · doi:10.26787/nydha-2618-8783-2022-7-1-47-65
Katsipis, G., Lavrentiadou, S. N., Geromichalos, G. D., Tsantarliotou, M. P., Halevas, E. G., Litsardakis, G., & Pantazaki, Α. A. (2023) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-3148454/v1
Research Progress of Gut Microbiota on Parkinson’s Disease
袁, 薇. (2024) · Advances in Clinical Medicine · doi:10.12677/acm.2024.141154
Lei, S., Fan, J., Quan, J., Li, Y., Cen, M., Xu, X., Liu, X., Wu, S., Liao, K., Lin, S., et al. (2024) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-4171150/v1
Ngadena, Y. S. M., Owona, P. E., Ella, F. A., Bilanda, D. C., Yandja, P. C. B., Bindzi, G. M., & Dzeufiet, P. D. D. (2025) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.5066541
Goshi, N., Morgan, R. K., Lein, P. J., & Şeker, E. (2020) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.12284750
Gan, P., Zhao, Q., Yi, X., Hua, Y.-M., DING, Y.-F., Huang, Z.-M., Ye, X., & Wu, J. (2026) · Frontiers in Molecular Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnmol.2026.1731850
“Studies using LPS-or MPP + -induced neuron–glia co-cultures have shown that neutralization of HMGB1 with specific antibodies attenuates dopaminergic neuronal degeneration and injury (Gao et al., 2011).”
InfluentialMoussaud, S. (2011) · theses.fr (ABES) · doi:10.70675/675cfa7fzd2efz49baz986az846290392cf5
“LPS into the substantia nigra induced parkinsonism in rodents (Liu, 2006; Dutta et al., 2008) and”
Gubinelli, F. (2019) · theses.fr (ABES) · doi:10.70675/b37261d3zcc7bz45bezb526z9e35982e09bb
Étude moléculaire de l'inflammation chronique dans la maladie de Parkinson
Compagnion, A. (2019) · theses.fr (ABES) · doi:10.70675/04ca138dz3131z4e24z884czbba2f7954a99
Neurodegeneration in Parkinson’s Disease: The Role of Environmental Toxins
Rissardo, J. P., Katz, M., Byroju, V. V., Caprara, A. L. F., & Walker, I. M. (2026) · Journal of Central Nervous System Disease · doi:10.1177/11795735261461554
Histamine modulates nitric oxide release by microglia and dopaminergic neuronal survival
Pires, J. P. (2012) · Portuguese National Funding Agency for Science, Research and Technology (RCAAP Project by FCT)
Metadata
- Authors
- Dutta, G., Zhang, P., & Liu, B.
- Affiliations
- University of Florida (US)
- Corresponding author
- Liu, Bin
- ORCID
- Liu, Bin
- Venue
- Fundamental & Clinical Pharmacology
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2008-09-21
- Volume
- 22
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 453-464
- ISSN
- 0767-3981 (ISSN-L)
- 1472-8206
- PMC
- PMC2632601
- OpenAlex
- W2057913943
- Cited by
- 235
- References
- 106
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 11 · 2024: 14 · 2023: 10 · 2022: 15 · 2021: 19 · 2020: 15 · 2019: 10 · 2018: 13 · 2017: 14 · 2016: 14 · 2015: 13 · 2014: 14 · 2013: 16 · 2012: 22
- FWCI
- 1.63
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Fundamental and Clinical Pharmacology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (ES013265, R01ES013265)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Clinical Neurology › Parkinson's Disease Mechanisms and Treatments
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Neurology › Neuroinflammation and Neurodegeneration Mechanisms
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Nuclear Receptors and Signaling
- Keywords
- Parkinson's disease, lipopolysaccharide, neuroinflammation, nigrostriatal pathway, dopaminergic neuron loss, microglial activation, astrocytes, glial activation, neuroprotection, drug discovery, oxidative stress, cytokines, Parkinson's disease model
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Antiparkinson Agents, Disease Models, Animal, Humans, Lipopolysaccharides, Parkinson Disease, Drug Discovery
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
