Cited by 170Musculoskeletal pain and rehabilitationSex and Gender in HealthcarePediatric Pain Management Techniques

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Sex Differences in Pain and Pain‐Related Disability among Primary Care Patients with Chronic Musculoskeletal Pain

Stubbs, DaWana, Krebs, Erin, Bair, Matthew, Damush, Teresa, Wu, Jingwei, Sutherland, Jason, Kroenke, Kurt·2010·Pain Medicine

DOI 10.1111/j.1526-4637.2009.00760.x

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Abstract

BACKGROUND: Although previous research suggests women report more severe pain than men, evidence for sex-related differences in pain-related disability is conflicting. Also, the impact of psychological factors on sex differences in disability is uncertain. OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study is to assess sex differences in pain-related disability and evaluate whether they are accounted for by psychological factors. METHODS: Analysis of baseline data from the Stepped Care for Affective disorders and Musculoskeletal Pain study. Participants included 241 male and 249 female primary care patients with moderately severe persistent pain of the back, hip, or knee. Multivariable log-linear models were used to determine the association between sex and pain-related disability and whether sex differences persisted after adjustment for psychiatric comorbidity and potential psychological mediators. RESULTS: Compared with men, women reported worse pain intensity, greater pain-related interference with function, and more disability days due to pain. They also had worse depression, anxiety, and self-efficacy. Sex differences in pain interference with function and pain disability days remained significant in multivariable models. Depression, poor self-efficacy, and fear of reinjury were independently associated with disability in both men and women. CONCLUSIONS: Women report greater pain-related disability than do men, even after controlling for depression, anxiety, and other psychological factors. Pain management strategies that target functional disability may be particularly important in the treatment of women with pain.

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Authors: Stubbs, D., Krebs, E., Bair, M., Damush, T., Wu, J., Sutherland, J., & Kroenke, K.
Affiliations: Indiana University Indianapolis (US)
Regenstrief Institute (US)
Dartmouth College (US)
ORCID: Krebs, Erin
Bair, Matthew
Damush, Teresa
Wu, Jingwei
Sutherland, Jason
Kroenke, Kurt
Venue: Pain Medicine
Publisher: Oxford University Press (OUP)
Published: 2010-02
Volume: 11
Issue: 2
Pages: 232-239
ISSN: 1526-2375 (ISSN-L)
1526-4637
DOI: 10.1111/j.1526-4637.2009.00760.x
OpenAlex: W2068799913
Cited by: 170
References: 42
Citations by year: 2026: 10 · 2025: 9 · 2024: 25 · 2023: 21 · 2022: 14 · 2021: 14 · 2020: 7 · 2019: 7 · 2018: 4 · 2017: 5 · 2016: 6 · 2015: 9 · 2014: 14 · 2013: 10 · 2012: 9
FWCI: 3.59
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: doi.wiley.com/10.1002/tdm_license_1 (tdm, 2038 d)
Locations: Pain Medicine (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders: National Institute of Mental Health (R01MH071268)
Topics: Health Sciences › Health Professions › Physical Therapy, Sports Therapy and Rehabilitation › Musculoskeletal pain and rehabilitation
Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Sex and Gender in Healthcare
Health Sciences › Medicine › Pediatrics, Perinatology and Child Health › Pediatric Pain Management Techniques
Keywords: sex differences, chronic musculoskeletal pain, pain-related disability, depression, anxiety, self-efficacy, fear of reinjury, psychological mediators, back pain, hip pain, knee pain, primary care patients
MeSH terms: Aged, Analysis of Variance, Arthritis, Attitude, Chronic Disease, Depression, Disability Evaluation, Fear, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Musculoskeletal Diseases, Pain, Pain Measurement, Primary Health Care, Prospective Studies, Sex Factors, Socioeconomic Factors, Comorbidity

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Sex Differences in Pain and Pain‐Related Disability among Primary Care Patients with Chronic Musculoskeletal Pain

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