The DOI matches its Crossref record, with a small difference in title or year; 321 of the 321 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Flawed Self-Assessment: Implications for Health, Education, and the Workplace
Open accessAbstract
Research from numerous corners of psychological inquiry suggests that self-assessments of skill and character are often flawed in substantive and systematic ways. We review empirical findings on the imperfect nature of self-assessment and discuss implications for three real-world domains: health, education, and the workplace. In general, people's self-views hold only a tenuous to modest relationship with their actual behavior and performance. The correlation between self-ratings of skill and actual performance in many domains is moderate to meager—indeed, at times, other people's predictions of a person's outcomes prove more accurate than that person's self-predictions. In addition, people overrate themselves. On average, people say that they are “above average” in skill (a conclusion that defies statistical possibility), overestimate the likelihood that they will engage in desirable behaviors and achieve favorable outcomes, furnish overly optimistic estimates of when they will complete future projects, and reach judgments with too much confidence. Several psychological processes conspire to produce flawed self-assessments. Research focusing on health echoes these findings. People are unrealistically optimistic about their own health risks compared with those of other people. They also overestimate how distinctive their opinions and preferences (e.g., discomfort with alcohol) are among their peers—a misperception that can have a deleterious impact on their health. Unable to anticipate how they would respond to emotion-laden situations, they mispredict the preferences of patients when asked to step in and make treatment decisions for them. Guided by mistaken but seemingly plausible theories of health and disease, people misdiagnose themselves—a phenomenon that can have severe consequences for their health and longevity. Similarly, research in education finds that students' assessments of their performance tend to agree only moderately with those of their teachers and mentors. Students seem largely unable to assess how well or poorly they have comprehended material they have just read. They also tend to be overconfident in newly learned skills, at times because the common educational practice of massed training appears to promote rapid acquisition of skill—as well as self-confidence—but not necessarily the retention of skill. Several interventions, however, can be introduced to prompt students to evaluate their skill and learning more accurately. In the workplace, flawed self-assessments arise all the way up the corporate ladder. Employees tend to overestimate their skill, making it difficult to give meaningful feedback. CEOs also display overconfidence in their judgments, particularly when stepping into new markets or novel projects—for example, proposing acquisitions that hurt, rather then help, the price of their company's stock. We discuss several interventions aimed at circumventing the consequences of such flawed assessments; these include training people to routinely make cognitive repairs correcting for biased self-assessments and requiring people to justify their decisions in front of their peers. The act of self-assessment is an intrinsically difficult task, and we enumerate several obstacles that prevent people from reaching truthful self-impressions. We also propose that researchers and practitioners should recognize self-assessment as a coherent and unified area of study spanning many subdisciplines of psychology and beyond. Finally, we suggest that policymakers and other people who makes real-world assessments should be wary of self-assessments of skill, expertise, and knowledge, and should consider ways of repairing self-assessments that may be flawed.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Learning about notions of quality through assessing the work of peers may reduce the effect of cognitive biases directed towards the self when undertaking self-assessment (Dunning et al. 2004).”
From Developing evaluative judgement: enabling students to make decisions about the quality of work (2018) · cites this paper as Dunning et al. 2004
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“human beings do show a tendency to leap to conclusions about themselves, other people, and the world based on limited information and misperceptions about the extent and generalizability of prior knowledge and experiences (Dunning, Heath, & Suls, 2004).”
From Psychological flexibility as a fundamental aspect of health (2010) · cites this paper as Dunning, Heath, & Suls, 2004
In the citing paper
“Feedback helps students make sense of their learning and compare their performance against a recognized standard. 1-3”
From Medical student perceptions of feedback and feedback behaviors within the context of the “educational alliance.” (2017) · cites this paper as [3]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
Firm Resources and Sustained Competitive Advantage
Barney, J. (1991) · Journal of Management · doi:10.1177/014920639101700108 · Cited by 48,334
(1994) · Journal of the American Dietetic Association · doi:10.1016/0002-8223(94)92216-0 · Cited by 46,726
Firm resources and sustained competitive advantage
Barney, J. B. (2004) · Advances in strategic management · doi:10.1016/s0742-3322(00)17018-4 · Cited by 38,216
(1980) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 25,810
Judgment under Uncertainty: Heuristics and Biases
Tversky, A., & Kahneman, D. (1975) · Utility, Probability, and Human Decision Making · doi:10.1007/978-94-010-1834-0_8 · Cited by 22,650
A theory of social comparison processes
Festinger, L. (1954) · Human Relations · doi:10.1177/001872675400700202 · Cited by 20,926
Research in Organizational Behavior.
Grimes, A. J., Cummings, L. L., & Staw, B. M. (1986) · Administrative Science Quarterly · doi:10.2307/2392975 · Cited by 11,303
Academy of Management Executive
(2010) · The Academy of Management executive/Academy of Management executive · doi:10.5465/ame · Cited by 9,051
The case for motivated reasoning.
Kunda, Z. (1990) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.108.3.480 · Cited by 9,022
Illusion and well‐being: A social psychological perspective on mental health
Taylor, S. E., & Brown, J. D. (1988) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.103.2.193 · Cited by 7,814
Research works printed but not linked: 42
- Amler R., 1989, Healthier people
- Bjork R.A., 1988, Practical aspects of memory: Current research and issues: Vol. 1. Memory in everyday life, 396
- Brockett R.G., 1991, Self-direction in adult learning: Perspectives on theory, research, and practice
- Brody J.E., 1999, New York Times
- Cambridge R.M., 1980, Are you sure? The subjective probability assessment test
- Christensen P., 1996, Nordic Road and Transport Research, 8, 22
- College Board., 1976, Student descriptive questionnaire
- 10.1037/0022-3514.68.6.1152 · DOI
- Cusumano M.A., 1995, Microsoft secrets
- Davis D., 1985, Harvard Business Review, 63, 95
- Duch B., 2001, The power of problem-based learning
- Dunbar K., 1995, The nature of insight, 365
- Dunning D., Basic principles in social psychology
- Epley N., 2004, The mixed blessings of self-knowledge in behavioral prediction
- Friedman M., 1959, Type A and your heart
- 10.1037/0022-3514.69.3.505 · DOI
- 10.1177/003151259407800331 · DOI
- Heath C., 1998, Research in organizational behavior, 20, 1
- Kahneman D., 1979, TIMS Studies in Management Science, 12, 313
- Kim Y.M., 2000, Improving provider-client communication: Reinforcing IPC/C training in Indonesia with self-assessment and peer review
- Koch A., 2001, Science Education, 75, 858
- Lennon S., 1995, Enhancing student learning through peer tutoring in higher education: Section 3—Implementing, 66
- Loftus E.F., 1988, Jurimetrics Journal, 29, 437
- Lovallo D., 2003, Harvard Business Review, 81, 56
- Malmendier U., 2003, Who makes acquisitions? A test of the overconfidence hypothesis
- Malmendier U., Journal of Finance
- Mintzberg H., 1975, Harvard Business Review, 53, 49
- Moore D.A., 2004, Strategic myopia and entrepreneurial entry: An experimental approach
- Oskamp S., 1965, Journal of Clinical Psychology, 29, 261
- Porter M., 1980, Competitive strategy
- Risucci D.A., 1989, Surgical Gynecology and Obstetrics, 169, 519
- Sambell K., 1997, Improving student learning—improving students as learners, 56
- 10.1037/0003-066X.48.11.1117 · DOI
- Stock M.F., 1983, Evaluation of safe performance secondary school driver education curriculum demonstration project: Final report
- Stuart M.R., 1980, Journal of Family Practice, 10, 639
- 10.1037/0022-3514.46.3.489 · DOI
- Thiede K.W., 1999, Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 30, 125
- 10.3102/00346543068003249 · DOI · Paper page
- Van Boven L., 2004, The illusion of courage: Underestimating fear of embarrassment in public performance decisions
- 10.1001/jama.1994.03520210056032 · DOI
- 10.1037/0278-6133.14.2.132 · DOI
- Wilde G.J.S., 1998, Recovery, 9, 18
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 801–900 of 1,000
Xie, Q., Zhong, X., Wang, W., & Lim, C. P. (2013) · Higher Education Research & Development · doi:10.1080/07294360.2013.863847 · Cited by 14
Leising, D., Rehbein, D., & Sporberg, D. (2007) · Journal of Personality Assessment · doi:10.1080/00223890701468428 · Cited by 14
Optimism, Financial Literacy and ParticipationPreprint
Anderson, A., Baker, F., & Robinson, D. T. (2014) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.2482234 · Cited by 14
The Impact of Emotional Intelligence and Executive Coaching on Leader Effectiveness
Oosten, E. B. V. (2014) · Academy of Management Proceedings · doi:10.5465/ambpp.2014.12793abstract · Cited by 14
Are Entrepreneurs More Optimistic and Overconfident than Managers and Employees?Preprint
Koudstaal, M., Sloof, R., & van Praag, M. (2015) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.2687101 · Cited by 19
“Krueger et al. (2000); Hmieleski and Baron (2009); and Puri and Robinson (2013).”
Juma, J. J., Ndwiga, Z. N., & Nyaga, M. N. (2021) · Educational Management Administration & Leadership · doi:10.1177/17411432211015228 · Cited by 13
“Teachers were to corroborate the principals’ responses since an individual’s self-rating tends to be very low (Dunning et al., 2004).”
Karnick, A. T., Limberg, J. N., Bagautdinov, I., Stefanova, D. I., Aveson, V. G., Thiesmeyer, J. W., Fehling, D., & Fahey, T. J. (2021) · Surgery · doi:10.1016/j.surg.2021.04.008 · Cited by 16
Karimi, A. A., Abbasi, M., Zokaei, M., & Falahati, M. (2021) · Journal of Education and Health Promotion · doi:10.4103/jehp.jehp_1326_20 · Cited by 13
A newly detected bias in self-evaluation
Deffuant, G., Roubin, T., Nugier, A., & Guimond, S. (2024) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0296383 · Cited by 16
Raatz, M., Ward, E. C., Moss, P. W., Reilly, C., Frederiksen, N., Dickinson, C., Clarke, S., Beak, K., & Marshall, J. (2023) · Dysphagia · doi:10.1007/s00455-023-10603-z · Cited by 13
Grabman, J. H., & Dodson, C. S. (2023) · Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.cognition.2023.105659 · Cited by 13
Shah, S. I., Shahjehan, A., Afsar, B., Afridi, S. A., & Saeed, B. B. (2020) · Economic Research-Ekonomska Istraživanja · doi:10.1080/1331677x.2019.1699140 · Cited by 18
“These unique findings are explained by Dunning, Heath, and Suls (2004).”
BackgroundFinka, L. R., Ripari, L., Quinlan, L., Haywood, C., Puzzo, J., Jordan, A., Tsui, J., Foreman-Worsley, R., Dixon, L., & Brennan, M. L. (2022) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-022-15194-7 · Cited by 13
Kohls, N., & Berzlanovich, A. M. (2012) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-658-03462-7_13 · Cited by 13
Selbstkonzeptförderung im Sportunterricht
Schmidt, M., & Conzelmann, A. (2011) · German Journal of Exercise and Sport Research · doi:10.1007/s12662-011-0195-7 · Cited by 14
Why inexperienced investors do not learn: They do not know their past portfolio performance
Glaser, M., & Weber, M. (2007) · Finance research letters · doi:10.1016/j.frl.2007.10.001 · Cited by 13
Hughes, G. (2009) · Reflective Practice · doi:10.1080/14623940903138316 · Cited by 13
‘Transition: Moving on Well’ — from paediatric to adult health care
Pywell, A. (2010) · British Journal of Nursing · doi:10.12968/bjon.2010.19.10.48205 · Cited by 13
People believe that they are prototypically good or bad
Roy, M. M., Liersch, M. J., & Broomell, S. B. (2013) · Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes · doi:10.1016/j.obhdp.2013.07.004 · Cited by 12
Effectiveness of cognitive remediation for female inmates: a pilot study
Rocha, N., Marques, A. B., Fortuna, R. B., Antunes, A., & Hoaken, P. N. S. (2014) · Journal of Forensic Psychiatry and Psychology · doi:10.1080/14789949.2014.884617 · Cited by 16
Mehdizadeh, L., Sturrock, A. M., Myers, G., Khatib, Y., & Dacre, J. E. (2014) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2013-004131 · Cited by 13
Spitzberg, B. H. (2011) · Communication Education · doi:10.1080/03634523.2010.518619 · Cited by 13
Tanoue, N., Korovin, L. N., Carton, M. M., Galvani, C. A., & Ghaderi, I. (2017) · The American Journal of Surgery · doi:10.1016/j.amjsurg.2017.11.016 · Cited by 13
Self-care and the Canadian Code of Ethics: Implications for training in professional psychology.
Maranzan, K. A., Kowatch, K. R., Mascioli, B. A., McGeown, L., Popowich, A. D., & Spiroiu, F. I. (2018) · Canadian Psychology/Psychologie canadienne · doi:10.1037/cap0000153 · Cited by 13
Junga, Y. M., Witthöft, M., & Weck, F. (2019) · Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1002/jclp.22794 · Cited by 13
Risk Tolerance, Return Expectations, and Other Factors Impacting Investment Decisions
Sivarajan, S., & de Bruijn, O. (2020) · The Journal of Wealth Management · doi:10.3905/jwm.2020.1.124 · Cited by 16
Academic entrepreneurship and the research productivity in Poland
Bojko, M., Knapińska, A., & Tomczyńska, A. (2020) · Industry and Innovation · doi:10.1080/13662716.2020.1753020 · Cited by 16
“The body of literature about a tendency of interviewees to report socially desirable events or opinions is vast (Holbrook, Green, and Krosnick 2003; Knapp and Kirk 2003; Dunning, Heath, and Suls 2004; Tourangeau and Yan 2007; Kreuter, Presser, and Tourangeau 2008).”
BackgroundProduct availability in discrete choice experiments with private goods
Chavez, D., Palma, M. A., Nayga, R. M., & Mjelde, J. W. (2020) · Journal of Choice Modelling · doi:10.1016/j.jocm.2020.100225 · Cited by 13
Affecting Change: Enhancing Feedback Interactions with Radiology Trainees
Burns, J., Chetlen, A. L., Morgan, D. E., Catanzano, T. M., McLoud, T. C., Slanetz, P. J., & Jay, A. K. (2021) · Academic Radiology · doi:10.1016/j.acra.2021.05.018 · Cited by 13
A Meta-Analysis of Work Demand Stressors and Job Performance: Examining Main and Moderating Effects
Gilboa, S. S., Shirom, A., Fried, Y., & Cooper, C. L. (2013) · Palgrave Macmillan UK eBooks · doi:10.1057/9781137310651_10 · Cited by 13
Mindful Leadership: Sind achtsame Führungskräfte leistungsfähigere Führungskräfte?
Sauer, S., Andert, K., Kohls, N., & Müller, G. F. (2011) · Gruppe Interaktion Organisation Zeitschrift für Angewandte Organisationspsychologie (GIO) · doi:10.1007/s11612-011-0164-5 · Cited by 16
Pilotti, M., Chodorow, M., & Petrov, R. (2009) · The Journal of general psychology · doi:10.3200/genp.136.2.179-204 · Cited by 15
Music, G. (2009) · British Journal of Psychotherapy · doi:10.1111/j.1752-0118.2009.01140.x · Cited by 13
Mair, C. (2012) · Psychology Teaching Review · doi:10.53841/bpsptr.2012.18.2.42 · Cited by 13
The Gap Between Perceived and Actual Learning From Group Reflection
Bolinger, A. R., & Stanton, J. V. (2014) · Small Group Research · doi:10.1177/1046496414538322 · Cited by 16
School Psychologists’ Confidence in Learning Disability Identification Decisions
Maki, K. E., Burns, M. K., & Sullivan, A. L. (2018) · Learning Disability Quarterly · doi:10.1177/0731948718769251 · Cited by 13
Locus of Control, Attribution Theory, and the "Five Deadly Sins" of Aviation
Stewart, J. E. (2006) · PsycEXTRA Dataset · doi:10.1037/e584572011-001 · Cited by 13
Dowling, M., & Lucey, B. M. (2010) · doi:10.1002/9781118258415.ch17 · Cited by 13
Samuel, D. B., & Bucher, M. A. (2017) · Personality Disorders Theory Research and Treatment · doi:10.1037/per0000190 · Cited by 12
Development and validation of a test to assess teachers' knowledge of how to operate technology
Fütterer, T., Steinhauser, R., Zitzmann, S., Scheiter, K., Lachner, A., & Stürmer, K. (2023) · Computers and Education Open · doi:10.1016/j.caeo.2023.100152 · Cited by 16
Stavropoulos, A., Crone, D. L., & Grossmann, I. (2024) · Behavior Research Methods · doi:10.3758/s13428-024-02441-0 · Cited by 18
“…meta-cognitive characteristics via graded response scales raises concerns about self-deception and social desirability biases (Brienza et al., 2018; Dunning et al., 2004), with self-assessments of features such as intellectual humil-ity more strongly associated with biased judgment (Brienza et…”
Hickman, L., Liff, J., Rottman, C., & Calderwood, C. C. (2024) · Organizational Research Methods · doi:10.1177/10944281241264027 · Cited by 12
“However, self-reports are fl awed for several reasons, including social desirability, faking, and reference bias — or differences in the standards respondents implicitly use to evaluate their behavior when responding to self-reports (Dunning et al., 2004; Lira et al., 2022).”
Chiaburu, D. S., Huang, J. L. W., Hutchins, H. M., & Gardner, R. G. (2013) · International Journal of Training and Development · doi:10.1111/ijtd.12021 · Cited by 12
Messier, J., & Jackson, C. W. (2014) · American annals of the deaf · doi:10.1353/aad.2014.0004 · Cited by 12
Duncombe, M. E., Havighurst, S. S., Holland, K. A., & Frankling, E. J. (2012) · Australian journal of educational and developmental psychology · Cited by 12
Benevolent Conformity: The Influence of Perceived Motives on Judgments of Conformity
Wice, M., & Davidai, S. (2020) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/0146167220963702 · Cited by 15
“Although people are generally motivated to think positively of themselves (e.g., Dunning et al., 2004; Sedikides & Gregg, 2008), maintaining positive self-regard can be difficult when people realize that they have failed to act according to their privately held beliefs and convictions.”
BackgroundSawler, J. (2020) · International Review of Economics Education · doi:10.1016/j.iree.2020.100208 · Cited by 12
Crafford, L., Wouters, A., Bronkhorst, E., Gous, A. G. S., & Kusurkar, R. A. (2021) · Frontiers in Medicine · doi:10.3389/fmed.2021.747348 · Cited by 13
Kastorff, T., Sailer, M., Vejvoda, J., Schultz-Pernice, F., Hartmann, V., Hertl, A., Berger, S., & Stegmann, K. (2022) · Journal of Research on Technology in Education · doi:10.1080/15391523.2022.2062498 · Cited by 17
“Thus, the relationship between self-assessment and objective assessment measures is often weak (Akyuz, 2018; Drummond & Sweeney, 2017; Dunning et al., 2004).”
BackgroundSzumowska, E., Szwed, P., Wójcik, N. E., & Kruglanski, A. W. (2022) · Learning and Instruction · doi:10.1016/j.learninstruc.2022.101715 · Cited by 15
Pessimistic assessments of ability in informal conversation
Welker, C. L., Walker, J., Boothby, E. J., & Gilovich, T. D. (2023) · Journal of Applied Social Psychology · doi:10.1111/jasp.12957 · Cited by 13
Between reflection on practice and the practice of reflection: a case study from aviation
Mavin, T. J., & Roth, M.-W. (2014) · Reflective Practice · doi:10.1080/14623943.2014.944125 · Cited by 12
“An issue that continues to arise relating to reflection, or self-assessment, is the intrinsic difficulty individuals have conducting self-assessment (Dunning, Johnson, Ehrlinger, & Kruger, 2003; Dunning & Suls, 2004; Gurung, Daniel, & Landrum, 2012; Sitzmann, Ely, Brown, & Bauer, 2010).”
BackgroundInfluentialCompliance and infection control guidelines: a complex phenomenon
Cole, M. (2008) · British Journal of Nursing · doi:10.12968/bjon.2008.17.11.29615 · Cited by 12
Measurement of driver calibration and the impact of feedback on drivers’ estimates of performance
Roberts, S. C., Horrey, W. J., & Liang, Y. (2016) · Accident Analysis & Prevention · doi:10.1016/j.aap.2015.12.013 · Cited by 12
Using contrasting cases to improve self-assessment in physics learning
Jax, J. M., Ahn, J. N., & Lin‐Siegler, X. (2019) · Educational Psychology · doi:10.1080/01443410.2019.1577360 · Cited by 19
“A major hindrance to accurate self-assessment is overlooking key information meant to alert students to (1) the type of problem they are evaluating and (2) the elements that are required to solve the problem (Dunning et al., 2004).”
BackgroundInfluentialMurphy, K. R., McManigle, J. E., Wildman‐Tobriner, B., Jones, A. L., Dekker, T. J., Little, B., Doty, J. P., & Taylor, D. C. (2016) · Journal of Healthcare Leadership · doi:10.2147/jhl.s114360 · Cited by 12
The bi-personal bilingual: a study of the perceived feeling of a changed self
Mijatović, M., & Tytus, A. E. (2016) · International Journal of Bilingual Education and Bilingualism · doi:10.1080/13670050.2016.1248373 · Cited by 12
“Limitations of this qualitative tool are recognised in the form of insufficient participants’ self-knowledge and unwillingness to disclose information truthfully and exhaustively (Dunning, Heath, and Suls 2004).”
BackgroundWhat's the Evidence: Self-Assessment Implications for Life-Long Learning in Emergency Medicine
Wolff, M., Santen, S. A., Hopson, L. R., Hemphill, R. R., & Farrell, S. (2017) · Journal of Emergency Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.jemermed.2017.02.004 · Cited by 12
Yang, I., & Li, M. (2017) · European Management Journal · doi:10.1016/j.emj.2017.03.013 · Cited by 16
Reconceptualizing self-defeating work behavior for management research
Renn, R. W., Steinbauer, R., & Biggane, J. E. (2017) · Human Resource Management Review · doi:10.1016/j.hrmr.2017.05.012 · Cited by 12
The best option illusion in self and social assessment
Dunning, D. A. (2018) · Self and Identity · doi:10.1080/15298868.2018.1465460 · Cited by 14
Self-citationTirso, R., & Geraci, L. D. (2020) · Journal of Memory and Language · doi:10.1016/j.jml.2020.104132 · Cited by 18
Voňková, H., Papajoanu, O., Štípek, J., & Králová, K. (2020) · Computers & Education · doi:10.1016/j.compedu.2020.104112 · Cited by 12
Improving Metacognition in the Classroom
Hausman, H., Myers, S. J., & Rhodes, M. G. (2021) · Zeitschrift für Psychologie · doi:10.1027/2151-2604/a000440 · Cited by 15
Ledingham, M. D., Standen, P., Skinner, C., & Busch, R. (2019) · Asia Pacific Journal of Counselling and Psychotherapy · doi:10.1080/21507686.2019.1634600 · Cited by 12
“Overestimation of self-competence is the surprisingly common human tendency to overestimate one ’ s level of functioning (Ames & Kammrath, 2004; Dunning, Heath, & Suls, 2004; Dunning et al., 2003).”
Sonstein, S. A., Samuels, E. M., Aldinger, C. E., White, S., & Bierer, B. E. (2022) · Therapeutic Innovation & Regulatory Science · doi:10.1007/s43441-022-00395-z · Cited by 12
Overestimation bias in mate competition
Hill, S. E. (2006) · Evolution and Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2006.08.006 · Cited by 12
When Focusing on Negative and Positive Attributes of the Self Elicits More Inductive Self-Judgment
Klein, W. M. P., & Monin, M. M. (2008) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/0146167208328065 · Cited by 12
Editorial: A dearth of apps for psychology: the mind, the phone, and the battery
Gan, S. K., & Goh, B. Y.-L. (2016) · Scientific Phone Apps and Mobile Devices · doi:10.1186/s41070-016-0005-6 · Cited by 12
What's Really Happening Here? Effectively Using Surveys to Learn About Organizations
Favero, N. (2016) · Public Performance & Management Review · doi:10.1080/15309576.2016.1180997 · Cited by 11
Search Dog Handlers Show Positive Bias When Scoring Their Own Dog's Performance
Clark, C. C. A., Sibbald, N., & Rooney, N. J. (2020) · Frontiers in Veterinary Science · doi:10.3389/fvets.2020.00612 · Cited by 11
Side Effects in Psychodynamic and Cognitive Behavior Therapy
Balder, T., Linden, M., & Rose, M. (2024) · Journal of Contemporary Psychotherapy · doi:10.1007/s10879-023-09615-5 · Cited by 12
“Therapists are not exempt from the human tendency to overestimate positive events and are prone to judgement errors regarding the outcome of therapy as well as negative events (e.g., Chapman et al., 2012; Dunning et al., 2004; Lambert, 2010).”
Unskilled and unaware: second-order judgments increase with miscalibration for low performers
Coutinho, M. V. C., Thomas, J., Fredricks‐Lowman, I., Alkaabi, S., & Couchman, J. J. (2024) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2024.1252520 · Cited by 13
Effect size benchmarks: Time for a causal renaissance
Amari, P. M., Banks, G. C., Bourque, L., Holladay-Sandidge, H. D., & O’Boyle, E. H. (2024) · The Leadership Quarterly · doi:10.1016/j.leaqua.2024.101855 · Cited by 13
Self-Assessment as a Dilemmatic Communicative Practice: Talk among Psychics in Training
Agne, R. R. (2010) · Southern Communication Journal · doi:10.1080/1041794x.2010.504438 · Cited by 11
Cherney, A. R., Smith, A. B., Worrilow, C. C., Weaver, K., Yenser, D. M., Macfarlan, J., Burket, G. A., Koons, A. L., Melder, R. J., Greenberg, M. R., et al. (2018) · Clinical Therapeutics · doi:10.1016/j.clinthera.2018.06.013 · Cited by 11
Strategies for Measuring Advances in Pharmacy Student Learning
Castleberry, A. N., Medina, M. S., Persky, A. M., & Schlesselman, L. S. (2021) · American Journal of Pharmaceutical Education · doi:10.5688/ajpe8707 · Cited by 12
Financial Education, Mathematical Confidence, and Financial Behavior
Marley‐Payne, J., Dituri, P., & Davidson, A. (2022) · Journal of Financial Counseling and Planning · doi:10.1891/jfcp-2021-0060 · Cited by 15
van Harsel, M., Hoogerheide, V., Janssen, E. M., Verkoeijen, P. P. J. L., & van Gog, T. (2022) · Instructional Science · doi:10.1007/s11251-022-09589-2 · Cited by 18
“…research has shown that learners’ estimation of their own task performance (or knowledge) is often not in line with their actual performance (e.g., Bjork, 1994, 1999; Kostons et al., 2010, 2012; Rawson & Dunlosky, 2007), particularly for novices (e.g., Dunning et al., 2004; Koriat & Bjork, 2005).”
Resultla Roca, J. D., Ottaviano, G. I. P., & Puga, D. (2022) · Journal of the European Economic Association · doi:10.1093/jeea/jvac042 · Cited by 11
Ma, Y., Abdelrahman, Y., Petz, B., Drewes, H., Alt, F., Hußmann, H., & Butz, A. M. (2022) · Mensch und Computer (MuC) · doi:10.1145/3543758.3543776 · Cited by 11
Investigating acceptance behavior in software engineering—Theoretical perspectives
Börstler, J., bin Ali, N., Svensson, M. G. A., & Petersen, K. (2023) · Journal of Systems and Software · doi:10.1016/j.jss.2022.111592 · Cited by 15
Aneni, K., de la Vega, I. G., Jiao, M. G., Funaro, M. C., & Fiellin, L. E. (2023) · Progress in brain research · doi:10.1016/bs.pbr.2023.02.002 · Cited by 17
Computer Contexts for Supporting Metacognitive Learning
Lin, X., & Sullivan, F. R. (2008) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-0-387-73315-9_17 · Cited by 11
Knowledge Evaluation for PSS Providers
Schenkl, S. A., Schmidt, D. M., Schockenhoff, D., & Maurer, M. (2014) · Procedia CIRP · doi:10.1016/j.procir.2014.01.011 · Cited by 11
Low Flu Shot Rates Puzzle—Some Plausible Behavioral Explanations
Shahrabani, S., Gafni, A., & Ben‐Zion, U. (2008) · The American Economist · doi:10.1177/056943450805200106 · Cited by 11
Mavin, T. J. (2016) · Professional and practice-based learning · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-29019-5_9 · Cited by 11
Mengerink, B. B., Nelen, W. L. D. M., van Leijsen, S. A. L., Heesakkers, J. P. F. A., & Kluivers, K. B. (2018) · International Urogynecology Journal · doi:10.1007/s00192-018-3648-9 · Cited by 11
Teaching Judicial Politics Through a Supreme Court Simulation
Williams, R. J., & Chergosky, A. J. (2018) · Journal of Political Science Education · doi:10.1080/15512169.2018.1493997 · Cited by 11
“The veracity of self-assessments has been subjected to a great deal of empirical scrutiny (Boud and Falchikov 1989; Kruger and Dunning 1999; Dunning, Heath, and Suls 2004; Zell and Krizan 2014).”
BackgroundHtay, M. N. N., Latt, S. S., Abas, A. L., Chuni, N., Soe, H. H. K., & Moe, S. (2018) · Journal of Education and Health Promotion · doi:10.4103/jehp.jehp_104_18 · Cited by 11
Forster, S., Drueke, B., Britz, S., Gauggel, S., & Mainz, V. (2019) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0217870 · Cited by 9
Effects of Local and General Comparisons on Self-Assessment
Zell, E., & Alicke, M. D. (2019) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780190629113.003.0006 · Cited by 12
A Close-Up on a Predictive Moment: Illusion of Knowing or Lack of Confidence in Self-Assessment?
Pilotti, M., Alaoui, K. E., Mulhem, H. A., & Salameh, M. H. (2020) · Journal of Education · doi:10.1177/0022057420944843 · Cited by 11
Torres, M. J. A., Contero, M., & Camba, J. D. (2021) · International Journal of Technology and Design Education · doi:10.1007/s10798-020-09651-5 · Cited by 12
Mentoring Geropsychologists-in-Training during Internship and Postdoctoral Fellowship Years
Karel, M. J., & Stead, C. D. (2011) · Educational Gerontology · doi:10.1080/03601277.2011.553560 · Cited by 11
Zinko, R., & Furner, C. P. (2010) · Cited by 11
State-trait decomposition of Name Letter Test scores and relationships with global self-esteem.
Perinelli, E., Alessandri, G., Donnellan, M. B., & Łaguna, M. (2017) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/pspp0000125 · Cited by 13
Project-Based Learning in the Primary School Classroom
Maher, D., & Yoo, J. (2017) · Research Bank (Australian Catholic University) · Cited by 11
Relations Between Effort Estimates, Skill Indicators, and Measured Programming Skill
Jørgensen, M., Bergersen, G. R., & Liestøl, K. (2020) · IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering · doi:10.1109/tse.2020.2973638 · Cited by 11
OpenCourseWare Observatory -- Does the Quality of OpenCourseWare Live up to its Promise?Preprint
Vahdati, S., Lange, C., & Auer, S. (2014) · arXiv (Cornell University) · doi:10.48550/arxiv.1410.5694 · Cited by 11
“Self-assessment is an old technique which is mostly used in order to foster reflection on one’s own learning processes and results (Dunning et al. 2004).”
Method
Metadata
- Authors
- Dunning, D., Heath, C., & Suls, J. M.
- Affiliations
- Cornell University (US)
- Stanford University (US)
- University of Iowa (US)
- Venue
- Psychological Science in the Public Interest
- Publisher
- SAGE Publications
- Published
- 2004-12
- Volume
- 5
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 69-106
- ISSN
- 1539-6053 (ISSN-L)
- 1529-1006
- OpenAlex
- W2139736795
- Cited by
- 1,865
- References
- 310
- Citations by year
- 2026: 107 · 2025: 89 · 2024: 104 · 2023: 76 · 2022: 104 · 2021: 103 · 2020: 110 · 2019: 114 · 2018: 113 · 2017: 98 · 2016: 102 · 2015: 111 · 2014: 99 · 2013: 82 · 2012: 90
- FWCI
- 35.81
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Gothic.net (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Science Foundation (9910592)
- National Institute of Mental Health (RO1 56072)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Personality Traits and Psychology
- Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › General Decision Sciences › Decision-Making and Behavioral Economics
- Social Sciences › Education › Student Assessment and Feedback
- Keywords
- self-assessment, overconfidence, above-average effect, self-prediction, self-efficacy, health risk perception, self-diagnosis, student self-assessment, skill retention, massed practice, CEO overconfidence, management decision-making, feedback, self-knowledge, self-regulation, self-monitoring
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
