Mixing an energy drink with an alcoholic beverage increases motivation for more alcohol in college students
Open accessAbstract
Background: There has been a dramatic rise in the consumption of alcohol mixed with energy drinks (A m EDs) in social drinkers. It has been suggested that A m ED beverages might lead individuals to drink greater quantities of alcohol. This experiment was designed to investigate whether the consumption of A m ED s would alter alcohol priming (i.e., increasing ratings of wanting another drink) compared with alcohol alone. Methods: Participants (n = 80) of equal gender attended 1 session where they were randomly assigned to receive 1 of 4 doses (0.91 ml/kg vodka, 1.82 ml/kg energy drink, 0.91 ml/kg vodka mixed with 1.82 ml/kg energy drink [A m ED], or a placebo beverage). Alcohol‐induced priming of the motivation to drink was assessed by self‐reported ratings on the D esire for D rug questionnaire. Results: The priming dose of alcohol increased the subjective ratings of “desire” for more alcohol, consistent with previous research that small doses of alcohol can increase the motivation to drink. Furthermore, higher desire ratings over time were observed with A m ED s compared with alcohol alone. Finally, ratings of liking the drink were similar for the alcohol and A m ED conditions. Conclusions: An energy drink may elicit increased alcohol priming. This study provides laboratory evidence that A m ED beverages may lead to greater motivation to drink versus the same amount of alcohol consumed alone.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The combination of alcohol and energy drinks results in higher rates of binge drinking, reductions in perceived intoxication, faster rates of self-paced alcohol consumption, or increases in risk taking behavior.
“the combination of alcohol and energy drinks results in higher rates of binge drinking, reductions in perceived intoxication, faster rates of self-paced alcohol consumption, or increases in risk taking behavior (225, 234–239).”
From The Safety of Ingested Caffeine: A Comprehensive Review (2017) · cites this paper as [234]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
The neural basis of drug craving: An incentive-sensitization theory of addiction
Robinson, T. (1993) · Brain Research Reviews · doi:10.1016/0165-0173(93)90013-p · Cited by 7,346 · see citing works
Sobell, L. C., & Sobell, M. B. (1992) · Measuring Alcohol Consumption · doi:10.1007/978-1-4612-0357-5_3 · Cited by 4,110 · see citing works
A psychomotor stimulant theory of addiction.
Wise, R. A., & Bozarth, M. A. (1987) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/0033-295x.94.4.469 · Cited by 2,747 · see citing works
Fredholm, B. B., Bättig, K., Holmén, J., Nehlig, A., & Zvartau, E. E. (1999) · Pharmacological Reviews · doi:10.1016/s0031-6997(24)01396-6 · Cited by 2,624 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Previous research suggests that this amount of caffeine alone would not reliably alter physiological or subjective state (Fredholm et al., 1999; Nehlig, 1999).”
BackgroundDrug abuse: hedonic homeostatic dysregulation
Koob, G. F., & Moal, M. L. (1997) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.278.5335.52 · Cited by 2,535 · see citing works
A self-administered Short Michigan Alcoholism Screening Test (SMAST).
Selzer, M. L., Vinokur, A. D., & Rooijen, L. V. (1975) · Journal of Studies on Alcohol · doi:10.15288/jsa.1975.36.117 · Cited by 1,538 · see citing works
Robinson, T. E., & Berridge, K. C. (2003) · Annual Review of Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev.psych.54.101601.145237 · Cited by 1,509 · see citing works
Age norms for impulsiveness, venturesomeness and empathy in adults
Eysenck, S. B. G., Pearson, P. R., Easting, G., & Allsopp, J. F. (1985) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/0191-8869(85)90011-x · Cited by 1,163 · cited 1× · see citing works
“The Eysenck Impulsiveness Questionnaire (Eysenck et al., 1985) assesses impulsivity by posing 19 yes/no questions.”
MethodCaffeinated energy drinks a growing problem
Reissig, C. J., Strain, E. C., & Griffiths, R. R. (2009) · Drug and Alcohol Dependence · doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2008.08.001 · Cited by 1,026 · see citing works
Health effects of energy drinks on children, adolescents, and young adults
Seifert, S. M., Schaechter, J. L., Hershorin, E. R., & Lipshultz, S. E. (2011) · Pediatrics · doi:10.1542/peds.2009-3592 · Cited by 893 · see citing works
Behavioral Medicine: Changing- Health Lifestyles
Colvin, D. F. (1980) · Annals of Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1093/abm/2.3.27 · Cited by 795 · see citing works
Barone, J. J., & Roberts, H. R. (1996) · Food and Chemical Toxicology · doi:10.1016/0278-6915(95)00093-3 · Cited by 705 · see citing works
Development and Validation of the Biphasic Alcohol Effects Scale
Martin, C. S., Earleywine, M., Musty, R. E., Perrine, M. W., & Swift, R. M. (1993) · Alcoholism Clinical and Experimental Research · doi:10.1111/j.1530-0277.1993.tb00739.x · Cited by 683 · see citing works
O’Brien, M. C., McCoy, T. P., Rhodes, S. D., Wagoner, A. L., & Wolfson, M. (2008) · Academic Emergency Medicine · doi:10.1111/j.1553-2712.2008.00085.x · Cited by 516 · see citing works
Are we dependent upon coffee and caffeine? A review on human and animal data
Nehlig, A. (1999) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/s0149-7634(98)00050-5 · Cited by 453 · see citing works
Rewarding, stimulant, and sedative alcohol responses and relationship to future binge drinking
King, A. C., de Wit, H., McNamara, P. J., & Cao, D. (2011) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2011.26 · Cited by 379 · see citing works
Ludwig, A. M. (1974) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.1974.01760100093015 · Cited by 371 · see citing works
Energy Drinks, Race, and Problem Behaviors Among College Students
Miller, K. E. (2008) · Journal of Adolescent Health · doi:10.1016/j.jadohealth.2008.03.003 · Cited by 324 · see citing works
Effects of Energy Drink Ingestion on Alcohol Intoxication
Ferreira, S. E., de Mello, M. T., Pompéia, S., & Formigoni, M. L. O. D. S. (2006) · Alcoholism Clinical and Experimental Research · doi:10.1111/j.1530-0277.2006.00070.x · Cited by 291 · see citing works
Priming effects with drugs and other reinforcers.
de Wit, H. (1996) · Experimental and Clinical Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1037/1064-1297.4.1.5 · Cited by 272 · see citing works
Energy Drink Consumption and Increased Risk for Alcohol Dependence
Arria, A. M., Caldeira, K. M., Kasperski, S. J., Vincent, K. B., Griffiths, R. R., & O’Grady, K. E. (2011) · Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research · doi:10.1111/j.1530-0277.2010.01352.x · Cited by 247 · see citing works
Event-level analyses of energy drink consumption and alcohol intoxication in bar patrons
Thombs, D. L., O'Mara, R. J., Tsukamoto, M., Rossheim, M. E., Weiler, R. M., Merves, M. L., & Goldberger, B. A. (2009) · Addictive Behaviors · doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2009.11.004 · Cited by 226 · see citing works
Arria, A. M., Caldeira, K. M., Kasperski, S. J., O’Grady, K. E., Vincent, K. B., Griffiths, R. R., & Wish, E. D. (2010) · Journal of Addiction Medicine · doi:10.1097/adm.0b013e3181aa8dd4 · Cited by 209 · see citing works
Brache, K., & Stockwell, T. R. (2011) · Addictive Behaviors · doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2011.07.003 · Cited by 207 · see citing works
Barry, K. L., & Fleming, M. F. (1993) · Alcohol and Alcoholism · doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.alcalc.a045346 · Cited by 182 · see citing works
Response inhibition under alcohol: effects of cognitive and motivational conflict.
Fillmore, M. T., & Vogel-Sprott, M. D. (2000) · Journal of Studies on Alcohol · doi:10.15288/jsa.2000.61.239 · Cited by 177 · see citing works
Self-citationCaffeine Content of Energy Drinks, Carbonated Sodas, and Other Beverages
McCusker, R. R., Goldberger, B. A., & Cone, E. J. (2006) · Journal of Analytical Toxicology · doi:10.1093/jat/30.2.112 · Cited by 169 · see citing works
Marczinski, C. A., & Fillmore, M. T. (2006) · Experimental and Clinical Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1037/1064-1297.14.4.450 · Cited by 162 · see citing works
Self-citationMarczinski, C., Fillmore, M., Bardgett, M., & Howard, M. A. (2011) · Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research · doi:10.1111/j.1530-0277.2011.01464.x · Cited by 161 · see citing works
Self-citationMarczinski, C. A. (2011) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph8083232 · Cited by 139 · cited 1× · see citing works
“…alcohol (e.g., Red Bull and vodka), in part because drinkers experience a different subjective response to the alcohol when drinking it as opposed to a beverage that is not mixed with caffeine and other stimulant ingredients (Ferreira et al., 2006; Marczinski, 2011; Marczinski and Fillmore, 2006).”
BackgroundSelf-citationSCHMIDT, A., Barry, K. L., & Fleming, M. F. (1995) · Southern Medical Journal · doi:10.1097/00007611-199501000-00007 · Cited by 133 · see citing works
Associations between energy drink consumption and alcohol use behaviors among college students
Velazquez, C. E., Poulos, N. S., Latimer, L. A., & Pasch, K. E. (2011) · Drug and Alcohol Dependence · doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2011.11.006 · Cited by 130 · see citing works
Marczinski, C. A., Fillmore, M. T., Stamates, A. L., Ramsey, M. A., & Young, C. R. (2011) · Experimental and Clinical Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1037/a0026136 · Cited by 122 · see citing works
Self-citationIncreased ethanol Choice in Social Drinkers following ethanol preload
de Wit, H., & Chutuape, M. A. (1993) · Behavioural Pharmacology · doi:10.1097/00008877-199302000-00003 · Cited by 111 · see citing works
Energy drink co‐administration is associated with increased reported alcohol ingestion
PRICE, S. R., Hilchey, C. A., Darredeau, C., Fulton, H. G., & Barrett, S. P. (2010) · Drug and Alcohol Review · doi:10.1111/j.1465-3362.2009.00163.x · Cited by 95 · see citing works
Alcohol Tolerance and Social Drinking: Learning the Consequences
Bates, M. E. (1993) · Journal of Studies on Alcohol · doi:10.15288/jsa.1993.54.763 · Cited by 92 · see citing works
Fillmore, M. T. (2001) · Psychology of Addictive Behaviors · doi:10.1037/0893-164x.15.4.325 · Cited by 86 · see citing works
Self-citationEthanol Operant Self‐Administration in Rats Is Regulated by Adenosine A2 Receptors
Arolfo, M. P., Yao, L., Gordon, A. S., Diamond, I., & Janak, P. H. (2004) · Alcoholism Clinical and Experimental Research · doi:10.1097/01.alc.0000139821.38167.20 · Cited by 83 · see citing works
Energy drinks mixed with alcohol: misconceptions, myths, and facts
Verster, J. C., Aufricht, C., & Alford, C. (2012) · International Journal of General Medicine · doi:10.2147/ijgm.s29313 · Cited by 80 · see citing works
Caffeine promotes ethanol drinking in rats
Kunin, D., Gaskin, S., Rogan, F., Smith, B. R., & Amit, Z. (2000) · Alcohol · doi:10.1016/s0741-8329(00)00101-4 · Cited by 77 · see citing works
Stimulant alcohol effects prime within session drinking behavior
Corbin, W., Gearhardt, A., & Fromme, K. (2008) · Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1007/s00213-007-1039-x · Cited by 75 · see citing works
Sharma, R., Engemann, S. C., Sahota, P. K., & Thakkar, M. M. (2010) · Alcoholism Clinical and Experimental Research · doi:10.1111/j.1530-0277.2010.01153.x · Cited by 59 · see citing works
Chutuape, M. A., Mitchell, S. H., & de Wit, H. (1994) · Experimental and Clinical Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1037/1064-1297.2.4.310 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
Neuroadaptations in Adenosine Receptor Signaling Following Long‐Term Ethanol Exposure and Withdrawal
Butler, T. R., & Prendergast, M. (2011) · Alcoholism Clinical and Experimental Research · doi:10.1111/j.1530-0277.2011.01586.x · Cited by 33 · see citing works
UROKINASE-LIKE PLASMINOGEN ACTIVATOR INCREASED IN PLASMA AFTER ALCOHOL DRINKING
Sumi, H., Hamada, H., Tsushima, H., & Mihara, H. (1988) · Alcohol and Alcoholism · doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.alcalc.a044752 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Effects of caffeine and bombesin on ethanol and food intake
Dietze, M. A., & Kulkosky, P. J. (1991) · Life Sciences · doi:10.1016/0024-3205(91)90239-8 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Factor structure of the Barratt impulsiveness scale
Patton, J. H., Stanford, M. S., & Barratt, E. S. (1995) · Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1002/1097-4679(199511)51:6
Flagged first, then by citations
Research works printed but not linked: 1
- Barbor TF de la Fuente JR Saunders J Grant M 1989 AUDIT the alcohol use disorders identification test: Guidelines for use in primary health care WHO/MNH/DAT 89.4 World Health Organization Geneva, Switzerland
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Scientific Opinion on the safety of caffeine
EFSA Panel on Dietetic Products, N. A. A. (. (2015) · EFSA Journal · doi:10.2903/j.efsa.2015.4102 · Cited by 613 · see citing works
The Safety of Ingested Caffeine: A Comprehensive Review
Temple, J. L., Bernard, C., Lipshultz, S. E., Czachor, J. D., Westphal, J. A., & Mestre, M. A. (2017) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2017.00080 · Cited by 557 · see citing works
Heinz, A. J., de Wit, H., Lilje, T. C., & Kassel, J. D. (2013) · Experimental and Clinical Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1037/a0032337 · Cited by 78 · see citing works
The impact of alcohol and energy drink consumption on intoxication and risk-taking behavior
Peacock, A., Bruno, R., Martin, F. H., & Carr, A. (2013) · Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research · doi:10.1111/acer.12086 · Cited by 78 · see citing works
Emond, J. A., Gilbert-Diamond, D., Tanski, S. E., & Sargent, J. D. (2014) · The Journal of Pediatrics · doi:10.1016/j.jpeds.2014.08.050 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
Desire to drink alcohol is enhanced with high caffeine energy drink mixers
Marczinski, C. A., Fillmore, M. T., Stamates, A. L., & Maloney, S. F. (2016) · Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research · doi:10.1111/acer.13152 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Self-citationFaster self-paced rate of drinking for alcohol mixed with energy drinks versus alcohol alone
Marczinski, C. A., Fillmore, M. T., Maloney, S. F., & Stamates, A. L. (2017) · Psychology of Addictive Behaviors · doi:10.1037/adb0000229 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Self-citationSweeney, M. M., Meredith, S. E., Evatt, D. P., & Griffiths, R. R. (2017) · Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1007/s00213-017-4528-6 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
- Authors
- Marczinski, C. A., Fillmore, M. T., Henges, A. L., Ramsey, M. A., & Young, C. R.
- Affiliations
- Department of Psychological Science Northern Kentucky University Highland Heights Kentucky
- University of Kentucky (US)
- Northern Kentucky University (US)
- ORCID
- Fillmore, Mark T.
- Venue
- Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2012-06-22
- Volume
- 37
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 276-283
- ISSN
- 0145-6008 (ISSN-L)
- 1530-0277
- PMC
- PMC3459310
- OpenAlex
- W2048879809
- Cited by
- 118
- References
- 47
- Citations by year
- 2025: 1 · 2024: 2 · 2023: 3 · 2022: 2 · 2021: 5 · 2020: 6 · 2019: 5 · 2018: 8 · 2017: 21 · 2016: 16 · 2015: 12 · 2014: 23 · 2013: 10 · 2012: 4
- FWCI
- 11.73
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Alcoholism Clinical and Experimental Research (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development
- National Institutes of Health
- National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (R15AA019795)
- National Institute of General Medical Sciences (P20GM103436)
- National Center for Research Resources (P20RR016481)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Substance Abuse Treatment and Outcomes
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pharmacology › Coffee research and impacts
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pathology and Forensic Medicine › Alcohol Consumption and Health Effects
- Keywords
- alcohol priming, university students, alcohol consumption, vodka, energy drinks
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Alcohol Drinking, Ethanol, Alcoholic Beverages, Alcoholic Intoxication, Arousal, Double-Blind Method, Female, Humans, Hypnotics and Sedatives, Impulsive Behavior, Male, Motivation, Self Report, Energy Drinks
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
