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Flawed Self-Assessment: Implications for Health, Education, and the Workplace
Open accessAbstract
Research from numerous corners of psychological inquiry suggests that self-assessments of skill and character are often flawed in substantive and systematic ways. We review empirical findings on the imperfect nature of self-assessment and discuss implications for three real-world domains: health, education, and the workplace. In general, people's self-views hold only a tenuous to modest relationship with their actual behavior and performance. The correlation between self-ratings of skill and actual performance in many domains is moderate to meager—indeed, at times, other people's predictions of a person's outcomes prove more accurate than that person's self-predictions. In addition, people overrate themselves. On average, people say that they are “above average” in skill (a conclusion that defies statistical possibility), overestimate the likelihood that they will engage in desirable behaviors and achieve favorable outcomes, furnish overly optimistic estimates of when they will complete future projects, and reach judgments with too much confidence. Several psychological processes conspire to produce flawed self-assessments. Research focusing on health echoes these findings. People are unrealistically optimistic about their own health risks compared with those of other people. They also overestimate how distinctive their opinions and preferences (e.g., discomfort with alcohol) are among their peers—a misperception that can have a deleterious impact on their health. Unable to anticipate how they would respond to emotion-laden situations, they mispredict the preferences of patients when asked to step in and make treatment decisions for them. Guided by mistaken but seemingly plausible theories of health and disease, people misdiagnose themselves—a phenomenon that can have severe consequences for their health and longevity. Similarly, research in education finds that students' assessments of their performance tend to agree only moderately with those of their teachers and mentors. Students seem largely unable to assess how well or poorly they have comprehended material they have just read. They also tend to be overconfident in newly learned skills, at times because the common educational practice of massed training appears to promote rapid acquisition of skill—as well as self-confidence—but not necessarily the retention of skill. Several interventions, however, can be introduced to prompt students to evaluate their skill and learning more accurately. In the workplace, flawed self-assessments arise all the way up the corporate ladder. Employees tend to overestimate their skill, making it difficult to give meaningful feedback. CEOs also display overconfidence in their judgments, particularly when stepping into new markets or novel projects—for example, proposing acquisitions that hurt, rather then help, the price of their company's stock. We discuss several interventions aimed at circumventing the consequences of such flawed assessments; these include training people to routinely make cognitive repairs correcting for biased self-assessments and requiring people to justify their decisions in front of their peers. The act of self-assessment is an intrinsically difficult task, and we enumerate several obstacles that prevent people from reaching truthful self-impressions. We also propose that researchers and practitioners should recognize self-assessment as a coherent and unified area of study spanning many subdisciplines of psychology and beyond. Finally, we suggest that policymakers and other people who makes real-world assessments should be wary of self-assessments of skill, expertise, and knowledge, and should consider ways of repairing self-assessments that may be flawed.
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“Learning about notions of quality through assessing the work of peers may reduce the effect of cognitive biases directed towards the self when undertaking self-assessment (Dunning et al. 2004).”
From Developing evaluative judgement: enabling students to make decisions about the quality of work (2018) · cites this paper as Dunning et al. 2004
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“human beings do show a tendency to leap to conclusions about themselves, other people, and the world based on limited information and misperceptions about the extent and generalizability of prior knowledge and experiences (Dunning, Heath, & Suls, 2004).”
From Psychological flexibility as a fundamental aspect of health (2010) · cites this paper as Dunning, Heath, & Suls, 2004
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“Feedback helps students make sense of their learning and compare their performance against a recognized standard. 1-3”
From Medical student perceptions of feedback and feedback behaviors within the context of the “educational alliance.” (2017) · cites this paper as [3]
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Beer, A., & Vazire, S. (2017) · Journal of Research in Personality · doi:10.1016/j.jrp.2017.06.004 · Cited by 33
Radiology education: a radiology curriculum for all medical students?
Zwaan, L., Kok, E. M., & van der Gijp, A. (2017) · Diagnosis · doi:10.1515/dx-2017-0009 · Cited by 34
Faculty feedback that begins with resident self‐assessment: motivation is the key to success
Moroz, A., Horlick, M., Mandalaywala, N. V., & Stern, D. T. (2017) · Medical Education · doi:10.1111/medu.13484 · Cited by 35
Dong, M., van Prooijen, J., & Lange, P. A. M. V. (2019) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0219382 · Cited by 42
Foundations of Arrogance: A Broad Survey and Framework for Research
Cowan, N., Adams, E. J., Bhangal, S., Corcoran, M., Decker, R., Kirkpatrick, C. E., Eubank, A. T., Gann, C. L., Greene, N. R., Helle, A. C., et al. (2019) · Review of General Psychology · doi:10.1177/1089268019877138 · Cited by 34
Assessments of Research Competencies for Clinical Investigators: A Systematic Review
Ianni, P. A., Samuels, E. M., Eakin, B. L., Perorazio, T. E., & Ellingrod, V. L. (2019) · Evaluation & the Health Professions · doi:10.1177/0163278719896392 · Cited by 39
Entrepreneurs' behavioural competencies for internationalisation
Cortellazzo, L., Bonesso, S., & Gerli, F. (2020) · International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behaviour & Research · doi:10.1108/ijebr-12-2018-0806 · Cited by 36
Schizophrenia spectrum and other psychotic disorders
Lewine, R. J., & Hart, M. (2020) · Handbook of clinical neurology · doi:10.1016/b978-0-444-64123-6.00022-9 · Cited by 35
Sundström, A. E. (2010) · Transportation Research Part F Traffic Psychology and Behaviour · doi:10.1016/j.trf.2010.11.011 · Cited by 33
Taking the “Intelligence” in Emotional Intelligence Seriously
Côté, S. (2010) · Industrial and Organizational Psychology · doi:10.1017/s1754942600002133 · Cited by 33
Why drivers use cell phones and support legislation to restrict this practice
Sanbonmatsu, D. M., Strayer, D. L., Behrends, A. A., Ward, N., & Watson, J. M. (2016) · Accident Analysis & Prevention · doi:10.1016/j.aap.2016.03.010 · Cited by 35
Ackerman, R., Parush, A., Nassar, F., & Shtub, A. (2015) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2015.07.041 · Cited by 33
Valence and ownership: object desirability influences self-prioritization
Golubickis, M., Ho, N. S. P., Falbén, J. K., Schwertel, C. L., Maiuri, A., Dublas, D., Cunningham, W. A., & Macrae, C. N. (2019) · Psychological Research · doi:10.1007/s00426-019-01235-w · Cited by 35
Aversion to Hiring Algorithms: Transparency, Gender Profiling, and Self-Confidence
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A self-feedback model (SEFEMO): secondary and higher education students’ self-assessment profiles
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“It seems like only the less advanced self-assessors benefit from such feedback, a positive finding if we consider Dunning and Kruger effect (Dunning et al., 2004).”
Accuracy of self‐monitoring during learning of radiograph interpretation
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Measurement of self-enhancement (and self-protection).
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Impact of experience on self-assessment accuracy of clinical colonoscopy competence
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Keefer, K. V., Parker, J. D. A., & Saklofske, D. H. (2018) · Plenum series on human exceptionality · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-90633-1_1 · Cited by 43
Metadata
- Authors
- Dunning, D., Heath, C., & Suls, J. M.
- Affiliations
- Cornell University (US)
- Stanford University (US)
- University of Iowa (US)
- Venue
- Psychological Science in the Public Interest
- Publisher
- SAGE Publications
- Published
- 2004-12
- Volume
- 5
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 69-106
- ISSN
- 1539-6053 (ISSN-L)
- 1529-1006
- OpenAlex
- W2139736795
- Cited by
- 1,865
- References
- 310
- Citations by year
- 2026: 107 · 2025: 89 · 2024: 104 · 2023: 76 · 2022: 104 · 2021: 103 · 2020: 110 · 2019: 114 · 2018: 113 · 2017: 98 · 2016: 102 · 2015: 111 · 2014: 99 · 2013: 82 · 2012: 90
- FWCI
- 35.81
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Gothic.net (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Science Foundation (9910592)
- National Institute of Mental Health (RO1 56072)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Personality Traits and Psychology
- Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › General Decision Sciences › Decision-Making and Behavioral Economics
- Social Sciences › Education › Student Assessment and Feedback
- Keywords
- self-assessment, overconfidence, above-average effect, self-prediction, self-efficacy, health risk perception, self-diagnosis, student self-assessment, skill retention, massed practice, CEO overconfidence, management decision-making, feedback, self-knowledge, self-regulation, self-monitoring
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