The Importance of Delirium: Economic and Societal Costs
Open accessAbstract
Although a number of studies have documented the negative clinical and economic consequences of delirium, interventions to prevent and treat delirium are infrequently implemented. The importance of delirium may continue to be underestimated until its societal and economic effects are documented. The current article outlines the existing literature related to long‐term sequelae and costs associated with delirium and stresses the importance of such research in prompting recognition, prevention, and treatment efforts that could reduce the effect of delirium and improve quality of life for older adults and their caregivers.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Delirium has estimated direct health care costs over US $164 billion a year in the United States.
“with estimated direct health care costs over US $164 billion a year in the United States [11,13,14].”
From A Protocol-Driven, Bedside Digital Conversational Agent to Support Nurse Teams and Mitigate Risks of Hospitalization in Older Adults: Case Control Pre-Post Study (2019) · cites this paper as [14]
The cost-estimate passage (indexed under Abstract; no page number provided) gives a national estimate of $143 billion to $152 billion in direct one-year health care costs attributable to delirium, not over $164 billion. The estimate is based on hospitalizations of people aged 65 and older. (LLM, conf=0.90)
Checked by a reasoning model — may be wrong.
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredDelirium contributes to falls, cognitive decline, disability, morbidity, and mortality.
“delirium contributes to falls, cognitive decline, disability, morbidity, and mortality”
From A Protocol-Driven, Bedside Digital Conversational Agent to Support Nurse Teams and Mitigate Risks of Hospitalization in Older Adults: Case Control Pre-Post Study (2019) · cites this paper as [14]
The Abstract (page not provided) describes delirium as an acute decline in cognition and attention and associates it with persistent functional decline, morbidity, and mortality in hospitalized older patients. It does not say delirium contributes to falls; its mention of falls is a comparison of healthcare costs. The claim also omits the paper’s older-hospitalized-patient context. (LLM, conf=0.86)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredDelirium significantly increases the risk of falls in the hospital setting.
“Delirium significantly increases the risk of falls in the hospital setting [11,13,14].”
From A Protocol-Driven, Bedside Digital Conversational Agent to Support Nurse Teams and Mitigate Risks of Hospitalization in Older Adults: Case Control Pre-Post Study (2019) · cites this paper as [14]
The paper's main text discusses increased morbidity among hospitalized older patients with delirium, but does not identify hospital falls as an outcome. The only passage found on falls compares the economic costs of non-fatal falls with those of delirium; it does not say delirium increases fall risk (searched: hospital falls and falls). (LLM, conf=0.76)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
Clarifying Confusion: The Confusion Assessment Method: A New Method for Detection of Delirium
Inouye, S. K., van Dyck, C. H., Alessi, C. A., Balkin, S., Siegal, A. P., & Horwitz, R. I. (1990) · Annals of Internal Medicine · doi:10.7326/0003-4819-113-12-941 · Cited by 5,250 · see citing works
Self-citationEconomic Costs of Diabetes in the U.S. in 2002
American Diabetes Association (2003) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/diacare.26.3.917 · Cited by 4,147 · see citing works
Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2006 Update
Writing Group Members, Thom, T., Haase, N., Rosamond, W. D., Howard, V. J., Rumsfeld, J. S., Manolio, T. A., Zheng, Z., Flegal, K. M., O’Donnell, C. J., et al. (2006) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/circulationaha.105.171600 · Cited by 3,453 · see citing works
A Multicomponent Intervention to Prevent Delirium in Hospitalized Older Patients
Inouye, S. K., Bogardus, S. T., Charpentier, P. A., Leo-Summers, L. S., Acampora, D., Holford, T. R., & Cooney, L. M. (1999) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejm199903043400901 · Cited by 2,904 · see citing works
Self-citationThe costs of fatal and non-fatal falls among older adults
Stevens, J. A., Corso, P. S., Finkelstein, E. A., & Miller, T. R. (2006) · Injury Prevention · doi:10.1136/ip.2005.011015 · Cited by 1,494 · see citing works
Precipitating Factors for Delirium in Hospitalized Elderly Persons
Inouye, S. K. (1996) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.1996.03530350034031 · Cited by 1,430 · see citing works
Self-citationReducing Delirium After Hip Fracture: A Randomized Trial
Marcantonio, E. R., Flacker, J. M., Wright, R. J., & Resnick, N. M. (2001) · Journal of the American Geriatrics Society · doi:10.1046/j.1532-5415.2001.49108.x · Cited by 1,344 · see citing works
One-Year Health Care Costs Associated With Delirium in the Elderly Population
LESLIE, D. L. (2008) · Archives of Internal Medicine · doi:10.1001/archinternmed.2007.4 · Cited by 1,038 · see citing works
Self-citationInouye, S. K., Viscoli, C. M., Horwitz, R. I., Hurst, L. D., & Tinetti, M. E. (1993) · Annals of Internal Medicine · doi:10.7326/0003-4819-119-6-199309150-00005 · Cited by 854 · see citing works
Self-citationCosts associated with delirium in mechanically ventilated patients*
Milbrandt, E. B., Deppen, S. A., Harrison, P. L., Shintani, A., Speroff, T., Stiles, R. A., Truman, B., Bernard, G. R., Dittus, R. S., & Ely, E. W. (2004) · Critical Care Medicine · doi:10.1097/01.ccm.0000119429.16055.92 · Cited by 828 · see citing works
Reuben, D. B., Inouye, S. K., Bogardus, S. T., Baker, D. I., Leo‐Summers, L., & Cooney, L. M. (2000) · Journal of the American Geriatrics Society · doi:10.1111/j.1532-5415.2000.tb03885.x · Cited by 802 · see citing works
Self-citationDoes delirium contribute to poor hospital outcomes?
Inouye, S. K., Rushing, J. T., Foreman, M. D., Palmer, R. M., & Pompei, P. (1998) · Journal of General Internal Medicine · doi:10.1046/j.1525-1497.1998.00073.x · Cited by 695 · see citing works
Self-citationInouye, S. K. (1994) · The American Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1016/0002-9343(94)90011-6 · Cited by 591 · see citing works
Self-citationEconomic Costs of Diabetes in the U.S. in 2002Preprint
Dall, T. M., Nikolov, P., & Hogan, P. F. (2003) · RePEc: Research Papers in Economics · Cited by 483 · see citing works
Delirium. The occurrence and persistence of symptoms among elderly hospitalized patients
Levkoff, S. E. (1992) · Archives of Internal Medicine · doi:10.1001/archinte.152.2.334 · Cited by 478 · see citing works
The Prognostic Significance of Delirium in Older Hospital Patients
O’Keeffe, S. T., & Lavan, J. N. (1997) · Journal of the American Geriatrics Society · doi:10.1111/j.1532-5415.1997.tb04503.x · Cited by 475 · see citing works
Inouye, S. K., Schlesinger, M. J., & Lydon, T. J. (1999) · The American Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1016/s0002-9343(99)00070-4 · Cited by 423 · see citing works
Self-citationThe risk of dementia and death after delirium
Rockwood, K. J. (1999) · Age and Ageing · doi:10.1093/ageing/28.6.551 · Cited by 410 · see citing works
McCusker, J., Cole, M. G., Dendukuri, N., Belzile, É., & Primeau, F. (2001) · Europe PMC (PubMed Central) · Cited by 391 · see citing works
Levkoff, S. E. (1992) · Archives of Internal Medicine · doi:10.1001/archinte.1992.00400140082019 · Cited by 371 · see citing works
Prognosis after Hospital Discharge of Older Medical Patients with Delirium
Francis, J., & Kapoor, W. N. (1992) · Journal of the American Geriatrics Society · doi:10.1111/j.1532-5415.1992.tb02111.x · Cited by 355 · see citing works
Acute Delirium and Functional Decline in the Hospitalized Elderly Patient
Murray, A. M., Levkoff, S. E., Wetle, T. T., Beckett, L. A., Cleary, P. D., Schor, J. D., Lipsitz, L. A., Rowe, J. W., & Evans, D. A. (1993) · Journal of Gerontology · doi:10.1093/geronj/48.5.m181 · Cited by 294 · see citing works
Prognosis of delirium in elderly hospital patients.
Cole, M. G., & Primeau, F. J. (1993) · PubMed · Cited by 259 · see citing works
Premature Death Associated With Delirium at 1-Year Follow-up
LESLIE, D. L., Zhang, Y., Holford, T. R., Bogardus, S. T., Leo-Summers, L. S., & Inouye, S. K. (2005) · Archives of Internal Medicine · doi:10.1001/archinte.165.14.1657 · Cited by 247 · see citing works
Self-citationDolan, M. M., Hawkes, W., Zimmerman, S. I., Morrison, R. S., Gruber‐Baldini, A. L., Hebel, J. R., & Magaziner, J. S. (2000) · The Journals of Gerontology Series A · doi:10.1093/gerona/55.9.m527 · Cited by 229 · see citing works
The Cost of Delirium in the Surgical Patient
Franco, K. S. N., Litaker, D. G., Locala, J. A., & Bronson, D. L. (2001) · Psychosomatics · doi:10.1176/appi.psy.42.1.68 · Cited by 228 · see citing works
An educational intervention can prevent delirium on acute medical wards
Tabet, N. (2005) · Age and Ageing · doi:10.1093/ageing/afi031 · Cited by 197 · see citing works
Multicomponent Targeted Intervention to Prevent Delirium in Hospitalized Older Patients
Rizzo, J. A., Bogardus, S. T., Leo-Summers, L. S., Williams, C. S., Acampora, D., & Inouye, S. K. (2001) · Medical Care · doi:10.1097/00005650-200107000-00010 · Cited by 190 · see citing works
Self-citationThe Occurrence and Duration of Symptoms in Elderly Patients With Delirium
Rockwood, K. J. (1993) · Journal of Gerontology · doi:10.1093/geronj/48.4.m162 · Cited by 188 · see citing works
Sustainability and Scalability of the Hospital Elder Life Program at a Community Hospital
Rubin, F. H., Neal, K., Fenlon, K., Hassan, S., & Inouye, S. K. (2011) · Journal of the American Geriatrics Society · doi:10.1111/j.1532-5415.2010.03243.x · Cited by 186 · see citing works
Self-citationPilot clinical trial of gabapentin to decrease postoperative delirium in older patients
Leung, J. M., Sands, L. P., Rico, M., Petersen, K. L., Rowbotham, M. C., Dahl, J. B., Ames, C. P., Chou, D., & Weinstein, P. R. (2006) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/01.wnl.0000233831.87781.a9 · Cited by 170 · see citing works
Delirium: acute cognitive dysfunction in the critically ill
Pandharipande, P. P., Jackson, J. C., & Ely, E. W. (2005) · Current Opinion in Internal Medicine · doi:10.1097/01.ccx.0000170503.76528.4b · Cited by 170 · see citing works
Influence of bright light therapy on postoperative patients: A pilot study
Taguchi, T., Yano, M., & Kido, Y. (2007) · Intensive and Critical Care Nursing · doi:10.1016/j.iccn.2007.04.004 · Cited by 147 · see citing works
Costs and consequences of hip fracture occurrence in old age: An economic perspective
Haentjens, P., Lamraski, G., & Boonen, S. (2005) · Disability and Rehabilitation · doi:10.1080/09638280500055529 · Cited by 135 · see citing works
A Multifactorial Intervention to Reduce Prevalence of Delirium and Shorten Hospital Length of Stay
Naughton, B. J., Saltzman, S., Ramadan, F. H., Chadha, N., Priore, R. L., & Mylotte, J. M. (2004) · Journal of the American Geriatrics Society · doi:10.1111/j.1532-5415.2005.53005.x · Cited by 133 · see citing works
Consequences of Preventing Delirium in Hospitalized Older Adults on Nursing Home Costs
LESLIE, D. L., Zhang, Y., Bogardus, S. T., Holford, T. R., Leo-Summers, L. S., & Inouye, S. K. (2005) · Journal of the American Geriatrics Society · doi:10.1111/j.1532-5415.2005.53156.x · Cited by 128 · see citing works
Self-citationRubin, F. H., Williams, J. T., Lescisin, D. A., Mook, W. J., Hassan, S., & Inouye, S. K. (2006) · Journal of the American Geriatrics Society · doi:10.1111/j.1532-5415.2006.00744.x · Cited by 125 · see citing works
Self-citationRecruitment of volunteers to improve vitality in the elderly: the REVIVE* study
Caplan, G. A., & Harper, E. L. (2007) · Internal Medicine Journal · doi:10.1111/j.1445-5994.2007.01265.x · Cited by 118 · see citing works
Cognitive decline : strategies for prevention
Fillit, H. M., & Butler, R. N. (1997) · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Association of Delirium With Long-term Cognitive Decline: A Meta-analysis
Goldberg, T. E., Chen, C., Wang, Y., Jung, E., Swanson, A., Ing, C., Garcia, P. S., Whittington, R. A., & Moitra, V. (2020) · JAMA Neurology · doi:10.1001/jamaneurol.2020.2273 · Cited by 606 · see citing works
Delirium in critical illness: clinical manifestations, outcomes, and management
Stollings, J. L., Kotfis, K., Chanques, G., Pun, B. T., Pandharipande, P. P., & Ely, E. W. (2021) · Intensive Care Medicine · doi:10.1007/s00134-021-06503-1 · Cited by 542 · see citing works
Neurocognitive Function after Cardiac Surgery
Berger, M., Terrando, N., Smith, S. K., Browndyke, J. N., Newman, M. F., & Mathew, J. P. (2018) · Anesthesiology · doi:10.1097/aln.0000000000002194 · Cited by 264 · see citing works
One-Year Medicare Costs Associated With Delirium in Older Patients Undergoing Major Elective Surgery
Gou, R. Y., Hshieh, T. T., Marcantonio, E. R., Cooper, Z. R., Jones, R. N., Travison, T. G., Fong, T. G., Abdeen, A. R., Lange, J. K., Earp, B. E., et al. (2021) · JAMA Surgery · doi:10.1001/jamasurg.2020.7260 · Cited by 253 · see citing works
Self-citationAntipsychotics for Treating Delirium in Hospitalized Adults: A Systematic Review
Nikooie, R., Neufeld, K. J., Oh, E. S., Wilson, L. M., Zhang, A., Robinson, K. A., & Needham, D. M. (2019) · Annals of Internal Medicine · doi:10.7326/m19-1860 · Cited by 246 · see citing works
Chen, C., Li, H.-C., Liang, J., Lai, I., Purnomo, J. D. T., Yang, Y., Lin, B., Huang, J. C., Yang, C., Tien, Y., et al. (2017) · JAMA Surgery · doi:10.1001/jamasurg.2017.1083 · Cited by 234 · see citing works
Self-citationNon-pharmacological interventions for preventing delirium in hospitalised non-ICU patients
Burton, J. K., Craig, L., Yong, S. Q., Siddiqi, N., Teale, E. A., Woodhouse, R., Barugh, A., Shepherd, A. M., Brunton, A. P. T., Freeman, S. C., et al. (2021) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd013307.pub2 · Cited by 225 · see citing works
Janssen, T. L., Alberts, A. R., Hooft, L., Mattace-Raso, F. U. S., Mosk, C. A., & van der Laan, L. (2019) · Clinical Interventions in Aging · doi:10.2147/cia.s201323 · Cited by 220 · see citing works
Systematic review of prediction models for delirium in the older adult inpatient
Lindroth, H. L., Bratzke, L. C., Purvis, S., Brown, R., Coburn, M., Mrkobrada, M., Chan, M. T. V., Davis, D. H. J., Pandharipande, P. P., Carlsson, C. M., et al. (2018) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2017-019223 · Cited by 197 · see citing works
The incidence and prevalence of delirium across palliative care settings: A systematic review
Watt, C. L., Momoli, F., Ansari, M., Sikora, L., Bush, S. H., Hosie, A., Kabir, M., Rosenberg, E., Kanji, S., & Lawlor, P. G. (2019) · Palliative Medicine · doi:10.1177/0269216319854944 · Cited by 190 · see citing works
The Cost of ICU Delirium and Coma in the Intensive Care Unit Patient
Vasilevskis, E. E., Chandrasekhar, R., Holtze, C. H., Graves, J. A., Speroff, T., Girard, T. D., Patel, M. B., Hughes, C. G., Cao, A., Pandharipande, P. P., et al. (2018) · Medical Care · doi:10.1097/mlr.0000000000000975 · Cited by 169 · see citing works
The 4 ‘A’s test for detecting delirium in acute medical patients: a diagnostic accuracy study
MacLullich, A. M. J., Shenkin, S. D., Goodacre, S. W., Godfrey, M., Hanley, J., Stíobhairt, A., Lavender, E. C., Boyd, J. A., Stephen, J., Weir, C. J., et al. (2019) · Health Technology Assessment · doi:10.3310/hta23400 · Cited by 130 · see citing works
Postoperative Delirium Is Associated with Long-term Decline in Activities of Daily Living
Shi, Z., Mei, X., Li, C., Chen, Y., Zheng, H., Wu, Y., Zheng, H., Liu, L., Marcantonio, E. R., Xie, Z., et al. (2019) · Anesthesiology · doi:10.1097/aln.0000000000002849 · Cited by 128 · see citing works
van Velthuijsen, E. L., Zwakhalen, S. M. G., Mulder, W. J., Verhey, F. R. J., & Kempen, G. I. J. M. (2017) · International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry · doi:10.1002/gps.4690 · Cited by 111 · see citing works
Anesthetic Management Using Multiple Closed-loop Systems and Delayed Neurocognitive Recovery
Joosten, A., Rinehart, J. B., Bardaji, A., der Linden, P. V., Jame, V., Obbergh, L. J. V., Alexander, B. S., Cannesson, M. P., Vacas, S., Liu, N., et al. (2019) · Anesthesiology · doi:10.1097/aln.0000000000003014 · Cited by 111 · see citing works
Preliminary development of an ultrabrief two‐item bedside test for delirium
Fick, D. M., Inouye, S. K., Guess, J. R., Ngo, L. H., Jones, R. N., Saczynski, J. S., & Marcantonio, E. R. (2015) · Journal of Hospital Medicine · doi:10.1002/jhm.2418 · Cited by 106 · see citing works
Self-citationHovaguimian, F., Tschopp, C., Beck‐Schimmer, B., & Puhan, M. A. (2018) · Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica · doi:10.1111/aas.13168 · Cited by 101 · see citing works
Economic impact of delirium in Australia: a cost of illness study
Pezzullo, L., Streatfeild, J., Hickson, J., Teodorczuk, A., Agar, M. R., & Caplan, G. A. (2019) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2018-027514 · Cited by 97 · see citing works
Tonna, J. E., Dalton, A., Presson, A. P., Zhang, C., Colantuoni, E., Lander, K., Howard, S., Beynon, J., & Kamdar, B. B. (2021) · CHEST Journal · doi:10.1016/j.chest.2021.03.030 · Cited by 102 · see citing works
Janssen, T. L., Steyerberg, E. W., Langenberg, J. C. M., Lepper, C. C. H. A. V. H.-D., Wielders, D., Seerden, T. C. J., Lange, D., Wijsman, J. H., Ho, G. H., Gobardhan, P. D., et al. (2019) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0218152 · Cited by 95 · see citing works
Moon, K.-J., & Lee, S. (2015) · International Journal of Nursing Studies · doi:10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2015.04.021 · Cited by 91 · see citing works
Meta-QSAR: a large-scale application of meta-learning to drug design and discovery
Olier, I., Sadawi, N., Bickerton, G. R., Vanschoren, J., Groşan, C., Soldatova, L., & King, R. D. (2017) · Machine Learning · doi:10.1007/s10994-017-5685-x · Cited by 90 · see citing works
Doing damage in delirium: the hazards of antipsychotic treatment in elderly people
Inouye, S. K., Marcantonio, E. R., & Metzger, E. D. (2014) · The Lancet Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/s2215-0366(14)70263-9 · Cited by 88 · see citing works
Self-citationWang, N., Hirao, A., & Sieber, F. E. (2015) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0123892 · Cited by 86 · see citing works
Perioperative Brain Health in the Older Adult: A Patient Safety Imperative
Vacas, S., Canales, C., Deiner, S. G., & Cole, D. J. (2022) · Anesthesia & Analgesia · doi:10.1213/ane.0000000000006090 · Cited by 83 · see citing works
Janssen, T. L., Steyerberg, E. W., Faes, M. C., Wijsman, J. H., Gobardhan, P. D., Ho, G. H., & van der Laan, L. (2019) · International Journal of Surgery · doi:10.1016/j.ijsu.2019.09.011 · Cited by 79 · see citing works
Non-pharmacological interventions for preventing delirium in hospitalised non-ICU patients
Burton, J. K., Craig, L., Yong, S. Q., Siddiqi, N., Teale, E. A., Woodhouse, R., Barugh, A. J., Shepherd, A. M., Brunton, A., Freeman, S. C., et al. (2021) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd013307.pub3 · Cited by 77 · see citing works
Perioperative delirium and its relationship to dementia
Silverstein, J. H., & Deiner, S. G. (2012) · Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.pnpbp.2012.11.005 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
Bott, N., Wexler, S., Drury, L., Pollak, C., Wang, V., Scher, K., & Narducci, S. (2019) · Journal of Medical Internet Research · doi:10.2196/13440 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
“One in 3 older adults reports loneliness in the United States [2], and a recent American Association of Retired Persons (AARP) survey found that approximately 42.6 million older adults suffer from chronic loneliness [3]; research demonstrates that loneliness is linked to a variety of negative health outcomes, includin…”
BackgroundInfluentialA neurologist's approach to delirium: Diagnosis and management of toxic metabolic encephalopathies
Krishnan, V., Leung, L. Y., & Caplan, L. R. (2013) · European Journal of Internal Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.ejim.2013.11.010 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
Advancing the Neurophysiological Understanding of Delirium
Shafi, M. M., Santarnecchi, E., Fong, T. G., Jones, R. N., Marcantonio, E. R., Pascual‐Leone, Á., & Inouye, S. K. (2017) · Journal of the American Geriatrics Society · doi:10.1111/jgs.14748 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
Self-citationOldham, C. M., & Holloway, R. G. (2020) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/wnl.0000000000009949 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
McKenzie, J., & Joy, A. (2019) · Australian Journal on Ageing · doi:10.1111/ajag.12688 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
Feasibility of a virtual reality intervention in the intensive care unit
Jawed, Y. T., Golovyan, D., Lopez, D., Khan, S. H., Wang, S., Freund, C., Imran, S., Hameed, U. B., Smith, J. P., Kok, L., et al. (2021) · Heart & Lung · doi:10.1016/j.hrtlng.2021.05.007 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
McCoy, T. H., Snapper, L. A., Stern, T. A., & Perlis, R. H. (2016) · Psychosomatics · doi:10.1016/j.psym.2016.06.001 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
Collinsworth, A. W., Priest, E. L., Campbell, C. R., Vasilevskis, E. E., & Masica, A. L. (2014) · Journal of Intensive Care Medicine · doi:10.1177/0885066614553925 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
Delirium in older hospitalized patients—signs and actions: a retrospective patient record review
Johansson, Y. A., Bergh, I. H., Ericsson, I., & Sarenmalm, E. K. (2018) · BMC Geriatrics · doi:10.1186/s12877-018-0731-5 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
Malik, A. T., Quatman, C. E., Phieffer, L. S., Ly, T. V., & Khan, S. N. (2018) · European Journal of Orthopaedic Surgery & Traumatology · doi:10.1007/s00590-018-2308-6 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
Delirium Diagnosis Methodology Used in Research: A Survey-Based Study
Neufeld, K. J., Nelliot, A., Inouye, S. K., Ely, E. W., Bienvenu, O. J., Lee, H. B., & Needham, D. M. (2014) · American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jagp.2014.03.003 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Self-citationHuang, Q.-Q., Li, Q., Qin, F., Yuan, L., Lu, Z., Nie, H., & Gong, G. (2021) · American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jagp.2021.02.043 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Delirium and the Family Caregiver: The Need for Evidence-based Education Interventions
Carbone, M. K., & Gugliucci, M. R. (2014) · The Gerontologist · doi:10.1093/geront/gnu035 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Family caregiver's experience of caring for an older adult with delirium: A systematic review
Shrestha, P., & Fick, D. M. (2020) · International Journal of Older People Nursing · doi:10.1111/opn.12321 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Rood, P. J. T., Zegers, M., Ramnarain, D., Koopmans, M., Klarenbeek, T., Ewalds, E., van der Steen, M. S., Oldenbeuving, A. W., Kuiper, M. A., Teerenstra, S., et al. (2021) · American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine · doi:10.1164/rccm.202101-0082oc · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Vasunilashorn, S. M., Dillon, S. T., Chan, N. Y., Fong, T. G., Joseph, M. G., Tripp, B. A., Xie, Z., Ngo, L. H., Lee, C. G., Elias, J. A., et al. (2021) · The Journals of Gerontology Series A · doi:10.1093/gerona/glaa326 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
Self-citationLindroth, H. L., Bratzke, L. C., Twadell, S., Rowley, P. A., Kildow, J., Danner, M., Turner, L., Hernandez, B. A., Brown, R., & Sanders, R. D. (2019) · International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry · doi:10.1002/gps.5104 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Rohatgi, N., Weng, Y., Bentley, J., Lansberg, M. G., Shepard, J. W., Mazur, D., Ahuja, N. K., & Hopkins, J. R. (2019) · The American Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.amjmed.2019.05.035 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Gajdos, C., Kile, D. A., Hawn, M. T., Finlayson, E. V. A., Henderson, W. G., & Robinson, T. N. (2014) · JAMA Surgery · doi:10.1001/jamasurg.2014.863 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Collinsworth, A. W., Priest, E. L., & Masica, A. L. (2020) · Critical Care Medicine · doi:10.1097/ccm.0000000000004609 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Sahawneh, F., & Boss, L. (2021) · Nursing in Critical Care · doi:10.1111/nicc.12594 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Hsieh, S.-J. J., Shum, M., Lee, A. N., Hasselmark, F., & Gong, M. N. (2013) · Annals of the American Thoracic Society · doi:10.1513/annalsats.201301-001oc · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Nurses’ experiences of caring for older patients afflicted by delirium in a neurological department
Kristiansen, S., Konradsen, H., & Beck, M. (2018) · Journal of Clinical Nursing · doi:10.1111/jocn.14709 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Vasunilashorn, S. M., Ngo, L. H., Inouye, S. K., Fong, T. G., Jones, R. N., Dillon, S. T., Libermann, T. A., O’Connor, M. G., Arnold, S. E., Xie, Z., et al. (2019) · Alzheimer s & Dementia · doi:10.1016/j.jalz.2019.09.080 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Self-citationJiang, J.-L., Zhang, L., He, L., Yu, H., Li, X., Dai, S.-H., & Yu, H. (2022) · Anesthesia & Analgesia · doi:10.1213/ane.0000000000006257 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Zipser, C. M., Deuel, J., Ernst, J., Schubert, M., Weller, M., von Känel, R., & Böettger, S. (2019) · Journal of Neurology · doi:10.1007/s00415-019-09533-4 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Kandori, K., Okada, Y., Ishii, W., Narumiya, H., Maebayashi, Y., & Iizuka, R. (2020) · Journal of Intensive Care · doi:10.1186/s40560-020-00511-x · Cited by 40 · see citing works
“Sundowning” as a biological phenomenon: current understandings and future directions: an update
Gnanasekaran, G. (2016) · Aging Clinical and Experimental Research · doi:10.1007/s40520-015-0431-3 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Proteomics for the Discovery of Clinical Delirium Biomarkers: A Systematic Review of Major Studies
Wiredu, K., Aduse-Poku, E., Shaefi, S., & Gerber, S. A. (2022) · Anesthesia & Analgesia · doi:10.1213/ane.0000000000006246 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Vasunilashorn, S. M., Lunardi, N., Newman, J. C., Crosby, G. J., Acker, L., Abel, T. G., Bhatnagar, S., Cunningham, C. M., de Cabo, R., Dugan, L. L., et al. (2023) · Alzheimer s & Dementia · doi:10.1002/alz.12941 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Self-citationShi, Z., Wu, Y., Li, C., Fu, S., Li, G., Zhu, Y., Swain, C. A., Marcantonio, E. R., Xie, Z., & Shen, Y. (2014) · Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnagi.2014.00297 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Educating Family Caregivers for Older Adults About Delirium: A Systematic Review
Bull, M. J., Boaz, L., & Jermé, M. (2016) · Worldviews on Evidence-Based Nursing · doi:10.1111/wvn.12154 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Prevention of post-operative delirium in older patients with cancer undergoing surgery
Korc‐Grodzicki, B., Root, J. C., & Alici, Y. (2014) · Journal of Geriatric Oncology · doi:10.1016/j.jgo.2014.10.002 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Managing delirium in everyday practice: towards cognitive-friendly hospitals
O'Connell, H. P., Kennelly, S., Cullen, W., & Meagher, D. J. (2014) · Advances in Psychiatric Treatment · doi:10.1192/apt.bp.113.012468 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Esmaeeli, S., Franco‐Garcia, E., Akeju, O., Heng, M. M., Zhou, C., Azocar, R. J., & Quraishi, S. A. (2021) · Aging Clinical and Experimental Research · doi:10.1007/s40520-021-01961-5 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Emme, C. (2020) · Journal of Clinical Nursing · doi:10.1111/jocn.15300 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Rice, K. L., Bennett, M. J., Clesi, T., & Linville, L. J. (2014) · The Journal of Continuing Education in Nursing · doi:10.3928/00220124-20140219-02 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Knowns and Unknowns About Delirium in Stroke: A Review
Klimiec, E., Dziedzic, T., Kowalska, K., Słowik, A., & Klimkowicz‐Mrowiec, A. (2016) · Cognitive and Behavioral Neurology · doi:10.1097/wnn.0000000000000110 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Effect of the Hospital Elder Life Program on Risk of 30‐Day Readmission
Rubin, F. H., Bellon, J. E., Bilderback, A. L., Urda, K., & Inouye, S. K. (2017) · Journal of the American Geriatrics Society · doi:10.1111/jgs.15132 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Self-citationLow Vitamin D Levels and Risk of Incident Delirium in 351,000 Older UK Biobank Participants
Pilling, L. C., Jones, L. C., Masoli, J. A. H., Delgado, J., Atkins, J. L., Bowden, J., Fortinsky, R. H., Kuchel, G. A., & Melzer, D. R. (2020) · Journal of the American Geriatrics Society · doi:10.1111/jgs.16853 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Under-recognition of delirium in older adults by nurses in the intensive care unit setting
Panitchote, A., Tangvoraphonkchai, K., Suebsoh, N., Eamma, W., Chanthonglarng, B., Tiamkao, S., & Limpawattana, P. (2015) · Aging Clinical and Experimental Research · doi:10.1007/s40520-015-0323-6 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Oldham, C. M., Flanagan, N. M., Khan, A., Boukrina, O. V., & Marcantonio, E. R. (2017) · Journal of Neuropsychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.neuropsych.17030065 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Delirium in ICU patients following cardiac surgery: An observational study
Simeone, S., Pucciarelli, G., Perrone, M., Rea, T., Gargiulo, G., Guillari, A., Castellano, G., Tommaso, L. D., Niola, M., & Iannelli, G. (2018) · Journal of Clinical Nursing · doi:10.1111/jocn.14324 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Tomlinson, E., Phillips, N. M., Mohebbi, M., & Hutchinson, A. M. (2016) · Journal of Clinical Nursing · doi:10.1111/jocn.13529 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Lawlor, P. G., Rutkowski, N. A., MacDonald, A. R., Ansari, M. T., Sikora, L., Momoli, F., Kanji, S., Wright, D. K., Rosenberg, E., Hosie, A., et al. (2018) · Journal of Pain and Symptom Management · doi:10.1016/j.jpainsymman.2018.12.002 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Geisler, B. P., Jilg, N., Patton, R., & Pietzsch, J. B. (2019) · Journal of Hospital Infection · doi:10.1016/j.jhin.2019.03.012 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Delirium in elderly patients hospitalized in internal medicine wards
Fortini, A., Morettini, A., Tavernese, G., Facchini, S., Tofani, L., & Pazzi, M. (2013) · Internal and Emergency Medicine · doi:10.1007/s11739-013-0968-0 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Meehan, A. J., Maher, A. B., Brent, L., Copanitsanou, P., Cross, J., Kimber, C. M., MacDonald, V., Marques, A., Peng, L., Queirós, C., et al. (2018) · International Journal of Orthopaedic and Trauma Nursing · doi:10.1016/j.ijotn.2018.11.001 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Bull, M. J., Boaz, L., Maadooliat, M., Hagle, M. E., Gettrust, L., Greene, M. T., Holmes, S. B., & Saczynski, J. S. (2016) · Journal of the American Geriatrics Society · doi:10.1111/jgs.14535 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Pérez‐Ros, P., Martínez‐Arnau, F. M., Baixauli-Alacreu, S., Caballero-Pérez, M., García-Gollarte, J. F., & Tarazona‐Santabalbina, F. J. (2019) · Journal of Alzheimer s Disease · doi:10.3233/jad-190391 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Role of microglia and toll-like receptor 4 in the pathophysiology of delirium
Jalleh, R. J., KOH, K. S. B., Choi, B., Liu, E., Maddison, J., & Hutchinson, M. R. (2012) · Medical Hypotheses · doi:10.1016/j.mehy.2012.08.013 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Fox, M. T., & Butler, J. I. (2016) · Journal of Nursing Management · doi:10.1111/jonm.12421 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Prevention and treatment options for postoperative delirium in the elderly
Popp, J., & Arlt, S. (2012) · Current Opinion in Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/yco.0b013e328357f51c · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Delirium Assessment in Older People in Emergency Departments. A Literature Review
Pérez‐Ros, P., & Martínez‐Arnau, F. M. (2019) · Diseases · doi:10.3390/diseases7010014 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Fick, D. M., Inouye, S. K., Madrigal, C. B., Zhou, W., Ngo, L. H., Gallagher, J., McDowell, J. A., Penrod, J., Siuta, J., Covaleski, T., et al. (2018) · Journal of Gerontological Nursing · doi:10.3928/00989134-20180302-01 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Self-citationStandardizing Management of Adults with Delirium Hospitalized on Medical-Surgical Units
Angel, C., Brooks, K., & Fourie, J. (2016) · The Permanente Journal · doi:10.7812/tpp/16-002 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Fleischmann, R., Tränkner, S., Bathe-Peters, R., Rönnefarth, M., Schmidt, S. H., Schreiber, S. J., & Brandt, S. A. (2018) · Clinical EEG and Neuroscience · doi:10.1177/1550059418767584 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
the ESAMED team, Mansutti, I., Venturini, M., & Palese, A. (2019) · Aging Clinical and Experimental Research · doi:10.1007/s40520-019-01293-5 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Yen, T. E., Allen, J. C., Rivelli, S. K., Patterson, S. C., Metcalf, M., Flink, B. J., Mirrakhimov, A. E., Lagoo, S. A., Vail, T. P., Young, C. C., et al. (2016) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/srep20736 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Janssen, T. L., Hosseinzoi, E., Vos, D. I., Veen, E. J., Mulder, P. G. H., van der Holst, A. M., & van der Laan, L. (2019) · BMC Emergency Medicine · doi:10.1186/s12873-019-0248-z · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Babine, R. L., Hyrkäs, K. E., Hallen, S. A. M., Wierman, H. R., Bachand, D., Chapman, J., & Fuller, V. J. (2018) · Journal of Clinical Nursing · doi:10.1111/jocn.14259 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
A Systematic Review of Delirium Biomarkers and Their Alignment with the NIA‐AA Research Framework
Wang, S., Lindroth, H. L., Chan, C. K., Greene, R., Andrews, P., Khan, S., Rios, G. R., Jabbari, S., Lim, J., Saykin, A. J., et al. (2020) · Journal of the American Geriatrics Society · doi:10.1111/jgs.16836 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Management of Lung Cancer in the Elderly
Gajra, A., Akbar, S., & Din, N. U. (2015) · Clinics in Geriatric Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.cger.2015.08.008 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Delirium: Medical Students’ Knowledge and Effectiveness of Different Teaching Methods
Baessler, F., Ciprianidis, A., Rizvi, A. Z., Weidlich, J., Wagner, F. L., Klein, S. B., Baumann, T. C., Nikendei, C., & Schultz, J. (2019) · American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jagp.2019.03.003 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Delirium in trauma patients: a 1-year prospective cohort study of 2026 patients
Marquetand, J. C., Gehrke, S., Bode, L., Fuchs, S., Hildenbrand, F. F., Ernst, J., von Känel, R., & Böettger, S. (2021) · European Journal of Trauma and Emergency Surgery · doi:10.1007/s00068-021-01603-5 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Castro, V. M., Sacks, C. A., Perlis, R. H., & McCoy, T. H. (2021) · Journal of the Academy of Consultation-Liaison Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jaclp.2020.12.005 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Delirium recall – an integrative review
Fuller, V. J. (2016) · Journal of Clinical Nursing · doi:10.1111/jocn.13155 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Hospitalized Older Adults With Established Delirium: Recognition, Documentation, and Reporting
Zalon, M. L., Sandhaus, S., Kovaleski, M., & Roe-Prior, P. (2016) · Journal of Gerontological Nursing · doi:10.3928/00989134-20161109-01 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Rose, L., Burry, L. D., Agar, M. R., Blackwood, B., Campbell, N. L., Clarke, M. J., Devlin, J. W., Lee, J. S., Marshall, J. C., Needham, D. M., et al. (2021) · BMC Medicine · doi:10.1186/s12916-021-02015-3 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Frühwald, T., Weissenberger-Leduc, M., Jagsch, C., Singler, K., Gurlit, S., Hofmann, W. E., Böhmdorfer, B., & Iglseder, B. (2014) · Zeitschrift für Gerontologie und Geriatrie · doi:10.1007/s00391-014-0613-1 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Wharton, T., Paulson, D. L., Macri, L., & Dubin, L. (2016) · Aging & Mental Health · doi:10.1080/13607863.2016.1235680 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Prevention of Post-operative Delirium in the Elderly Using Pharmacological Agents
Tremblay, P., & Gold, S. L. (2016) · Canadian Geriatrics Journal · doi:10.5770/cgj.19.226 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
- Authors
- Leslie, D. L., & Inouye, S. K.
- Affiliations
- Pennsylvania State University (US)
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center (US)
- Corresponding author
- Leslie, Douglas L.
- Venue
- Journal of the American Geriatrics Society
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2011-11
- Volume
- 59
- Issue
- s2
- Pages
- S241-3
- ISSN
- 0002-8614 (ISSN-L)
- 1532-5415
- PMC
- PMC3415302
- OpenAlex
- W1985331765
- Cited by
- 423
- References
- 39
- Citations by year
- 2026: 12 · 2025: 22 · 2024: 29 · 2023: 28 · 2022: 34 · 2021: 55 · 2020: 60 · 2019: 47 · 2018: 32 · 2017: 25 · 2016: 24 · 2015: 16 · 2014: 22 · 2013: 9 · 2012: 7
- FWCI
- 9.79
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Journal of the American Geriatrics Society (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Digital Access to Scholarship at Harvard (DASH) (Harvard University) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Funders
- National Institute on Aging (P01AG031720)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Critical Care and Intensive Care Medicine › Intensive Care Unit Cognitive Disorders
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Dementia and Cognitive Impairment Research
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Neurology › Alcoholism and Thiamine Deficiency
- Keywords
- delirium, economic costs, social costs, long-term sequelae, older adults, caregivers, delirium prevention, delirium management, quality of life
- MeSH terms
- Aged, Costs and Cost Analysis, Delirium, Humans, Cost of Illness
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
